18세기 국어의 ‘–ㅁ(음), -기’ 이름마디 연구

최대희 한민족어문학회 2011 韓民族語文學 Vol.0 No.59

The purpose of this study is to verify the noun clause by finding out morphologic and syntactic and semantic characteristics in the 18th century Korean. Summary of the contents is as follow. The morphologic characteristic confirmed a grammar category limitation relationship of '-ㅁ noun clause' and '-기 noun clause. ‘-ㅁ noun clause’ and ‘-기 noun clause’ had appeared as similar features in morphologic limitation relationship. The syntactic characteristic confirmed function. Two types functioned as all kind of sentence components. Through morphologic and syntactic characteristics, ‘-ㅁ noun clause’ and ‘-기 noun clause’ were confirmed to carry out function very well as noun clause and it was confirmed that a system of noun clauses based on these two types were firmed in the 18th century. The semantic characteristic confirmed a semantic limitation relation ship. Noun clause showed similar features in limitation relationship in semantic aspect when noun clause functioned as the subject but when it functioned as the object, ‘-ㅁ noun clause’ and ‘-기 noun clause’ showed a little different feature. Through sematic limitation relationship, ‘-ㅁ noun clause’ and ‘-기 noun clause’ carried out the functions as noun clauses but it was confirmed that meaning qualification of the two was different. 18세기의 이름마디는 현대국어에 준하는 체계를 확고하게 갖추게 되는데, 이를 검증하기 위해, ‘-ㅁ 이름마디’와 ‘-기 이름마디’를 중심으로 형태·통어·의미론적 제약관계를 살펴보았다. 내용을 정리하면 다음과 같다. 먼저, 형태론적 특징은 18세기 ‘-ㅁ 이름마디’와 ‘-기 이름마디’의 문법범주 제약을 확인하였다. 확인한 결과, 두 유형의 이름마디는 문법 범주의 제약 정도가 유사하였는데, 둘 다 때매김법과 높임법의 안맺음씨끝을 앞세우고 있었다. 이것은 분명히 ‘-ㅁ’, ‘-기’가 굴곡의 가지임을 증명하는 것이고, 이름법 씨끝으로서의 역할을 수행하고 있음을 보여 주는 것이다. 즉, 17세기에 균형을 맞추기 시작했던 ‘-ㅁ 이름마디’와 ‘-기 이름마디’가 18세기에는 더욱 대등한 위치에서 이름마디로서의 기능을 수행하고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 다음으로, 18세기 ‘-ㅁ 이름마디’와 ‘-기 이름마디’의 기능(통어론적 제약)을 확인하였다. 살펴본 결과, 두 유형의 이름마디는 모든 월성분으로 기능하였다. 이를 통해 ‘-ㅁ 이름마디’와 ‘-기 이름마디’는 이름마디로서의 기능을 온전하게 하고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 즉, 현대국어의 이름마디 체계와 비슷한 ‘-ㅁ’과 ‘-기’를 중심으로 한 이름마디의 체계가 17세기에 이미 완성되었음은 최대희(2010)에서 서술하였는데, 18세기에 이르러 더 확고해졌음을 보여주는 결과이다. 마지막으로, 의미론적 차원에서는 안은마디 풀이말(풀이말1)과 안긴마디의 풀이말(풀이말2) 간의 씨범주 제약관계를 파악하였다. 임자말로 기능하는 경우는 ‘-ㅁ 이름마디’와 ‘-기 이름마디’의 제약관계가 비슷하게 나타나는데, 풀이말1은 그림씨가 많고, 풀이말2는 움직씨가 많았다. 부림말로 기능하는 경우는 ‘-ㅁ 이름마디’보다 ‘-기 이름마디’가 더 제약을 받았다. ‘-ㅁ 이름마디’는 풀이말2에 움직씨와 그림씨가 제약 없이 오는데, ‘-기 이름마디’는 풀이말2에 움직씨는 제약 없이 오나, 그림씨는 매우 제한적으로 나타났다. ‘-기 이름마디’에서 풀이말2에 올 수 있는 그림씨가 매우 제한적인 까닭은 풀이말1의 대상이 되는 부림말이 동작성 풀이말에 한정될 가능성을 의미한다. 곧 풀이말2에 상태나 느낌의 풀이말이 올 경우 ‘-기’가 제약되는 것은 ‘-기’의 의미자질이 [-상태, -느낌]과 관련이 있기 때문일 것이다.

Single Topic Symposium : Debate in NAFLD (Key note Lecture and panel discussion) ; Role of non-invasive diagnosis: Cons

최대희 대한간학회 2015 간학회 싱글토픽 심포지움 Vol.2015 No.2

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an emerging cause of chronic liver disease. NAFLD encompasses a spectrum from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and cirrhosis. The classical gold standard for diagnosing and staging NAFLD and assessing fibrosis is liver biopsy (LB). However, it has several limitations that they have real risks of procedure-related complications, sampling error issues and subjectivity in the interpretation. Therefore, to overcome its limitation of LB, several non-invasive methods have been studied in the last decade. However, most methods have been evaluated in small pilot studies without external validation. Also, they have shown suboptimal results for diagnosis of NASH and discrimination of mild, moderate, or severe fibrosis. Therefore, further validation for these noninvasive tests is necessary to refine their clinical significance.

다문화교육 현장에서의 ‘다문화아이’와 타자화

최대희 대한정치학회 2018 大韓政治學會報 Vol.26 No.1

When we recognize that a multicultural society is composed of Koreans, Chinese, Vietnamese, etc., this recognition will face a paradox of not only preserving, but also strengthening the distinctions and differences in individual ethnic groups. This study focuses on the “paradox of recognition” in which the recognition of differences in relation to ethnicity leads to the essentialization of difference, and consequently, differences and stereotypes are reinforced. In addition, the overemphasis on “cultural difference,” a kind of construction in the field of multicultural education, consequently activates the “culturalization” mechanism and leads to the “othering” of children of multicultural families as the “damunhwa-ai.” At the same time, this study analyzes the ridiculous situation in which teachers in the field of multicultural education do not understand how to deal with the “cultural differences,” but only “discover” a “cultural difference” that does not exist in the multicultural reality of Korea. The purpose of this study is to contribute to the self-reflection of multicultural education focusing on the “cultural difference.” 우리는 다문화사회가 한국인, 중국인, 베트남인 등으로 구성되어 있다고 인정할 때, 이러한 인정을 통해 개별 민족집단들의 상이성 또는 차이점들이 계속해서 보존되게 될 뿐만 아니라 오히려 강화되는 역설과 마주하게 된다. 본 연구는 민족(ethnicity)과 연계된 차이에 대한 인정이 차이의 실체화(essentialization)를 가져오고, 그럼으로써 거꾸로 차이와 고정관념이 강화되는 ‘인정의 역설’에 주목하였다. 나아가 본 연구는 다문화교육현장에서 일종의 구성물인 ‘문화적 차이(cultural difference)’를 과도하게 강조하는 것은 ‘문화화(culturalization)’ 기제를 작동시키며 그를 통해 다문화가정 자녀가 ‘다문화아이’로서 ‘타자화(othering)’ 된다는 점을 강조했다. 이와 동시에 다문화교육현장의 교사들 역시 ‘문화적 차이’를 어떻게 다루어야 할지 이해하지 못하고 한국의 다문화 현실에서는 존재하지도 않은 ‘문화적 차이’를 ‘발굴’하는 우스꽝스런 상황을 분석하였다. 본 연구는 이를 통해 ‘문화적 차이’에 초점을 맞춘 다문화교육의 자기성찰에 작은 보탬이 되고자 하였다.

암모니아 산화균 및 아나목스균의 배양을 통한 파일롯 규모 단일 아나목스 반응기의 성공적인 시운전

최대희,진양오,이철우,정진영 대한상하수도학회 2018 상하수도학회지 Vol.32 No.5

The lack of seed sludges for Ammonium Oxidizing Bacteria (AOB) and slow-growing ANaerobic AMMonium OXidation (ANAMMOX) bacteria is one of the major problem for large-scale application. In this study, 24m3 of single-stage SBR (Sequencing Batch Reactor) was operated to remove nitrogen from reject water using AOB and ANAMMOX bacteria cultivated from activated sludge in the field. The ANAMMOX activity was found after 44 days of cultivation in the ANAMMOX cultivation reactor, and then 0.66 kg N/m3/d of the nitrogen removal rate was achieved at 0.78 kg N/m3/d of the nitrogen loading rate at 153 days of cultivation. The AOB cultivation reactor showed 0.2 kg N/m3/d of nitrite production rate at 0.4 kg N/m3/d of nitrogen loading rate after 36 days of operation. The cultivated ANAMMOX bacteria and AOB was mixed into the single-stage SBR. The feed distribution was applied to remove total nitrogen stably in the single-stage SBR. The nitrogen removal rate in the single-stage SBR was gradually enhanced with an increase of specific activities of both AOB and ANAMMOX bacteria by showing 0.49 kg N/m3/d of the nitrogen removal rate at 0.56 kg N/m3/d of the nitrogen loading rate at 54 days of operation.

매김법 제약과 어찌말 매인이름씨 변천과의 상관성

최대희 한말연구학회 2019 한말연구 Vol.- No.52

The purpose of this study is to verify the correlation between the constrain of adnominal ending and the transition of adverbial dependent noun. The result could be summarized as follows. Firstly, classified the adverbial dependent nouns of medieval and modern korean language according to their degree of change, and then examined the integration patterns with the adnominal ending. The list is divided into annihilated list, grammatical list, generated list, and maintained list according to the degree of change. As a result of checking the constraint of adnominal ending, the annihilation list and the grammatical list were integrated only with the adnominal ending. The generated list had a different constraint according to the list, and the maintained list was generally unrestricted. Next, confirmed the relationship between adnominal ending and dependent noun transition. For this, questions related to the adnominal ending constraint were presented. First, whether the restriction of adnominal ending is related to the change of dependent noun disappearance or grammaticalization. Second, whether change is proceeded by specific adnominal ending. Third, whether the generated list is related to adnominal ending constraint , And fourth, there are adnominal ending constraints in the list that are maintained, and what are the changes if they are related to the adnominal ending constraint. In summary, can confirm that the adnominal ending constraint and the evolution of dependent nouns are relevant. The choice of adnominal ending seemed to be related to the semantic nature of dependent nouns. And, if there is an adnominal ending constraint among the generated list and the maintained list, can confirm that there is a possibility of change.

1920년대 모스크바 노동자가족의 의식주 생활

최대희 한국러시아문학회 2008 러시아어문학 연구논집 Vol.27 No.-

The purpose of this article lies in the understanding of the material basis for everyday life of the Moscow factory worker's family in the period of the New Economic Policy. At first, it analyses the statistics of their budget, in order to get the general understanding of material basis of their living. It is not confined to it, but extended to the analysis of observations of contemporaries on their everyday life. This certainly helps to prove the statistical analysis from the intro-perspective of workers themselves and to vitalize the abstract statistics. The living standard of the Moscow factory workers in the 1920's steadily increased, especially compared to the critical years of 1918-1921. The standard of their wages in the second half of the 1920's surpassed that of prewar days, while the index in expenses for food and clothes caught up with that of prewar days. Especially the nutrition for the workers demonstrated a substantial improvement. Generally speaking, the income and expense of workers' family in the second half of 1920's improved without any doubt, compared to those of pre-revolutionary Russia. However, a careful analysis on the household budget of worker's family as well as contemporary observations prove that worker's families in the big cities still suffered from the poverty. The tangible improvement did not help much to solving the nutrition problems nor overcoming the necessities. It did not even meet the expectations of the workers after the 7 years of war. The condition of housing in the cities was especially the case. Many of workers were disappointed with these everyday problems, therefore it deepened their discontents to the political system in those days.

러시아 노동운동 초기 단계에서의 노동자와 지식인의 위상문제 : 볼셰비키 지도부 분열의 뿌리를 찾아서

최대희 서울대학교러시아연구소 2003 러시아연구 Vol.13 No.1

Als Lenin im Zuge der Spaltung der bolschewistischen Fraktion gegen die ‘linken’ Bolschewiki den Vorwurf richtete, daβ diese Anha¨nger des ‘Otzovismus’, des ‘Gotterbauertums’ und ‘Machisten’ seien, wollte Lenin genau das kulturell gepa¨gte Revolutionskonzept der ‘linken’ Bolschewiki treffen. Den ‘linken’ Bolschewiki schien der einzig mo¨gliche Neuansatz zur Wiederbelebung der Arbeiterbewegung in der ‘Bewuβtseinsbildung’ des Proletariats selbst zu liegen. Das Proletariat sollte nicht nur fu¨r seine Rolle als treibende Kraft der Revolution vorbereitet, sondern zugleich auch als voll bewuβter Organisator der zuku¨nftigen sozialistischen Gesellschaft ausgebildet werden. Aus solcher U¨berlegung ergaben sich die Pla¨ne zur versta¨rkten Verbreitung der sozialistischen Weltanschauung mittels der Herausgabe der popula¨ren propagandistischen Literatur und zur Ausbildung der Arbeiterkader durch einen neuen Typus von Parteischule. Was in der Parteikrise Lenin sto¨rte, war das Konzept der kulturellen Revolution der ‘linken’ Bolschewiki. Das Kulturprogramm unterschied sich von dem Leninschen vor allem dadurch, daβ es nicht auf das autorita¨re Aufkla¨rungsmodell, wie es sich in der Leninschen Schrift『Was tun?』 zeigt, aufbaute, sondern mit dem antiautorita¨ren Revolutionskonzept des Anarchismus einherging. Als Grundsatz galt im antiautorita¨ren Konzept des Kollektivismus die U¨berzeugung, daβ die Befreiung der Arbeiterklase die Sache der Arbeiterklasse selbst sei. Der sozialistische ko¨nne na¨mlich nicht von den Berufsrevolutiona¨ren in die Arbeiterklasse hineingetragen werden, sondern mu¨sse durch bewuβte U¨berzeugung entstehen. Dies ist das Credo, an dem seit 1908 linke Bolschewiki in der Auseinandersetzung mit Lenin festhielten. Die Wurzel dieser Unterschiede zwischen Lenin und ‘linke’ Bolschewiki liegt meiner Meinung nach bereits in jenen Jahren, als sich der U¨bergang von der ‘Propaganda’ zur ‘Agitation’ in der russischen sozialdemokratischen Bewegung vollzog. Wa¨hrend Lenin und die Fu¨hrer der spa¨teren Menschewiki Hand in Hand fu¨r die agitatorische Methode eintraten und in der Praxis an der herrschenden Rolle der Intelligenz nicht zweifelten, definierten Bazarov und Bogdanov als zuku¨nftige Vertreter der ‘linken’ Bolschwiki die Rolle der Intelligenz ganz im Sinne der Propagandisten alten Stils. Die Tulaer Arbeiterbildungszirkel, an der Bogdanov und Bazarov als die Vertreter der Intelligenz teilnahmen, hatten nur rein propagandistischen Charakter. Die durch das Narodnichestvo stark beeinfuβten Tulaer Arbeiter selbst waren nicht willens, von der ‘Propaganda’ zur ‘Agitation’ u¨berzugehen. Die Intelligenz ihrerseit dra¨ngte die Arbeiter aber auch nicht, eine noch Kra¨ftigere und umfassendere Form des Widerstandes zu ergreifen. Sie hatten mit ihrer ablehnenden Haltung zum U¨bergang zur Agitation und ihrer Akzentuierung der Propaganda-, bzw. Aufkla¨rungsarbeit in den Zirkeln als einer Art von ‘freier sozialistischer Arbeiteruniversita¨t’ eine andere strategische U¨berlegung zur Arbeiterbewegung. In diesser Erfahrung lagen die Wurzeln der Idee der ‘linken’ Bolschwiki um Bogdanov, in den spa¨teren Jahren etwa 1908-1909 in Capri und Bologna eine proletarische Schule zu gru¨nden. Bazarov und Bogdanov maβen ihrer propagandistischen Zirkelarbeit in Tula als einem Embryo der proletarischen Universita¨t groβe Bedeutung zu.

러시아 노동운동 초기단계에서의 노동자와 지식인 위상

최대희 서울대학교 러시아연구소 2003 러시아연구 Vol.13 No.1

이주배경청소년 정체성에 대한 독일의 논의

최대희 한국외국어대학교 EU연구소 2015 EU연구 Vol.- No.40

This article discusses the relation between the nation and the cultural identity based on the preposition that the German self-understanding as an ethnic nation-state plays the decisive role on enforcing German national identity to the people with migration background. It focuses on the idea of post-colonialist hybridity, breaking with the logic of binary opposition inherent in the "identity thinking". From the perspective of hybridity, German national homogeneity is a hybrid construct which stays for a relative long time. Therefore, it is only a comparative "nativity". The article further dismantles the "national cultural construct" between "Germans" and "Non-Germans" and discusses the people with hybrid identity as "another Germans". This article views German youth with migration background as a being representing border-crossing interaction and new "location" of identity. 본 논문은 인종적 민족국가로서의 독일의 자기이해가 이주배경청소년에 대한 독일의 민족 정체성 강요에 결정적인 역할을 수행한다는 측면에서 민족(nation)과 문화 정체성의 관계를 논의한다. 이때 ‘정체성 사고’에 내재된 이항 대립적 논리를 거부하면서 민족 정체성을 대체할 탈식민주의적 혼성성 구상을 제시한다. 혼성성의 관점에서 보면 독일의 민족적 동질성 역시 기껏해야 상대적 ‘토착성’으로 비교적 긴 시간 머물러 있는 혼성적 구성물에 불과하다. 본 논문은 이와 같은 관점에서 ‘독일인’과 ‘비독일인’ 사이에 ‘민족적 문화 구성물’을 해체하고 ‘또 다른 독일인들’로서 혼성적 정체성 담지자에 대한 분석으로 나아간다. 본 논문은 독일의 이주배경청소년이라는 사회문화적 집단을 경계를 뛰어넘는 문화적 상호작용과 정체성의 새로운 ‘장소화’를 대변하는 존재로서 자리매김하고자 한다.

국어사 수업에 적용한 PCK 교수법 사례 분석

최대희 제주대학교 교육과학연구소 2020 교육과학연구 Vol.22 No.2

The purpose of this study was to apply PCK to Korean language history, analyze the degree of understanding of the contents of the class, and present satisfaction. The contents are as follows. First, class was prepared according to the components of PCK. Among the components, it was divided into pre-class stages, in-class stages, and post-class stages, focusing on ‘Understanding of learners' and 'class strategies'. ‘Understanding of learners’ was checked in ‘Pre-class’ to check the level of learner's grammar knowledge and check for misconceptions about learning content. The teaching strategy was mainly applied in the ‘in-class’ to increase learner's comprehension and satisfaction, and was also applied in the ‘post-class’ to achieve learning goals. Next, the satisfaction with the class was confirmed with a questionnaire. The satisfaction of the class through this teaching method was high. Focused on the active participation of learners and their understanding of learning content. However, since there is a burden on the class, it is necessary to find an effective way to supplement it. 이 연구는 ‘PCK(Pedagogical Content Knowledge) 교수법’을 전공 교과목인 ‘한국어사교육론’의 ‘중세국어 어미’ 수업에 적용하여, 수업 내용의 이해도를 분석하고, 이에 대한 만족도를 제시하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 내용을 정리하면 다음과 같다먼저 PCK의 구성요소에 따라 수업 모형을 작성하여 수업을 진행하였다. 구성요소 중에서 ‘학습자 이해’와 ‘수업 전략’을 중심으로 수업 전 단계, 수업 중 단계, 수업 후 단계로 나누어 진행하였다. ‘학습자 이해’는 학습자의 문법 지식 정도, 학습 내용에 대한 오개념 확인 등을 확인하기 위해 ‘수업 전 단계’에서 점검하였고, 수업 전략은 학습자 이해도와 만족도를 높이기 위해 ‘수업 중 단계’에서 주로 적용하였으며, ‘수업 후 단계’에서도 학습 목표 달성을 위해 적용하였다. 다음으로 수업에 대한 만족도를 설문으로 확인하였다. 이 교수법을 통한 수업의 만족도는 높은 편이었다. 능동적 참여와 학습 내용의 이해도의 관점에서 조사하였는데, 모두 만족도가 높았다. 하지만, 학습에 대한 부담감이 있다는 점에서 이 교수법을 효과적으로 적용할 수 있는 방법을 고안해야 한다는 과제도 얻게 되었다.