Leaky London: Permeability and Porosity of Spaces in Eastward Ho

전자영 한국중세근세영문학회 2015 고전·르네상스 영문학 Vol.24 No.1

When London is foregrounded as the most important space in Eastward Ho, it seems that the play follows the genre of city comedy’s established code of spatial setting. But London is not the only space that matters in the play. The city is presented and experienced along with other three nonurban spaces: the court, the country and the New World. By focusing on such a theatrical representation of different spaces, this essay investigates the issue of space and spatial practices in early modern England with which to go beyond a dichotomous opposition of urban and nonurban spaces. I look into each space’s individual functions and meanings but also the interrelationships among the different spaces. The nonurban spaces at once compete with and hinge on London for thematic significance. The royal court proves itself an object of social desire for Gertrude who tries to become a gentle lady by marrying Sir Petronel. The country is also at tension with the city when Gertrude runs away from it and wants to live in the country castle. Sir Petronel and his companies attempted to sail to the New World, but got shipwrecked at the Thames. This botched venture shows the ways in which the imaginary concept of the New World is intertwined with the perceptions of contemporaries on London’s cosmopolitan quality. When the play finishes by bringing all the characters back to the centripetal city, what we encounter is a variegated picture of cosmopolitan London with mobility, permeability, fluidity, and diversity. Eastward Ho, I suggest, represents the city of London in early modern England not as a single and detached entity but as a porous and permeable space. The interrelationships of the city with the three nonurban spaces reveal that spatial practices are constantly negotiated and refashioned by individual character’s experience within and without it.

Time to Reach Target Glycosylated Hemoglobin Is Associated with Long-Term Durable Glycemic Control and Risk of Diabetic Complications in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A 6-Year Observational Study (Diabetes Metab J 2021;45:368-78)

전자영 대한당뇨병학회 2021 Diabetes and Metabolism Journal Vol.45 No.4

Current Status of Glycemic Control of Patients with Diabetes in Korea: The Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

전자영,김대중,고승현,권혁상,임수,최성희,김철식,안지현,김난희,원종철,김재현,차봉연,송기호 대한당뇨병학회 2014 Diabetes and Metabolism Journal Vol.38 No.3

Background: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) III (2005) reported that 22.9% of individuals with diabetes have a glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) <6.5% and that 43.5% have an HbA1c <7%. We investigated the levels of glycemic control and the factors associated with glycemic control using data from the KNHANES V (2010 to 2012). Methods: Subjects with diabetes diagnosed by a physician or those taking antidiabetic medications were classified as individuals with known diabetes. Of 1,498 subjects aged ≥30 years with diabetes, we excluded 157 individuals who were missing HbA1c data. A total of 1,341 subjects were included in the final analysis. Results: The prevalence of known diabetes was 7.7% (n=1,498, estimated to be 2.32 million people). The proportions of well-controlled diabetes meeting a HbA1c goal of <6.5% and <7% were 27% and 45.6%, respectively. HbA1c increased as the duration of diabetes increased. HbA1c in subjects with a duration of diabetes ≤5 years was lower than in subjects with a duration >5 years. HbA1c in the group taking only oral hypoglycemic agents (OHAs) was significantly lower than that in the group administered only insulin or OHA and insulin in combination. In logistic regression analysis, a longer duration of diabetes, insulin use and the absence of chronic renal failure were associated with HbA1c levels >6.5%. Conclusion: The level of adequate glycemic control was similar to but slightly improved compared with previous levels. The glycemic control of long-standing diabetes patients is more difficult even though they receive insulin treatment.

『십이야』에서 에코의 목소리를 듣기: 주종관계에서의 바이올라의 창조적인 모방

전자영 한국고전중세르네상스영문학회 2023 중세근세영문학 Vol.33 No.3

This essay traces Shakespeare’s evocation of Echo in Twelfth Night (c.1600-1). Echo features in Viola’s lines where she imagines a lover’s song resounded by "the babbling gossip of the air" (1.5.227). This phrase, closely imitating Arthur Golding’s 1567 translation of Ovid’s Echo and Narcissus from Metamorphoses, comes to identify Viola with Echo, suggesting imitation and repetition as key factors in depicting the relationship between the master and his page boy. In his later comedy, Shakespeare revises and expands on the motif of the transvestite page boy’s mediating role and explores more fully Viola’s enactment of the multiple roles that she must play for Orsino: the reader, mediator, and actor of his courtship text. Recognizing the literary value of Shakespeare’s classical debts, I argue that Echo, derived especially from Ovid’s version and placed in the contemporary context of female-voiced complaint, offers an implicit but crucial model for Viola’s service as a messenger. Although Echo is only obliquely invoked in the play, the figure’s characteristic imitation suggests a version of collaborative authorship which is not attributable to a single individual speaker or writer and calls for an extensively femininized space for the articulation of desire.

Acute Hyperglycemic Crises with Coronavirus Disease-19: Case Reports (Diabetes Metab J 2020;44: 349-53)

전자영 대한당뇨병학회 2020 Diabetes and Metabolism Journal Vol.44 No.3

Letter

Nodular lymphoid hyperplasia of the stomach in a patient with multiple submucosal tumors

전자영,임선교,김장희,이기명,조성란,한재호 대한혈액학회 2013 Blood Research Vol.48 No.4

Nodular lymphoid hyperplasia of the stomach is a rare lymphoproliferative disorder. Here, we report a 38-year-old man who presented with multiple submucosal tumors of the stomach. Histologically, the lesions were characterized by multiple discrete submucosal nodules of lymphoid cells. The infiltrates between the lymphoid follicles were composed mainly of medium-sized lymphoid cells with abundant clear cytoplasm, as well as a few large cells with vesicular nuclei. The gastric mucosa exhibited multifocal lymphoid ag-gregates and some of the epithelial cells were infiltrated by small lymphocytes mimicking lymphoepithelial lesions. Histopathology was consistent with mucosa-associated lym-phoid tissue lymphoma. However, the infiltrating lymphoid cells were positive for CD2, CD3, CD5, and CD7. In addition, polymerase chain reaction analysis of the im-munoglobulin heavy chain and T-cell receptor gene rearrangements demonstrated polyclonality. This case was diagnosed as reactive lymphoid hyperplasia of the stomach.

Prevalence of Diabetes and Prediabetes according to Fasting Plasma Glucose and HbA1c

전자영,고승현,권혁상,김난희,김재현,김철식,송기호,원종철,최성희,김윤아,오경원,김대중,차봉연 대한당뇨병학회 2013 Diabetes and Metabolism Journal Vol.37 No.5

Background: Due to the inconvenience of performing oral glucose tolerance tests and day to day variability in glucose level, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) has been recommended by the American Diabetes Association as a method to diagnose diabetes. In addition, the Korean Diabetes Association has also recommended the use of HbA1c as a diagnostic test for diabetes. In this study, we evaluated the prevalence of diabetes according to fasting plasma glucose (FPG) level only or the combination of FPG and HbA1c tests. Methods: Data from the 2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) were analyzed. Among 5,811 subjects aged 30 years or older, 5,020 were selected after excluding the data of fasting time <8 hours, missing values from fasting glucose or HbA1c level, previous diagnosis of diabetes made by physicians, or current use of antidiabetic medications. Diabetes was defined as FPG ≥126 mg/dL, previous diagnosis of diabetes made by a medical doctor, current use of antidiabetic medications, and/or HbA1c ≥6.5%. Prediabetes was defined as FPG of 100 to 125 mg/dL and/or HbA1c of 5.7% to 6.4%. Results: When we used FPG only, the prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes were 10.5% (men, 12.6%; women, 8.5%) and 19.3%(men, 23.8%; women, 14.9%), respectively. When HbA1c was included as a diagnostic test, the prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes increased to 12.4% (men, 14.5%; women, 10.4%) and 38.3% (men, 41%; women, 35.7%), respectively. Participants with HbA1c ≥6.5% and fasting glucose level <126 mg/dL were older and had lower estimated glomerular filtration rate. Conclusion: We concluded that using fasting glucose level only may result in an underestimation of diabetes and prediabetes. HbA1c is an acceptable complementary diagnostic test for diabetes in Korean patients. However, national standardization is needed to order to use HbA1c as a diagnostic method of diabetes and prediabetes.

Impact of Post-Transplant Diabetes Mellitus on Survival and Cardiovascular Events in Kidney Transplant Recipients

전자영,한승진,신한빛,박범희,이나미,김혜진,김대중,이관우 대한내분비학회 2023 Endocrinology and metabolism Vol.38 No.1

Background: Post-transplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM) is a risk factor for poor outcomes after kidney transplantation (KT). However, the outcomes of KT have improved recently. Therefore, we investigated whether PTDM is still a risk factor for mortality, majoratherosclerotic cardiovascular events (MACEs), and graft failure in KT recipients. Methods: We studied a retrospective cohort of KT recipients (between 1994 and 2017) at a single tertiary center, and compared therates of death, MACEs, overall graft failure, and death-censored graft failure after KT between patients with and without PTDM using Kaplan-Meier analysis and a Cox proportional hazard model. Results: Of 571 KT recipients, 153 (26.8%) were diagnosed with PTDM. The mean follow-up duration was 9.6 years. In the Kaplan-Meier analysis, the PTDM group did not have a significantly increased risk of death or four-point MACE compared with thenon-diabetes mellitus group (log-rank test, P=0.957 and P=0.079, respectively). Multivariate Cox proportional hazard modelsshowed that PTDM did not have a negative impact on death or four-point MACE (P=0.137 and P=0.181, respectively). In addition,PTDM was not significantly associated with overall or death-censored graft failure. However, patients with a long duration ofPTDM had a higher incidence of four-point MACE. Conclusion: Patient survival and MACEs were comparable between groups with and without PTDM. However, PTDM patientswith long duration diabetes were at higher risk of cardiovascular disease

당뇨병환자에서 혈당조절의 목표

전자영,김대중 대한의사협회 2017 대한의사협회지 Vol.60 No.11

Diabetes is characterized by hyperglycemia, and chronic hyperglycemia leads to microvascular and macrovascular complications. Glycemic control is assessed and monitored by hemoglobin A1c and self-monitoring of blood glucose. Most guidelines recommend achieving hemoglobin A1c targets of <6.5% or 7%. Improved glycemic control reduces microvascular complications. However, intensive glycemic-control can have different effects on cardiovascular complications depending on the patient population. The glycemic targets should be individualized based on each patient’s characteristics, such as age, duration of diabetes, accompanying comorbidities, risk of severe hypoglycemia, life expectancy, and attitude towards treatment.

초등교사의 목소리를 통한 TEE 수업 실천에 대한 기반연구

전자영,김정렬 한국외국어교육학회 2022 Foreign languages education Vol.29 No.3

This study is to explore and analyze three current English teachers’ thoughts and attitudes on their TEE practices in elementary English classroom settings. Adopting a qualitative approach, data were collected through interviews, teachers’ journals, and informal communications from the three elementary school English teachers. The analysis of data revealed three main themes: 1) thoughts on effective TEE classes, 2) factors affecting TEE classes, 3) the difficulties of conducting TEE classes. The participants presented their views on effective TEE classes. They also expressed their opinion on the timing and usage of TEE. The teachers said TEE classes are influenced by teachers’ English communication ability and willingness to use English as the instructional language, students’ English proficiency and the class atmosphere. Finally, the participants said that TEE classes were difficult due to the same factors influencing TEE class effectiveness. This study has implications for the direction of TEE implementation in elementary education.