공민왕 5년(1356) 여원 접경지대 분쟁과 쌍성총관부 수복

오기승 숭실사학회 2021 숭실사학 Vol.- No.46

공민왕 5년(1356) 고려의 군사행동으로 촉발된 여원 접경지대의 분쟁은 쌍성총관부의 조소생 세력 제압이라는 단일한 군사적 목표를 가지고 진행된 일련의 작전이었다. 이 과정에서 서북면으로 출격한 인당의 부대는 교란과 양동을 담당하였고, 동북면으로 출격한 유인우의 부대는 쌍성총관 부 자체의 공략을 담당하였다. 그리고 이러한 군사적 전과를 통해 달성하고자 하는 정치적 목표 에는 고려 내부에서의 기씨 세력 처단과 직결하여 고려 영내와 그 주변에서 기씨 세력을 완전히 근 절한다는 것이 포함되어 있었다. 인당 부대는 단기작전으로 압록강 서안의 3개 참을 파괴하여 교란과 양동의 임무를 성공적으 로 수행하였으며, 그 결과 원은 고려가 직접 통보하기 전까지 공민왕의 전체적인 전략구상을 파악 하지 못하였다. 한편 유인우 부대는 조소생의 숙부인 조돈 일족 및 현지 유력자인 이자춘 부대의 도움을 받았다. 조돈 일족은 회유를 통해 조소생의 세력을 해체시켰고, 이자춘 부대는 유인우 부 대와 합세하여 조소생의 본거지를 함락시키는 데 기여하였다. 공민왕은 외교를 통해 원에게서 기철 일파가 역적이라는 동의를 받아냈고, 이를 바탕으로 쌍성 총관부 지역이 기철 일파와 연결되어 있다는 점을 강조하여, 이 지역에 대한 군사행동이 역적에 대 한 평정이라는 명분을 얻어내어 이 지역에 대한 영유권을 인정받고자 하였다. 결과적으로 공민왕은 이 해의 군사적, 정치적 목적을 달성하는 데 성공하였으나, 이로 인해 살아남은 기씨 세력과는 이 후 다시 군사적 충돌을 겪게 되었다. In the 5th year of King Gongmin (1356), the dispute on the border of Goryeo- Mongol, triggered by Goryeo's military action, was a series o f operations with a sing le military goal of subduing the Ssangseong-Prefectures. In this process, In Dang's troops who sorted out to the northwest-border were in charge of disturb and feint operation, while Yoo In-woo's unit that sorted out to the northeastern-border was in charge of the attack to Ssangseong-Prefectures. In addition, the political goal to be achieved through such military achievement included the complete eradication of the Gi clans forces in and around Goryeo dynasty in direct connection with the killing of the Gi clans within Gory eo. In Dang's troops destroyed three Yam on the west bank of the Yalu River in a short-term operation, successfully carrying out the mission of disturb and feint. As a result, Mongol Empire was unable to grasp the overall strategic plan of King Gongmin until Goryeo informed that. Meanwhile, Yoo In-woo received the help of Jo Don who Jo So-Saeng's uncle, and the local influential Yi Ja-Chun. Jo Don and his son dismantled the power of the Jo So-Saeng's force through a circumstance, and the Yi Ja-chun unit joined forces with Yoo In-woo to contribute to the cap ture of the Jo So- Saeng's base stronghold. Through diplomacy, King Gongmin obtained the agreement that Gi-cheol and his followers was a traitor, and based on this, he emphasized the fact that the Ssangseong-Prefectures is connected to the Gi-cheol’s group. And King Gongmin wanted to be recognized for sovereignty over this area. As a result, King Gongmin succeeded in achieving the military and political objectives of this year, but this resulted in a military con flict with the survived Gi clan and their f orce.

여말선초 화약 및 관련기술의 ‘국산화’에 대한 체계적 재구성

오기승 한국역사연구회 2022 역사와 현실 Vol.- No.123

Gunpowder technology on the Korean peninsula developed in the wake ofcultural exchanges with China, at the end of the Goryeo dynasty period. TheGoryeo government, as part of its ongoing effort to address the Waegu(Japanesepirates) crisis and appropriately respond, attempted to import techniques toproduce gunpowder through official channels from the Chinese Ming dynasty,but eventually failed as Ming refused to help. Then a Goryeo figure namedChoi Mu-seon managed to develop necessary technical skills, through his ownresearch and civilian exchanges. The gunpowder technology secured by Choi Mu-seon not only covered thearea of production but the entire range of its applications as well. During hisstay in Yuan(元) he acquired general knowledge of how to manufactureweapons using gunpowder, how to use those weapons in battle situations, andhow to operate them in battles on the sea. Later he also conversed withChinese technicians and obtained methods to refine niter as it was a crucialpart in gunpowder production. Choi Mu-seon also proposed to the Goryeo government the establishment ofHwatong Dogam(火㷁都監), as an office to oversee gunpowder production andsupervise related technical issues. His intention was to have all the technicalexpertise he earlier acquired put to good use in the government’s response tothe Waegu problem of the time. Considering how the gunpowdermanufacturing technique of Goryeo was developed, a group of technicians ledby Choi Mu-seon were virtually in almost private (and exclusive) control of thetechnology, but the government was able to tap into that through a Dogamoffice, which was part of Goryeo’s unique governmental system. Later leaders of the Joseon government, who aspired to establish acentralized government system, dismantled all the Dogam offices includingHwatong Dogam. But the Joseon government also tried to absorb thetechnology by enlisting Choi Mu-seon’s son Choi Hae-san for governmentalservice. What ensued was the acquirement of new technology and theestablishment of Joseon’s own technical manual for gunpowder production & usage during the reign of King Sejong. A new standard for state technologyinvolving gunpowder was secured, and that meant the complete internalizationof the technology as well as its new status as state asset and governmentalproperty.

공민왕대 여몽분쟁과 접경 고려인 세력

오기승 역사실학회 2022 역사와실학 Vol.78 No.-

It was the King Gongmin and the Ki clan and the border area Goryeo people connected to them that formed the two pillars of the conflict in the border area during the reign of King Gongmin. As Ki-chul served as a high-ranking official of the Liaoyang province, they also exercised influence in the Goryeo people community in the border area of Goryeo and Yuan. The Ki clan influence on Goryeo people in the border area, which was mainly distributed in Liaoyang and Shenyang. And also exerted influence on Ssangseong area in border area of Goryeo and Yuan, putting the part of immigrant from Goryeo to Ssangseong area under their control. Meanwhile, King Gongmin was placed in a strained relationship with Ki clan which had become enlarged power, in the process of strengthen the sovereign right after his enthronement. In response, King Gongmin tried to eradicate Ki clan and their followers through political upheaval, and in this process, he caused armed conflict with the Goryeo people in the border area who connected with Ki clan. Military actions at the Goryeo-Yuan border area, which occurred against this background, can be largely divided into three times. The first conflict was the attack to the Ssangseong Chonggwanbu(1356). This was a preemptive strike by Goryeo to eradicate follower's force of Ki clan in the Ssangseong Chonggwanbu. The second conflict was the invasion of the forces that tried to establish Deokheung-gun(1364). This was a counterattack from Yuan Empire side, which tried to remove King Gongmin by mobilizing Goryeo people in the Liaodong area through the support of Empress Ki. The last third conflict was the Dongnyeongbu expedition(1370). When the Mongol Empire were ousted to the Makbuk and the Liaodong area was in the rivalry of local warlords, Ki-Saintemur, the son of Ki-Chul, was hostile to Goryeo through his holding ground called Dongnyeongbu. There was a risk of establishing a political structure similar to the previous Deokheung-gun incident, so King Gongmin sent an expeditionary force to attack and dismantled Dongnyeongbu. This means that the influence of the Ki clan also disappeared around Goryeo. Many of the major military conflicts between the Goryeo Dynasty and the Goryeo people's forces in the border area, which occurred during the King Gongmin Dynasty, can be summarized as closely linked to a series of disputes between King Gongmin and the Ki clan. And as a result of Goryeo's final victory in these disputes, King Gongmin was able to redefine the king's authority based on his own authority, not the Yuan Empire. 공민왕대 접경지대 분쟁의 두 축을 구성했던 것은 공민왕과 기씨 세력 및 이와 연계된 접경 고려인 세력이었다. 기철이 요양행성의 고위직을 역임하면서 이들은 여몽 접경지대의 고려인 사회에서도 영향력을 행사하게 되었다. 기씨 세력은 요양과 심양 일대에 주로 분포하던 접경지대 고려인을 통할할 수 있는 위치에 서는 한편으로, 여몽 접경의 쌍성총관부에 영향력을 행사하여 쌍성의 고려 유망민 일부를 자신들의 수하에 두기도 하였다. 한편 공민왕은 즉위 이후 국왕권을 확립하려는 과정에서, 비대해진 권력을 가진 기씨 세력과 긴장관계에 놓이게 되었다. 이에 공민왕은 정변을 통해 이들을 제거하는 한편으로 그 주변 세력도 근절하려 하였으며, 이 과정에서 기씨와 연결된 접경지대 고려인 세력들과 무력충돌을 일으키게 된 것이다. 이러한 배경으로 발생했던 접경에서의 여몽 간 군사행동은 크게 3회로 나누어볼 수 있다. 첫 번째의 분쟁은 쌍성총관부 공격이었다(1356). 이는 쌍성총관부에 부식된 기씨 세력을 근절하기 위한 고려의 선공이었다. 두 번째의 분쟁은 덕흥군 옹립 세력의 침입이었다(1364). 이는 기황후의 후원을 통해 요동의 고려인 세력을 동원해 공민왕을 제거하고자 했던 원 제국 측의 반격이었다. 마지막 세 번째의 분쟁은 동녕부 원정이다(1370). 몽골 세력이 막북으로 축출되어 요동 지역이 군웅할거 상태에 있었을 때, 기철의 아들 기사인테무르는 동녕부라는 할거세력을 통해 고려와 적대하였다. 이는 이전의 덕흥군 사건 때와 유사한 정치적 구도를 성립시킬 위험이 있었기에, 공민왕은 원정군을 보내 동녕부를 공격하여 해체시켰다. 이는 기씨 세력의 영향력 또한 고려 주변에서 소멸되었음을 뜻한다. 공민왕대 발생하였던 고려 본국과 접경지역 고려인 세력 간의 주요 분쟁 다수는 결국 공민왕과 기씨 세력 사이에서 벌어진 일련의 분쟁과 밀접하게 연동되는 것으로 정리해볼 수 있다. 그리고 이러한 분쟁에서 고려가 최종적인 승리를 거둔 결과 공민왕은 원 제국이 아니라 그 자신의 권위에 근거한 국왕권을 재정립할 수 있었다.

공민왕 5년 印璫 발탁과 제거 분석

오기승 한국중세사학회 2020 한국중세사연구 Vol.0 No.60

After political upheaval in the fifth period of King Gongmin(1356), King Gongmin ordered attack the eight Yam of the Mongol empire in west side of the Yalu river. And he appointed In Dang(印璫) as the commander. Because, due to the attribute of the military operations that had to cross the Yalu River, King Gongmin needed the person who had military operation experience in the territory of Yuan empire and had a strong military experience and track record. And in the May 1356, In Dang was the best person in King Gongmin’s need. However, In Dang was not originally a close affair of the King Gongmin, but he also had a side that could be interpreted as a potential anxiety factor in the background. In response, King Gongmin attempted to control these elements systematically by reviving the Byungmasa(兵馬使) system that disappeared after the reign of King Chungnyeol. It was also an attempt to reorganize the king’s military control, using the Goryeo system of the previous period, as the king’s military control was weakened and dispersed due to interference of the Yuan empire. King Gongmin appointed the best expeditionary commander, In Dang, as a Chief commander, and also appointed Kang Joong-gyeong, the aide of the king, as a Vice commander, and gave him the same military rank as the Indang. At the same time, King Gongmin attempted to control the anxiety elements by a combined means through the Byungmasa ​​system and the status of the king. This was the first attempt by the King Gongmin to establish a system to control general’s forces and to gain control. However, this attempt was not effective at the time. And immediately after their appointment as Byungmasa, In Dang killed Kang Joong-gyeong arbitrarily, and the King Gongmin’s attempt ended in failure. Therefore, the root cause of the King Gomgmin’s elimination of In Dang should be regarded as the fact that In Dang collapsed the king’s policy plan to rearrange the dispersed Goryeo’s military control centered on the king. And it was the result of In Dang killing Kang Joong-gyeong arbitrarily. For this reason, the King Gomgmin had already decided to eliminate the In Dang at the time of the murder of Kang Joong-kyung. But it was not immediately implemented, and the means of eliminating the In Dang had to use schemes, not formal mandates. This indicates that there was still a difference between the king and the existing influential generals in dominating of soldiers.

Two-step design process for optimal suction muffler in reciprocating compressor

오기승,이진우 대한기계학회 2015 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.29 No.1

A systematic design process for an optimal suction muffler is proposed to reduce the noise of a reciprocating compressor. Because theouter shape of a suction muffler is complicated, the well-known internal configuration for simple expansion chambers muffler is noteasily applicable to the suction muffler design problem. To achieve an optimal design of a suction muffler, two sequential optimizationproblems are formulated to maximize the transmission loss value at a target frequency: acoustical topology and shape optimization problems. The key idea in the suggested method is to use an optimal topology obtained by solving the topology optimization problem as aninitial shape for the shape optimization problem. The formulated optimization problems are solved at several target frequencies, and theacoustical characteristics of the optimal shapes are closely investigated. The experimental results for two optimal suction mufflers supportthe validity of our suggested two-step design process for optimal suction mufflers.

공민왕대 동녕부 전역(戰役) 고찰

오기승 육군군사연구소 2012 군사연구 Vol.- No.134

공민왕대의 동녕부 전역은 압록강 너머 요동 지방의 울라산성과 요양성 및 그 주변 지역을 공격했던 일련의 군사행동이다. 본고에서는 이 전역의 구체적 진행 양상을 고찰하면서 사건의 요인과 의의에 대해서도 새로이 짚어보고자 하였다. 공민왕이 동녕부 전역을 결심한 근본적 원인은 기새인첩목아의 동녕부 세력이 공민왕의 왕권 유지에 강한 위협요소가 되었기 때문이다. 2차에 걸쳐 진행된 본 전역은 1차 공격에서 주변 지역을 정리하여 포석을 닦고 2차 공격에서 본거지를 쳐서 동녕부 세력을 와해시키는 형태로 진행되었다. 주로 조선 시대에 기록된 각종 사료에서는 이 과정의 서술에서 이성계를 크게 부각시켰으나 실상 그의 위치는 지휘서열 3위 정도로, 그가 전역의 모든 것을 주도하지는 못했던 듯하다. 2차에 걸친 공격을 통해 기새인첩목아의 세력을 와해시킴으로써 전역은 성공적으로 마무리되었다. 공민왕은 왕권에 대한 위협을 제거할 수 있었으며, 군사적 성과로 인하여 강화된 위상과 정국 주도권을 획득하는 성과도 얻었다. 국내 군사 제도 면에서는 전역 수행을 위해 서북면에 설치되었던 5개 만호부와 익군의 체제가 이후에도 정착되어 서북면지역에 대한 제어권을 강화하고 새로운 병력자원을 확보할 수 있게 하였다. 또한, 도통사 제도를 정비하고 상설화함으로써 군 조직에 대한 국왕의 통수권을 제고할 수 있었다. 그러나 한편으로 본 사건은 동북면의 강력한 군벌세력이었던 이성계에게 세력 확장의 기회로 작용하기도 하였다. 종합하자면, 본 전역은 국외 진출이나 대외 정벌과 같은 고려의 외연확장이라기보다는 외부적 요소에서 촉발된 내부적 불안을 해소하기 위한 행위였으며 그 영향 또한 고려 내부에 더 의미 있게 나타났다는 점에 주목할 필요가 있다. The Dongnyongbu campaign in the reign of King Kongmin refers to a series of military actions against Ulla mountain fortress and Liaoyang castle in the region of Liaodong beyond the Yalu river and nearby areas. This study aims to investigate the detailed progress of the campaign and cast new light upon the causes of the incident and its significance. The fundamental cause for King Kongmin's decision for the Dongnyongbu campaign is found in the fact that the Dongnyongbu forces of Ki Saeintimur posed a strong threat to the maintenance of the sovereign power of King Kongmin. The campaign, which was carried out twice, built the base in its first offensive, and attacked the stronghold of the enemy to break up the enemy forces of Dongnyongbu. Although various historical materials on this process mainly recorded in the Joseon Dynasty, brought into relief Yi Seonggye, it seems that in fact his position was only third in the order of combat command, not able to lead the whole process of the campaign. Through the offensives of two times, the campaign was successful by crashing down the forces of Ki Saeintimur. King Kongmin was able to get rid of the threat to his sovereignty, and reinforce his position and take the initiative in the political situation due to the military achievements. In terms of military institutions, the success reinforced the control over the northwest region of Goryeo and secured new resources of army by establishing five Manhobu and the Ikgoon system even after their initial introduction in the northwest region of Goryeo to carry out the campaign. Furthermore, King Kongmin could improve the Dotongsa system and establish it as a permanent institution, which raised his supreme command over military organization. On the other hand, the campaign also provided Yi Seonggye, a powerful warlord in the northeast region of Goryeo, with an opportunity to expand his influence. In summary, the campaign in question was an action to relieve the domestic instability triggered off by outside factors, rather than an attempt to extend the borders of Goryeo including overseas expansion and conquest. And we need to take of the fact that the effect was also more significant within Goryeo itself.

몽골제국의 동방 경영과 요동 고려인 세력

오기승 중앙대학교 중앙사학연구소 2016 중앙사론 Vol.0 No.43

After mid 13th century, Mongol empire tried to restrain three eastern ulus for centralization of empire. And Goryeo people group in liaodong was organized for it. In the beginning, empire gathered wandering people from Goryeo and they added to territory of Goryeo people group in liaodong. It means eastern ulus can get more less people than former time. And it was one of a method can restrain growth of eastern ulus. After growth of Goryeo people group in liaodong, empire divided it two groups. one group controlled by Hong clan. their place was Liaoyang area. And the other one controlled by Wang clan. their place was Shenyang area. And they disturbed each other. Two clans and their groups was honored by their military service and victory in Nayan rebellion. They attacked force of eastern ulus resolutely in that rebellion and proved their value. After that rebellion, leaders of two clans served as high position in Liaoyang province. Especially leaders of hong clan, served as high position generation after generation. And GunSang, one of leaders in Hong clan, was served as top postion in Liaoyang province. In this period, Goryeo people group in liaodong had powerful territory in liaodong, and they was one of pillars in liaodong area. And a important part of Mongol's reign in their eastern territory. But power of Goryeo people group in liaodong was decayed in Early 14th century. Külüg Khan(Emperor Wuzong of Yuan) was installed King of Shenyang in liaodong. It restrained both eastern ulus and Goryeo people group in liaodong, and divided and took some territory of Hong clan. After this period, power of Goryeo people group in liaodong declined more because defeat in The two capitals war. Hong and Wang clan was controlled Goryeo people group until at least mid 14th century. But they lost leadership in liaodong area and became substructure of Liaoyang province. In sum, Goryeo people group in liaodong and their power were important parts of Mongol's reign in their eastern territory. Political, military, each different means.

요동 고려인 洪氏 세력의 형성과 洪君祥의 행적에 대한 고찰

오기승 부경역사연구소 2017 지역과 역사 Vol.- No.40

The Mongol empire united Liaodong Goryeo People, focused on who is an influential figure in surrendered utilized Goryeo People. And utilized them in ruling tactics of their eastern territory. In such Liaodong Goryeo People group, first united group was the Hong clan. Their leader Hong Bok-Won got power in north border area of Goryeo by support of invaded Mongol force and Goryeo’s connivance. But Goryeo attacked him, and he moved to Liaodong. Hong Gun-Sang is fifth son of Hong Bok-Won. He was the most unusual man in four key figures of Liaodong Hong clan(Hong Bok-Won, Hong Cha-Gu, Hong Gun-Sang, Hong Zung-Hee). Other three are concentrated upon as a regional power. On the other hand, Gun-Sang concentrated upon serve as a high-ranking officer of central of The Mongol empire. He served as Siwichingun(royal guard) officer, and high-ranking officer of Chumilwon(headquarter of imperial military force) and Chungseosung(headquarter of imperial administration) He was in contrast with other three of Liaodong Hong clan in relationship with Goryeo Dynasty. Other three was hostile to the Goryeo Dynasty. On the other hand, Gun-Sang maintained a good relationship with the Goryeo Dynasty in showing goodwill. But it was not expression of loyalty to Goryeo. Just goodwill to his home area as imperial officer who has ancestor in Goryeo Dynasty. It is also possible that he was in charge of friendly action to Goryeo Dynasty because he was originally a suitable person in charge of friendly action. Above all, other three key figures of Liaodong Hong clan were hereditary rulers of regional power. And they were forced to compete with Goryeo Dynasty because their territory was abuted with Goryeo and base of ruling were Goryeo people. On the other hand, Gun-Sang was not entangled with benefit of specific area. And he can cognize Goryeo Dynasty as position that seeing entire empire because he served long time as a high-ranking officer of central of The Mongol empire. It was a main factor of that he can keep tolerant stance to the Goryeo Dynasty. 몽골제국은 내투한 고려인 중 유력한 인물을 중심으로 요동 지역 고려인들을 세력화시켜 제국 동방 경영에 활용하였다. 이러한 요동 고려인 세력들 중 가장 먼저 형성된 것은 홍씨 가문 세력이었다. 그 수장 洪福源은 침입해온 몽골군에 기대어 고려의 묵인 하에 고려 북계 내에서 세력을 얻었다가 고려 본국의 공격을 받아 요동으로 이전하였다. 洪君祥은 홍복원의 5男으로, 『元史』에 열전을 가진 요동 홍씨 세력의 주요인물 홍복원, 홍차구, 홍군상, 홍중희 4인 중 가장 이채를 띠는 인물이다. 다른 3인이 지역 세력가로서의 성격이 강한 반면 홍군상은 侍衛親軍을 거쳐 樞密院과 中書省의 고위직을 역임하는 등 제국 중앙 인사로서의 성격이 강하게 나타나고 있다. 고려 본국과의 관계에서도 그는 일족의 다른 인물들과 대비된다. 상기 4인 중 다른 3인은 고려 본국과 적대했던 반면, 홍군상은 우호나 선의로 비칠 수 있는 행적을 보이며 양호한 관계를 유지하였다. 다만 이는 고려에 대한 忠의 발로가 아니라, 제국의 고려계 관료로서 本鄕 지역에 보인 선의로 해석해야 할 것이다. 또한 본래 유화책 담당에 적합한 인사였기에 고려에 대한 우호역을 맡았을 가능성도 있다. 무엇보다 다른 3인은 세습 지역 세력가로서 고려 본국과 세력권이 인접했으며 똑같이 고려인이 그 세력기반이었기에 자연히 고려 본국과 경쟁하며 알력을 빚게 되었던 반면, 중앙에서의 경력이 길었던 홍군상은 특정 연고 지역만이 아니라 제국 전체를 조망하는 입장에서 고려 본국을 바라볼 수 있었다. 이는 그가 고려 본국에 대해 유연한 태도를 유지할 수 있었던 주요 요인이라 할 수 있다.

13-14세기 쌍성총관부의 성격과 그 위상

오기승 숭실사학회 2023 숭실사학 Vol.- No.50

The Ssangseong Chonggwanbu(雙城摠管府) is one of the Chonggwanbu(摠管府) organizations of the Mongol Empire established at the end of the Goryeo-Mongol War. Chonggwanbu is an organization formed through the organizing Zhushaihuji (諸色戶計), and is an organization for composing and managing relatively homogeneous people groups. And it has the characteristic of being organized around people group rather than areas. In addition, it is easy to be confused due to the similarity of names, but these individual Chonggwanbu and the Jero-Chonggwanbu (諸路摠管府) that constitutes the Haeng-Jungseoseong system are distinguished. The Ssangseong Chonggwanbu is also a type of individual Chonggwanbu, and can be defined as a Chonggwanbu that organized together with their hometown, based on the people group that was turned to Mongolia from the Ssangseong region in 1258. On the other hand, in the Yuan Empire, where division was implemented centering on the jurisdiction of people groups, a state in which multiple jurisdictions centered on various personal groups within the same region were frequently intertwined. Since the Ssangseong region was no exception, by the end of the Goryeo Dynasty, in addition to the Ssangseong Chonggwanbu, which was the representative force, in this region, the Yi Clan force, and the Goryeo people group who belonging to the King Gongmin, and the people group belonging to the Ki Clan, were mixed. In 1356, King Gongmin united with the non-Ssangseong Chonggwanbu faction within the Ssangseong area and the pro-King Gongmin faction within the Ssangseong Chonggwanbu to attack and defeat the Ssangseong Chonggwan(雙城摠 管) Cho So-saeng's forces. And as the Yuan Empire acknowledged this, the Ssangseong area returned to Goryeo's territory. After that, as Cho So-saeng who the last successor of Ssangseong Chonggwan and the last Ssangseong Cheonho(雙 城千戶) Tak Do-gyeong, were died 1362, Ssangseong Chonggwanbu lost all its human and physical components and completely disappeared. 쌍성총관부는 여몽전쟁 말기에 설치된 몽골제국의 총관부 조직 중 하나이다. 총관부란제색호계의 편제를 통해 구성되는 조직으로, 비교적 동질적인 인호 집단을 편제하여 관리하기 위한 기구이다. 이는 영역보다는 인호를 중심으로 편제되는 특성을 가진다. 또한 명칭의 유사성 때문에 혼동되기 쉬우나, 이러한 개별 총관부 조직과 행중서성 체계를 구성하는제로총관부는 구별되는 것이다. 쌍성총관부 역시 개별 총관부의 일종으로, 1258년 쌍성 지역에서 몽골로 투탁해 온 인호를 바탕으로 그 배후지와 함께 편제한 총관부라고 정의할 수 있다. 한편, 인호의 관할권을중심으로 분봉을 시행했던 원 제국에서는 동일 지역 내에 여러 인호 집단을 중심으로 한여러 관할권이 얽혀 있는 상태가 빈번하게 나타났다. 쌍성 지역도 예외는 아니었기 때문에, 고려 말에 이르면 이 지역에는 대표적 세력인 쌍성총관부 조직 이외에도 이씨 세력이나 이씨 세력이 공민왕에게서 위임받은 인호 집단 및 기씨 세력에 속한 인호 집단이 혼재하고있었다. 1356년 공민왕은 쌍성 지역 내의 비 쌍성총관부 세력 및 쌍성총관부 내의 친 공민왕 세력과 연합하여 쌍성총관 조소생의 세력을 공격하여 격파하였고, 이를 원이 인정하면서 쌍성 지역은 고려의 영역으로 되돌아갔다. 이후 1362년 쌍성총관부의 마지막 총관 조소생과천호 탁도경이 사망하면서 쌍성총관부는 그 인적, 물적 구성 요소를 모두 잃고 완전히 소멸하게 되었다.

13세기 여몽 경계지대에서의 삼별초 세력에 대한 고찰

오기승 부경역사연구소 2020 지역과 역사 Vol.- No.47

Sambyulcho caused an uprising as the future survival became unstable as the Goryeo-Mongol relationship progressed in a different form after the abandon Ganghwado and return capital of Goryeo government. Their initial goal was to overthrow the Gaegyeong government and they continue as the Goryeo government, but this was met with limitations due to the failure to secure an inland hinterland and the loss of scalability and productivity problems in the process of changing the strategy policy. Afterwards, Sambyulcho proposed to acquire the Jeolla region under the understanding of Kublai and to be subordinated directly to the Mongolian Empire. Based on the precedents of the Ssangseong-chonggwanbu and the Dongnyeongbu, which incorporated some of the Goryeo territory into imperial decrees and took charge of the region to the surrendered leaders, it sought to survive as a border force on the border area of Goryeo and Mongol. However, the forces of Sambyulcho, who had declared themselves as the government, were directly denying the new system formed by the agreement between Wonjong and Kublai, and thus, the negotiations broke down. As Jindo fell by the Goryeo-Mongol Allied Forces, the confrontational government in Sambyulcho disappeared, and the activities of the remaining forces that moved to Tamna afterwards consisted mainly of raids on the cargo vessels to acquire supplies and obstruction of ship construction to block the suppression forces. This indicates that their purpose was converging with the survival and maintenance of the forces themselves, and as they were suppressed, Sambyeolcho as a force disappeared. The forces of Sambyulcho sometimes chose a strategic option that was interpreted as defeat in the process from creation to extinction, and also became a medium in which both positions intersect at the boundary of the Goryeo-Mongol relationship. The consistent identity and orientation that consistently emerges in the process can be found in the context of independent survival, which was pursued against the background of the border within the new power structure formed by the end of the Goryeo-Mongol war. 삼별초는 출륙환도 이후 여몽관계가 이전과 다른 형태로 전개되는 과정에서 장래의 생존이 불안해지게 되면서 봉기를 일으켰다. 초기 지향점은 개경 정부를 무너트리고 자신들이 고려 정부로서 존속하는 것이었으나, 이는 내륙 배후지 확보 실패와 이에 따른 전략 방침 전환 과정에서의 확장성 상실 및 생산력 문제로 한계에 부딪혔다. 이후 삼별초는 쿠빌라이의 양해 하에 전라도 지역을 얻어 몽골제국에 직접 예속되는 것을 제의하였다. 고려 변방지대 일부를 제국령으로 편입하고 내투한 세력가에게 그 지역을 담당시켰던 쌍성총관부나 동녕부의 선례에 근거하여, 여몽 경계면의 접경세력으로서 존속을 모색했던 것이다. 그러나 별개의 국왕을 옹립하고 조정을 자처했던 삼별초 세력은 그 존재 자체가 원종과 쿠빌라이의 합의로 인해 형성된 새로운 체제를 정면으로 부정하는 것이었기에 교섭은 결렬되었다. 여몽연합군에게 진도가 함락되고 승화후 왕온이 살해당하면서 삼별초 세력이 가지는 대립정부로서의 입장은 사실상 소멸하였으며, 이후 탐라로 이동한 잔여 세력의 활동은 물자 획득을 위한 조운선 습격이나 진압군 차단을 위한 선박 건조 방해 등이 주류를 이루었다. 이는 이들의 목적이 세력의 생존과 유지 그 자체로 수렴되고 있었음을 나타내며, 이들이 진압당하면서 세력으로서의 삼별초는 소멸하였다삼별초 세력은 생성에서 소멸에 이르는 과정 속에서 패착으로 해석되는 전략적 선택지를 택하기도 하였으며, 여몽관계의 경계면에서 쌍방의 입장이 교차하는 매개체가 되기도 하였다. 그 과정에서 지속적으로 나타나는 일관적인 정체성과 지향점은, 여몽전쟁 종결로 형성된 새로운 세력구도 내의 접경을 배경으로 추구되었던 독자적 생존이라는 맥락에서 찾아볼 수 있다.