13세기 여몽 경계지대에서의 삼별초 세력에 대한 고찰

오기승 부경역사연구소 2020 지역과 역사 Vol.- No.47

Sambyulcho caused an uprising as the future survival became unstable as the Goryeo-Mongol relationship progressed in a different form after the abandon Ganghwado and return capital of Goryeo government. Their initial goal was to overthrow the Gaegyeong government and they continue as the Goryeo government, but this was met with limitations due to the failure to secure an inland hinterland and the loss of scalability and productivity problems in the process of changing the strategy policy. Afterwards, Sambyulcho proposed to acquire the Jeolla region under the understanding of Kublai and to be subordinated directly to the Mongolian Empire. Based on the precedents of the Ssangseong-chonggwanbu and the Dongnyeongbu, which incorporated some of the Goryeo territory into imperial decrees and took charge of the region to the surrendered leaders, it sought to survive as a border force on the border area of Goryeo and Mongol. However, the forces of Sambyulcho, who had declared themselves as the government, were directly denying the new system formed by the agreement between Wonjong and Kublai, and thus, the negotiations broke down. As Jindo fell by the Goryeo-Mongol Allied Forces, the confrontational government in Sambyulcho disappeared, and the activities of the remaining forces that moved to Tamna afterwards consisted mainly of raids on the cargo vessels to acquire supplies and obstruction of ship construction to block the suppression forces. This indicates that their purpose was converging with the survival and maintenance of the forces themselves, and as they were suppressed, Sambyeolcho as a force disappeared. The forces of Sambyulcho sometimes chose a strategic option that was interpreted as defeat in the process from creation to extinction, and also became a medium in which both positions intersect at the boundary of the Goryeo-Mongol relationship. The consistent identity and orientation that consistently emerges in the process can be found in the context of independent survival, which was pursued against the background of the border within the new power structure formed by the end of the Goryeo-Mongol war. 삼별초는 출륙환도 이후 여몽관계가 이전과 다른 형태로 전개되는 과정에서 장래의 생존이 불안해지게 되면서 봉기를 일으켰다. 초기 지향점은 개경 정부를 무너트리고 자신들이 고려 정부로서 존속하는 것이었으나, 이는 내륙 배후지 확보 실패와 이에 따른 전략 방침 전환 과정에서의 확장성 상실 및 생산력 문제로 한계에 부딪혔다. 이후 삼별초는 쿠빌라이의 양해 하에 전라도 지역을 얻어 몽골제국에 직접 예속되는 것을 제의하였다. 고려 변방지대 일부를 제국령으로 편입하고 내투한 세력가에게 그 지역을 담당시켰던 쌍성총관부나 동녕부의 선례에 근거하여, 여몽 경계면의 접경세력으로서 존속을 모색했던 것이다. 그러나 별개의 국왕을 옹립하고 조정을 자처했던 삼별초 세력은 그 존재 자체가 원종과 쿠빌라이의 합의로 인해 형성된 새로운 체제를 정면으로 부정하는 것이었기에 교섭은 결렬되었다. 여몽연합군에게 진도가 함락되고 승화후 왕온이 살해당하면서 삼별초 세력이 가지는 대립정부로서의 입장은 사실상 소멸하였으며, 이후 탐라로 이동한 잔여 세력의 활동은 물자 획득을 위한 조운선 습격이나 진압군 차단을 위한 선박 건조 방해 등이 주류를 이루었다. 이는 이들의 목적이 세력의 생존과 유지 그 자체로 수렴되고 있었음을 나타내며, 이들이 진압당하면서 세력으로서의 삼별초는 소멸하였다삼별초 세력은 생성에서 소멸에 이르는 과정 속에서 패착으로 해석되는 전략적 선택지를 택하기도 하였으며, 여몽관계의 경계면에서 쌍방의 입장이 교차하는 매개체가 되기도 하였다. 그 과정에서 지속적으로 나타나는 일관적인 정체성과 지향점은, 여몽전쟁 종결로 형성된 새로운 세력구도 내의 접경을 배경으로 추구되었던 독자적 생존이라는 맥락에서 찾아볼 수 있다.

13-14세기 쌍성총관부의 성격과 그 위상

오기승 숭실대학교 역사문물연구소 2023 숭실사학 Vol.- No.50

The Ssangseong Chonggwanbu(雙城摠管府) is one of the Chonggwanbu(摠管府) organizations of the Mongol Empire established at the end of the Goryeo-Mongol War. Chonggwanbu is an organization formed through the organizing Zhushaihuji (諸色戶計), and is an organization for composing and managing relatively homogeneous people groups. And it has the characteristic of being organized around people group rather than areas. In addition, it is easy to be confused due to the similarity of names, but these individual Chonggwanbu and the Jero-Chonggwanbu (諸路摠管府) that constitutes the Haeng-Jungseoseong system are distinguished. The Ssangseong Chonggwanbu is also a type of individual Chonggwanbu, and can be defined as a Chonggwanbu that organized together with their hometown, based on the people group that was turned to Mongolia from the Ssangseong region in 1258. On the other hand, in the Yuan Empire, where division was implemented centering on the jurisdiction of people groups, a state in which multiple jurisdictions centered on various personal groups within the same region were frequently intertwined. Since the Ssangseong region was no exception, by the end of the Goryeo Dynasty, in addition to the Ssangseong Chonggwanbu, which was the representative force, in this region, the Yi Clan force, and the Goryeo people group who belonging to the King Gongmin, and the people group belonging to the Ki Clan, were mixed. In 1356, King Gongmin united with the non-Ssangseong Chonggwanbu faction within the Ssangseong area and the pro-King Gongmin faction within the Ssangseong Chonggwanbu to attack and defeat the Ssangseong Chonggwan(雙城摠 管) Cho So-saeng's forces. And as the Yuan Empire acknowledged this, the Ssangseong area returned to Goryeo's territory. After that, as Cho So-saeng who the last successor of Ssangseong Chonggwan and the last Ssangseong Cheonho(雙 城千戶) Tak Do-gyeong, were died 1362, Ssangseong Chonggwanbu lost all its human and physical components and completely disappeared.

충선왕(忠宣王)의 계승 구도 기획과 심왕위(瀋王位)의 위상

오기승 국민대학교 한국학연구소 2024 한국학논총 Vol.62 No.-

충선왕은 원 제국의 계승분쟁에서 활약하여 심양왕(심왕)의 지위를 비롯하여 원 제국 질서 내에서의 강력한 세력을 얻게 되었다. 이는 고려국왕이라는 단일한 직위 아래 수렴되는 것이 아니라 여러 가지 봉건적 특권과 자산의 조합으로 이루어져 있었다. 충선왕은 이러한 자신의 세력을 통합적으로 자신이 지목한 인물에게 분산 없이 세습하고자 하였고, 그 대상으로 지목된 것은 그가 총애하던 조카 왕고였다. 이를 위해 그는 결과적으로 세자 겸 심왕을 거쳐 고려국왕을 승계받았던 자신의 봉작 승계 순서를 왕고가 같은 흐름으로 거칠 수 있도록 계승구도를 기획하고, 자신의 부인과 같은 가문의 공주와 결혼토록 하여 원 황실 ‘부마’로서의 지위 획득 또한 아들인 충숙왕보다 시간적, 지위적으로 우위에 두려고 하였다. 이러한 흐름에서 왕고에게 부여된 심왕 지위는 충선왕의 계승자, 우선적 세습자로서의 위치를 담보하는 것이었다. 충선왕은 이 과정에서 태위왕을 자칭하면서 자신을 중심으로 고려국왕과 심왕의 두 왕위를 조율하여 자신이 원하는 계승구도를 실현하려 하였다. 그러나 이는 원 영종 대에 충선왕이 급격히 실각하면서 굴절을 겪게 되었다. 고려국왕과 심왕을 조율할 태위왕이 사라지자 충숙왕은 고려국왕으로서의 독자적 지배권을 확보하려 하였고, 심왕 왕고는 충숙왕을 공격하여 상속자로서의 위치를 확보하려 하였으며, 심왕옹립운동은 이로부터 시작되었다. 심왕옹립운동은 최종적으로 실패하여 고려국왕의 계승은 충숙왕의 계통으로 계속 이어지게 되었으며, 이 과정에서 심왕은 고려계 왕족에게만 부여되는 왕호로서 고려국왕에게 후계자가 없거나 유고 시에 우선적으로 고려되는 예비계승자의 위치를 갖게 되었다. 그리고 이는 왕고의 손자 톡타부카가 공민왕대를 거쳐 우왕 초기까지 지속적으로 고려국왕의 예비계승자로서 호출되는 형태로 나타나고 있었다. King Chungseon was active in the succession dispute of the Yuan Empire and gained strong power within the imperial order, including the status of King of Shimyang (King of Shim). This power did not converge under a single position as King of Goryeo, but consisted of a combination of various feudal privileges and assets. King Chungseon wanted to inherit these power to the person he identified without dispersing them, and it was his favorite nephew Wang-Go who was pointed out as the target. To this end, he planned a succession structure so that the king could go through the same flow of succession of his feudal succession through the Crown Prince and King Sim, and made him marry a princess of the same family as his wife to gain the status as a king's son-in-law of the empire and give him a temporal and status advantage over his son, King Chungsuk. In this trend, the status of King of Shim given to the Wang-Go was to secure his position as the preferred successor to King Chungseon. In this process, King Chungseon called himself Taewiwang(太尉王) and tried to realize the succession structure he wanted by coordinating the two kings that King of Goryeo and King of Shim. However, this was refracted as King Chungseon fell sharply during the reign of Emperor Yingzong of Yuan. When Taewiwang, who would coordinate King of Goryeo and King of Shim, disappeared, King Chungsuk tried to secure independent control as King of Goryeo, and King of Shim tried to attack King Chungsuk to secure his position as heir, and the movement to enthrone King-Shim began from this. This movement ultimately failed, and the succession of the Goryeo Dynasty continued to lead to King Chungsuk's line, and in this process, King of Shim was given only to the Goryeo royal family, giving him the position of a preliminary successor who was considered first in the absence of a suitable successor of Goryeo. And this appeared in the form that the Wang-Go's grandson Toktabuka was continuously called as a preliminary successor to the king of Goryeo until the early days of King Wu through King Gongmin's reign.

고려 말 해상전력 확충과왜구 제압: 해도함대와 화통도감을 중심으로

오기승 한국역사민속학회 2024 역사민속학 Vol.0 No.67

14세기 중엽 이래 동아시아 각지의 군사적 충돌과 내전을 비롯한 여러 분쟁의 흐름 속에서 당시의 고려에게 가장 큰 위협이 되었던 것은 일본 내의 동란과 이로 인한 혼란 상태를 배경으로 하여 대규모로 나타났던 왜구였다. 14세기 후반에 들어 한반도와 중국 해안까지 아우르는 영역을 무대로 크게 창궐하였던 왜구의 대규모 준동은 해안지대를 위시하여 수도 인근까지를 포함하는 고려의 중남부 지역 다수를 장기간 전쟁 상태로 몰아넣었다. 이에 고려는 왜구 제압과 안변(安邊)을 목표로 새로운 기술과 조직을 도입하였다. 이 과정에서 고려는 새로이 해도원수를 두면서 통합적 작전구역으로서의 해도(海道)를 설정하고, 이를 담당할 신예 주력함대(해도함대)라는 새로운 조직을 구성하여 이를 점차 확충하였다. 이 함대에는 새로이 설치된 화통도감 조직을 통해 화약병기와 그 플랫폼으로서의 선박이라는 신규 무기체계가 집중적으로 도입되었으며, 함대의 구성원들에게는 이러한 기술적ㆍ조직적 요소들을 유기적으로 연계하여 운용하는 새로운 전술을 개발하여 익히도록 하였다. 이와 같이 기술과 조직과 사람을 연계하여 동원하는 지난한 과정을 비교적 성공적으로 수행하면서 안변을 도모한 결과, 고려는 결국 진포해전 및 관음포해전과 같은 주요 해전에서의 승리와 함께 해상전력에 기반한 억지력을 확보할 수 있었고, 이를 통해 14세기 전쟁 상태의 근본 원인이라 할 수 있는 동아시아 각지에서의 동란이 잦아들 때까지 국가의 구심력을 유지하고 국내를 수습해 나갈 수 있었다. 또한 이는 왕조 교체 이후로도 한반도의 해안지대가 전쟁 상태에서 벗어나 평화와 안정을 도모할 수 있는 발판이 되었다. Since the middle of the 14th century, the biggest threat to Goryeo in various conflicts, including military conflicts and civil wars in East Asia, has been the Waegu(Wokou, Japanese pirates), which appeared on a large scale against the backdrop of military turmoil and confusion in Japan. In the late 14th century, large-scale attacks by Waegu, which spread largely to the Korean Peninsula and the coast of China, put many of Goryeo’s central and southern regions, including coastal areas and near the capital, into a long-term state of instability. In response, Goryeo introduced new technologies and organizations with the aim of suppressing Japanese pirates and stabilize coastal periphery areas. In the process, Goryeo established ‘Haedo’ as an integrated operating area with appointment of a new commander called ‘Haedo-Wonsu’ and formed a new organization called Haedo-Fleet as a new main fleet to be in charge of it. The new weapon system of gunpowder weapons and ships as its operating platform was intensively introduced in the fleet through the newly installed ‘Hwatongdogam’ organization, and members of the fleet developed and learned new tactics to operate these technical and organizational elements organically. As a result of this relatively successful process of organically mobilizing technology, organizations, and people for the purpose of stabilize coastal periphery areas, Goryeo was eventually able to secure deterrence based on maritime power along with wins in several major naval battles. And through this, it was possible to maintain the centripetal power of the country and recover the country until the turmoil in East Asia, which is the root cause of the war in the 14th century, subsided. In addition, these achievements served as a stepping stone for the coastal region of the Korean Peninsula to promote peace and stability out of the state of war even after the dynasty was replaced.

여말선초 화약 및 관련기술의 ‘국산화’에 대한 체계적 재구성

오기승 한국역사연구회 2022 역사와 현실 Vol.- No.123

Gunpowder technology on the Korean peninsula developed in the wake ofcultural exchanges with China, at the end of the Goryeo dynasty period. TheGoryeo government, as part of its ongoing effort to address the Waegu(Japanesepirates) crisis and appropriately respond, attempted to import techniques toproduce gunpowder through official channels from the Chinese Ming dynasty,but eventually failed as Ming refused to help. Then a Goryeo figure namedChoi Mu-seon managed to develop necessary technical skills, through his ownresearch and civilian exchanges. The gunpowder technology secured by Choi Mu-seon not only covered thearea of production but the entire range of its applications as well. During hisstay in Yuan(元) he acquired general knowledge of how to manufactureweapons using gunpowder, how to use those weapons in battle situations, andhow to operate them in battles on the sea. Later he also conversed withChinese technicians and obtained methods to refine niter as it was a crucialpart in gunpowder production. Choi Mu-seon also proposed to the Goryeo government the establishment ofHwatong Dogam(火㷁都監), as an office to oversee gunpowder production andsupervise related technical issues. His intention was to have all the technicalexpertise he earlier acquired put to good use in the government’s response tothe Waegu problem of the time. Considering how the gunpowdermanufacturing technique of Goryeo was developed, a group of technicians ledby Choi Mu-seon were virtually in almost private (and exclusive) control of thetechnology, but the government was able to tap into that through a Dogamoffice, which was part of Goryeo’s unique governmental system. Later leaders of the Joseon government, who aspired to establish acentralized government system, dismantled all the Dogam offices includingHwatong Dogam. But the Joseon government also tried to absorb thetechnology by enlisting Choi Mu-seon’s son Choi Hae-san for governmentalservice. What ensued was the acquirement of new technology and theestablishment of Joseon’s own technical manual for gunpowder production & usage during the reign of King Sejong. A new standard for state technologyinvolving gunpowder was secured, and that meant the complete internalizationof the technology as well as its new status as state asset and governmentalproperty.

공민왕 5년 印璫 발탁과 제거 분석

오기승 한국중세사학회 2020 한국중세사연구 Vol.0 No.60

After political upheaval in the fifth period of King Gongmin(1356), King Gongmin ordered attack the eight Yam of the Mongol empire in west side of the Yalu river. And he appointed In Dang(印璫) as the commander. Because, due to the attribute of the military operations that had to cross the Yalu River, King Gongmin needed the person who had military operation experience in the territory of Yuan empire and had a strong military experience and track record. And in the May 1356, In Dang was the best person in King Gongmin’s need. However, In Dang was not originally a close affair of the King Gongmin, but he also had a side that could be interpreted as a potential anxiety factor in the background. In response, King Gongmin attempted to control these elements systematically by reviving the Byungmasa(兵馬使) system that disappeared after the reign of King Chungnyeol. It was also an attempt to reorganize the king’s military control, using the Goryeo system of the previous period, as the king’s military control was weakened and dispersed due to interference of the Yuan empire. King Gongmin appointed the best expeditionary commander, In Dang, as a Chief commander, and also appointed Kang Joong-gyeong, the aide of the king, as a Vice commander, and gave him the same military rank as the Indang. At the same time, King Gongmin attempted to control the anxiety elements by a combined means through the Byungmasa ​​system and the status of the king. This was the first attempt by the King Gongmin to establish a system to control general’s forces and to gain control. However, this attempt was not effective at the time. And immediately after their appointment as Byungmasa, In Dang killed Kang Joong-gyeong arbitrarily, and the King Gongmin’s attempt ended in failure. Therefore, the root cause of the King Gomgmin’s elimination of In Dang should be regarded as the fact that In Dang collapsed the king’s policy plan to rearrange the dispersed Goryeo’s military control centered on the king. And it was the result of In Dang killing Kang Joong-gyeong arbitrarily. For this reason, the King Gomgmin had already decided to eliminate the In Dang at the time of the murder of Kang Joong-kyung. But it was not immediately implemented, and the means of eliminating the In Dang had to use schemes, not formal mandates. This indicates that there was still a difference between the king and the existing influential generals in dominating of soldiers.

요동 고려인 洪氏 세력의 형성과 洪君祥의 행적에 대한 고찰

오기승 부경역사연구소 2017 지역과 역사 Vol.- No.40

The Mongol empire united Liaodong Goryeo People, focused on who is an influential figure in surrendered utilized Goryeo People. And utilized them in ruling tactics of their eastern territory. In such Liaodong Goryeo People group, first united group was the Hong clan. Their leader Hong Bok-Won got power in north border area of Goryeo by support of invaded Mongol force and Goryeo’s connivance. But Goryeo attacked him, and he moved to Liaodong. Hong Gun-Sang is fifth son of Hong Bok-Won. He was the most unusual man in four key figures of Liaodong Hong clan(Hong Bok-Won, Hong Cha-Gu, Hong Gun-Sang, Hong Zung-Hee). Other three are concentrated upon as a regional power. On the other hand, Gun-Sang concentrated upon serve as a high-ranking officer of central of The Mongol empire. He served as Siwichingun(royal guard) officer, and high-ranking officer of Chumilwon(headquarter of imperial military force) and Chungseosung(headquarter of imperial administration) He was in contrast with other three of Liaodong Hong clan in relationship with Goryeo Dynasty. Other three was hostile to the Goryeo Dynasty. On the other hand, Gun-Sang maintained a good relationship with the Goryeo Dynasty in showing goodwill. But it was not expression of loyalty to Goryeo. Just goodwill to his home area as imperial officer who has ancestor in Goryeo Dynasty. It is also possible that he was in charge of friendly action to Goryeo Dynasty because he was originally a suitable person in charge of friendly action. Above all, other three key figures of Liaodong Hong clan were hereditary rulers of regional power. And they were forced to compete with Goryeo Dynasty because their territory was abuted with Goryeo and base of ruling were Goryeo people. On the other hand, Gun-Sang was not entangled with benefit of specific area. And he can cognize Goryeo Dynasty as position that seeing entire empire because he served long time as a high-ranking officer of central of The Mongol empire. It was a main factor of that he can keep tolerant stance to the Goryeo Dynasty. 몽골제국은 내투한 고려인 중 유력한 인물을 중심으로 요동 지역 고려인들을 세력화시켜 제국 동방 경영에 활용하였다. 이러한 요동 고려인 세력들 중 가장 먼저 형성된 것은 홍씨 가문 세력이었다. 그 수장 洪福源은 침입해온 몽골군에 기대어 고려의 묵인 하에 고려 북계 내에서 세력을 얻었다가 고려 본국의 공격을 받아 요동으로 이전하였다. 洪君祥은 홍복원의 5男으로, 『元史』에 열전을 가진 요동 홍씨 세력의 주요인물 홍복원, 홍차구, 홍군상, 홍중희 4인 중 가장 이채를 띠는 인물이다. 다른 3인이 지역 세력가로서의 성격이 강한 반면 홍군상은 侍衛親軍을 거쳐 樞密院과 中書省의 고위직을 역임하는 등 제국 중앙 인사로서의 성격이 강하게 나타나고 있다. 고려 본국과의 관계에서도 그는 일족의 다른 인물들과 대비된다. 상기 4인 중 다른 3인은 고려 본국과 적대했던 반면, 홍군상은 우호나 선의로 비칠 수 있는 행적을 보이며 양호한 관계를 유지하였다. 다만 이는 고려에 대한 忠의 발로가 아니라, 제국의 고려계 관료로서 本鄕 지역에 보인 선의로 해석해야 할 것이다. 또한 본래 유화책 담당에 적합한 인사였기에 고려에 대한 우호역을 맡았을 가능성도 있다. 무엇보다 다른 3인은 세습 지역 세력가로서 고려 본국과 세력권이 인접했으며 똑같이 고려인이 그 세력기반이었기에 자연히 고려 본국과 경쟁하며 알력을 빚게 되었던 반면, 중앙에서의 경력이 길었던 홍군상은 특정 연고 지역만이 아니라 제국 전체를 조망하는 입장에서 고려 본국을 바라볼 수 있었다. 이는 그가 고려 본국에 대해 유연한 태도를 유지할 수 있었던 주요 요인이라 할 수 있다.

공민왕대 동녕부 전역(戰役) 고찰

오기승 육군군사연구소 2012 군사연구 Vol.- No.134

공민왕대의 동녕부 전역은 압록강 너머 요동 지방의 울라산성과 요양성 및 그 주변 지역을 공격했던 일련의 군사행동이다. 본고에서는 이 전역의 구체적 진행 양상을 고찰하면서 사건의 요인과 의의에 대해서도 새로이 짚어보고자 하였다. 공민왕이 동녕부 전역을 결심한 근본적 원인은 기새인첩목아의 동녕부 세력이 공민왕의 왕권 유지에 강한 위협요소가 되었기 때문이다. 2차에 걸쳐 진행된 본 전역은 1차 공격에서 주변 지역을 정리하여 포석을 닦고 2차 공격에서 본거지를 쳐서 동녕부 세력을 와해시키는 형태로 진행되었다. 주로 조선 시대에 기록된 각종 사료에서는 이 과정의 서술에서 이성계를 크게 부각시켰으나 실상 그의 위치는 지휘서열 3위 정도로, 그가 전역의 모든 것을 주도하지는 못했던 듯하다. 2차에 걸친 공격을 통해 기새인첩목아의 세력을 와해시킴으로써 전역은 성공적으로 마무리되었다. 공민왕은 왕권에 대한 위협을 제거할 수 있었으며, 군사적 성과로 인하여 강화된 위상과 정국 주도권을 획득하는 성과도 얻었다. 국내 군사 제도 면에서는 전역 수행을 위해 서북면에 설치되었던 5개 만호부와 익군의 체제가 이후에도 정착되어 서북면지역에 대한 제어권을 강화하고 새로운 병력자원을 확보할 수 있게 하였다. 또한, 도통사 제도를 정비하고 상설화함으로써 군 조직에 대한 국왕의 통수권을 제고할 수 있었다. 그러나 한편으로 본 사건은 동북면의 강력한 군벌세력이었던 이성계에게 세력 확장의 기회로 작용하기도 하였다. 종합하자면, 본 전역은 국외 진출이나 대외 정벌과 같은 고려의 외연확장이라기보다는 외부적 요소에서 촉발된 내부적 불안을 해소하기 위한 행위였으며 그 영향 또한 고려 내부에 더 의미 있게 나타났다는 점에 주목할 필요가 있다. The Dongnyongbu campaign in the reign of King Kongmin refers to a series of military actions against Ulla mountain fortress and Liaoyang castle in the region of Liaodong beyond the Yalu river and nearby areas. This study aims to investigate the detailed progress of the campaign and cast new light upon the causes of the incident and its significance. The fundamental cause for King Kongmin's decision for the Dongnyongbu campaign is found in the fact that the Dongnyongbu forces of Ki Saeintimur posed a strong threat to the maintenance of the sovereign power of King Kongmin. The campaign, which was carried out twice, built the base in its first offensive, and attacked the stronghold of the enemy to break up the enemy forces of Dongnyongbu. Although various historical materials on this process mainly recorded in the Joseon Dynasty, brought into relief Yi Seonggye, it seems that in fact his position was only third in the order of combat command, not able to lead the whole process of the campaign. Through the offensives of two times, the campaign was successful by crashing down the forces of Ki Saeintimur. King Kongmin was able to get rid of the threat to his sovereignty, and reinforce his position and take the initiative in the political situation due to the military achievements. In terms of military institutions, the success reinforced the control over the northwest region of Goryeo and secured new resources of army by establishing five Manhobu and the Ikgoon system even after their initial introduction in the northwest region of Goryeo to carry out the campaign. Furthermore, King Kongmin could improve the Dotongsa system and establish it as a permanent institution, which raised his supreme command over military organization. On the other hand, the campaign also provided Yi Seonggye, a powerful warlord in the northeast region of Goryeo, with an opportunity to expand his influence. In summary, the campaign in question was an action to relieve the domestic instability triggered off by outside factors, rather than an attempt to extend the borders of Goryeo including overseas expansion and conquest. And we need to take of the fact that the effect was also more significant within Goryeo itself.

Two-step design process for optimal suction muffler in reciprocating compressor

오기승,이진우 대한기계학회 2015 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.29 No.1

A systematic design process for an optimal suction muffler is proposed to reduce the noise of a reciprocating compressor. Because theouter shape of a suction muffler is complicated, the well-known internal configuration for simple expansion chambers muffler is noteasily applicable to the suction muffler design problem. To achieve an optimal design of a suction muffler, two sequential optimizationproblems are formulated to maximize the transmission loss value at a target frequency: acoustical topology and shape optimization problems. The key idea in the suggested method is to use an optimal topology obtained by solving the topology optimization problem as aninitial shape for the shape optimization problem. The formulated optimization problems are solved at several target frequencies, and theacoustical characteristics of the optimal shapes are closely investigated. The experimental results for two optimal suction mufflers supportthe validity of our suggested two-step design process for optimal suction mufflers.

공민왕 5년(1356) 여원 접경지대 분쟁과 쌍성총관부 수복

오기승 숭실사학회 2021 숭실사학 Vol.- No.46

공민왕 5년(1356) 고려의 군사행동으로 촉발된 여원 접경지대의 분쟁은 쌍성총관부의 조소생 세력 제압이라는 단일한 군사적 목표를 가지고 진행된 일련의 작전이었다. 이 과정에서 서북면으로 출격한 인당의 부대는 교란과 양동을 담당하였고, 동북면으로 출격한 유인우의 부대는 쌍성총관 부 자체의 공략을 담당하였다. 그리고 이러한 군사적 전과를 통해 달성하고자 하는 정치적 목표 에는 고려 내부에서의 기씨 세력 처단과 직결하여 고려 영내와 그 주변에서 기씨 세력을 완전히 근 절한다는 것이 포함되어 있었다. 인당 부대는 단기작전으로 압록강 서안의 3개 참을 파괴하여 교란과 양동의 임무를 성공적으 로 수행하였으며, 그 결과 원은 고려가 직접 통보하기 전까지 공민왕의 전체적인 전략구상을 파악 하지 못하였다. 한편 유인우 부대는 조소생의 숙부인 조돈 일족 및 현지 유력자인 이자춘 부대의 도움을 받았다. 조돈 일족은 회유를 통해 조소생의 세력을 해체시켰고, 이자춘 부대는 유인우 부 대와 합세하여 조소생의 본거지를 함락시키는 데 기여하였다. 공민왕은 외교를 통해 원에게서 기철 일파가 역적이라는 동의를 받아냈고, 이를 바탕으로 쌍성 총관부 지역이 기철 일파와 연결되어 있다는 점을 강조하여, 이 지역에 대한 군사행동이 역적에 대 한 평정이라는 명분을 얻어내어 이 지역에 대한 영유권을 인정받고자 하였다. 결과적으로 공민왕은 이 해의 군사적, 정치적 목적을 달성하는 데 성공하였으나, 이로 인해 살아남은 기씨 세력과는 이 후 다시 군사적 충돌을 겪게 되었다. In the 5th year of King Gongmin (1356), the dispute on the border of Goryeo- Mongol, triggered by Goryeo's military action, was a series o f operations with a sing le military goal of subduing the Ssangseong-Prefectures. In this process, In Dang's troops who sorted out to the northwest-border were in charge of disturb and feint operation, while Yoo In-woo's unit that sorted out to the northeastern-border was in charge of the attack to Ssangseong-Prefectures. In addition, the political goal to be achieved through such military achievement included the complete eradication of the Gi clans forces in and around Goryeo dynasty in direct connection with the killing of the Gi clans within Gory eo. In Dang's troops destroyed three Yam on the west bank of the Yalu River in a short-term operation, successfully carrying out the mission of disturb and feint. As a result, Mongol Empire was unable to grasp the overall strategic plan of King Gongmin until Goryeo informed that. Meanwhile, Yoo In-woo received the help of Jo Don who Jo So-Saeng's uncle, and the local influential Yi Ja-Chun. Jo Don and his son dismantled the power of the Jo So-Saeng's force through a circumstance, and the Yi Ja-chun unit joined forces with Yoo In-woo to contribute to the cap ture of the Jo So- Saeng's base stronghold. Through diplomacy, King Gongmin obtained the agreement that Gi-cheol and his followers was a traitor, and based on this, he emphasized the fact that the Ssangseong-Prefectures is connected to the Gi-cheol’s group. And King Gongmin wanted to be recognized for sovereignty over this area. As a result, King Gongmin succeeded in achieving the military and political objectives of this year, but this resulted in a military con flict with the survived Gi clan and their f orce.