실시간 In-situ IR을 이용한 Glycidyl Azide Monomer(GAM)의 양이온중합 반응속도 연구

김형석,김관영,강신춘,노시태,김진석,유재철,최근배,Kim, Hyoung-Sug,Kim, Kwan-Yung,Kang, Shin-Choon,Noh, Si-Tae,Kim, Jin-Seuk,Yu, Jae-Chul,Choi, Keun-Bae 한국군사과학기술학회 2009 한국군사과학기술학회지 Vol.12 No.2

We synthesized glycidyl azide monomer(GAM) as a monomer for polymerization of glycidy azide polymer(GAP) which is a promising energetic prepolymer for a plastic-bonded explosive. Using quantitative real-tim in-situ infrared(in-situ IR) spectroscopy, kinetic study on the cationic ring opening polymerization of GAM was carried out. The reaction rate was obtained from monitoring the change of ether C-O stretching band($1050cm^{-1}$) in series IR spectra. The reaction was in accordance with the first-order reaction law for each of reaction temperature at 100/1 mole ratio of [GAM]/[$BF_3*etherate$]. In the ring opening polymerization of GAM, with ratio of [GAM]/[$BF_3*etherate$] to equal 100/1 at various temperature, the activation parameters obtained from the evaluation of kinetic data were ${\Delta}H^*$=14.34kcal/mol, ${\Delta}S^*=-12.31cal/mol{\cdot}K$ and $E_a$=14.89kcal/mol.

전층 각막이식 후 경면현미경, 초음파 각막두께측정계 및 Orbscan을 이용한 중심 각막두께 측정치의 비교

김형석,김준헌,김효명,송종석,Hyoung-Seok Kim,Jun Heon Kim,Hyo Myong Kim,Jong-Suk Song 대한안과학회 2007 대한안과학회지 Vol.48 No.2

Purpose: To compare the accuracy and reproducibility of central corneal thickness measured by non-contact specular microscopy, ultrasound pachymetry, and Orbscan in the post-penetrating keratoplasty eyes. Methods: Central corneal thickness was prospectively measured in eyes that had recieved penetrating keratoplasty at least 1 month before. One experienced technician measured all eyes using three methods; non-contact specular microscopy (Topcon SP-2000P; Topcon Corporation, Tokyo, Japan), Orbscan IIz (Orbtek; Bausch & Lomb, Rochester, USA), and ultrasound pachymetry (AL-2000; Tomey, Erlangen, Germany). Three consecutive measurements were performed using each method and the mean values and coefficient of variation were compared. Results: The mean values of central corneal thickness were 550.7±63.3 ?m with specular microscopy, 548.2±72.5 ?m with ultrasound pachymetry, and 472.5±151.7 ?m with Orbscan. There was no significant difference between the measurements obtained by specular microscopy and ultrasound pachymetry (p=0.53), and both methods showed high reproducibility. The corneal thickness measured by Orbscan was remarkably variable and in some patients, Orbscan was unable to measure corneal thickness. Conclusions: Non-contact specular microscopy appears to be an effective technique, potentially replacing ultrasound pachymetry for measuring central corneal thickness in the post-penetrating keratoplasty eyes.

돼지의 과립막세포 종양

김형석,강상철,정지열,김현섭,김대용,김재훈,Kim, Hyeong-Seok,Kang, Sang-Chul,Jung, Ji-YouI,Kim, Hyun-Sup,Kim, Dae-Yong,Kim, Jae-Hoon 대한수의학회 2008 大韓獸醫學會誌 Vol.48 No.3

A two-year-old mixed breed sow was requested to the Veterinary Pathology Laboratory of Cheju National University with a clinical signs of severe abdominal pain and sudden death. Grossly, there was severe hemorrhage in abdominal cavity. Most of internal parenchymas and subcutaneous muscle showed severe pale discoloration. Both ovaries were enlarged with oval to round protruding multilobular masses and dark red in color. And they were firm and contained multiple small cysts in their cut surface. Histopathologically, numerous neoplastic granulosa cells had spherical-to-oval, hyperchromatic nuclei and scant eosinophilic cytoplasms were distributed with follicular pattern in ovarian masses. And the typical Call-Exner bodies, distinctive microcavityies, were observed in the center of small neoplastic follicles. Based on the gross and histopathologic findings, this case was diagnosed as granulosa cell tumor. In our best knowledge, this is believed to be the first report of granulosa cell tumor in a sow in Korea.

Trinitrotoluene의 환원반응에서 가스크로마토그래피 모니터링을 이용한 2,6-diamino-4-nitrotoluene의 합성

김형석,유재철,김호기,김새롬,최근배,정원복,서원준,김진석,Kim, Hyoung-Sug,Yu, Jae Chul,Kim, Ho Gi,Kim, Sae Rom,Choi, Keun Bae,Jung, Won Bok,Seo, Won Jun,Kim, Jin-Seuk 한국군사과학기술학회 2014 한국군사과학기술학회지 Vol.17 No.2

In this research, we investigated synthetic method of 2,6-DANT that can be used as a chain extender of urethane/urea and epoxy materials in a demilitarization method via chemical transformations considering environmental, economical aspects and stability of process. We was able to identify through GC monitoring that 2,4-DANT and 2,6-DANT were produced when we inject 'hydrazine monohydrate 3.3 eq. by TNT 1 eq.' with a fine metering pump for 30 minutes and then, reflux for an additional 2 hours. We was able to isolate only 2,6-DANT(99.3% purity and 45.0% yield) from mixture of 2,4-DANT and 2,6-DANT through the separating and refining methods using 2,6-DANT solubility in methanol and crystallinity of 2,6-DANT.

옥탄가 변화에 따른 가솔린의 발화특성에 관한 연구

김형석,김원길,최유정,김정훈,최재욱,Kim, Hyeong Seok,Kim, Won Kil,Choi, Yu Jung,Kim, Jung-Hun,Choi, Jae-Wook 한국안전학회 2018 한국안전학회지 Vol.33 No.2

This study was conducted to assess the hazards of gasoline in relevance to the changes in octane numbers, and gasoline's spontaneous ignition temperature and instantaneous ignition temperature were measured. Spontaneous ignition temperature of regular gasoline was $301^{\circ}C$ for sample quantity of $100{\sim}125{\mu}{\ell}$. Spontaneous ignition temperature of middle gasoline was $380^{\circ}C$ for sample quantity of $125{\mu}{\ell}$ and that of premium gasoline was $400^{\circ}C$. As gasoline's octane numbers increased, their spontaneous ignition temperatures increased, and their instantaneous ignition temperature were almost identically $499^{\circ}C$ for sample quantity of $125{\mu}{\ell}$. In addition, activation energies of regular gasoline, middle gasoline, and premium gasoline were 10.48 Kcal/mol, 16.89 Kcal/mol, and 24.55 Kcal/mol respectively.

포수제(捕收劑) 종류(種類)에 따른 공작석(孔雀石)의 부유선별(浮遊選別) 특성(特性)

김형석,김완태,한인규,김상배,Kim, Hyung-Seok,Kim, Wan-Tae,Han, In-Kyu,Kim, Sang-Bae 한국자원리싸이클링학회 2010 資源 리싸이클링 Vol.19 No.4

공작석의 부선에 적합한 포수제를 규명하기 위하여 각종 포수제의 종류에 따른 공작석의 부유선별 특성을 연구하였다. 공작석의 제타전위를 측정한 결과, 공작석의 등전점은 약 pH 8.2로, 등전점 이상의 pH에서는 공작석의 표면이 음(-)으로 하전되고, 등전점 이하에서는 양(+)으로 하전됨을 확인하였다. 공작석은 음이온 포수제인 sodium oleate와 Aeropromoter 845에 의해서 pH 5~11의 범위에서 97%이상 부유되었다. 그러나 alkyl hydroxamate 및 양이온 포수제인 dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride와 dodecyl ethyl methyl ammonium chloride에 의해서는 pH 5 이상에서 첨가량에 관계없이 15%미만으로 부유되었다. 공작석을 $(NH_4)_2S$로 황화처리한 후 potassium amyl xanthate로 부선하였을 때, 공작석은 97%이상 부유되었다. 이때 황화처리하지 않았을 때 보다 potassium amyl xanthate의 첨가량이 1/3 정도 적어졌고, 부선시간도 단축되었다. 따라서 공작석의 부선에 적합한 포수제는 potassium amyl xanthate와 음이온 포수제인 sodium oleate 및 Aeropromoter 845이었다. In order to select the proper collector for the flotation of malachite, we had floated malachite by using various collectors. When measuring the zeta potential of malachite, we knew that the point of zero charge of malachite is found at pH 8.2 and malachite particles are negatively charged above this pH value; and positively, below this pH value. The floatability of malachite by the anionic collectors like sodium oleate and Aeropromoter 845, was about 97% in pH 5~11 range, whereas that of malachite by alkyl hydroxamate and the cationic collector like dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride and dodecyl ethyl methyl ammonium chloride, was below 15% above pH 5 regardless of dosage increase of collector and flotation time. The malachite sulphidised by $(NH_4)_2S$ was floated above 97% by potassium amyl xanthate. The dosage of potassium amyl xanthate decreased and the flotation period shortened to one third than when it was not sulphidised by $(NH_4)_2S$. Therefore, potassium amyl xanthate and the anionic collectors like sodium oleate and Aeropromoter 845 can be used as the collector of malachite.

미래의 디자인은 우리의 손으로

김형석,Kim, Hyeong-Seok (사)한국포장협회 2006 包裝界 Vol.155 No.-

과학정신의 생활화(상)

김형석,Kim, Hyeong-Seok 한국과학기술단체총연합회 1976 과학과 기술 Vol.9 No.11

하소(?燒) 명반석(明礬石)에 의(依)한 고로수쇄(高爐水碎)슬래그의 활성화(活性化) 특성(特性)

김형석,조영도,안지환,목촌방부,한춘,Kim, Hyung-Seok,Jo, Young-Do,Ahn, Ji-Whan,Kimura, Kunio,Han, Choon 한국자원리싸이클링학회 2006 資源 리싸이클링 Vol.15 No.4

In order to use alunite as an activator of blast furnace slag, we studied the hydration characteristics of the calcined alunite and the ground blast furnace slag. The alunite calcined at $650{\cire}C$ consists of KAl($KAl(SO_{4})_{2}$ and $Al_{2}O_{3}$. The calcined alunite reacts with $Ca(OH)_{2}$ and gypsum to form etrringite ($3CaO{\cdot}Al_{2}O_{3}{\cdot}3CaSO_{4}{\cdot}32H_{2}O$) as fellows:$2KAl(SO_{4})_{2}+2Al_{2}O_{3}+13Ca(OH)_{2}+5CaSO_{4}{\cdot}2H_{2}O+73H_{2}O{\rightarrow}3(3CaO{\cdot}Al_{2}O_{3}{\cdot}3CaSO_{4}{\cdot}32H_{2}O)+2KOH$. The $SO_{4}^{2-}$ ions from calcined alunite reacts with CaO in blast furnace slag to from gypsum, which reacts with CaO and $Al_{2}O_{3}$ to from ettringite in calcined alunite-blast furnace slag system. Therefore blast furnace slag can be activated by calcined alunite. 본 연구에서는 명반석 $[K_{2}SO_{4}{\cdot}Al_{2}(SO_{4})_{3}{\cdot}4Al(OH)_{3}]$을 고로수쇄슬래그의 활성화제로서 활용하기 위하여 하소 명반석과 고로수쇄슬래그의 수화반응 특성을 연구하였다. $650{\circ}C$에서 하소시킨 명반석은 $KAl(SO_{4})_{2}$와 $Al_{2}O_{3}$로 구성되어 있으며 하소 명반석-소석회-석고 계에서 하소 명반석은 소석회 및 석고와 $2KAl(SO_{4})_{2}+2Al_{2}O_{3}+13Ca(OH)_{2}+5CaSO_{4}{\cdot}2H_{2}O+73H_{2}O{\rightarrow}3(3CaO{\cdot}Al_{2}O_{3}{\cdot}3CaSO_{4}{\cdot}32H_{2}O)+2KOH$와 같이 반응하여 ettringite($3CaO{\cdot}Al_{2}O_{3}{\cdot}3CaSO_{4}{\cdot}32H_{2}O)$를 형성한다. 하소 명반석-고로수쇄슬래그 계에서는 하소 명반석에서 용해된 황산이온($SO_{4}^{2-}$)이 소석회와 반응하여 석고를 형성시키고, 석고는 다시 고로수쇄슬래그와 반응하여 ettringite를 형성시키면서 슬래그의 수화반응을 촉진시키기 때문에 하소 명반석을 고로수쇄슬래그의 활성화제로 사용할 수 있다.

자기교차를 가지는 곡선 재구성

김형석,Kim, Hyoung-Seok B. 한국정보통신학회 2010 한국정보통신학회논문지 Vol.14 No.9

점들의 집합으로부터 곡선이나 곡면을 구성하는 문제는 기하학적 모델링, 컴퓨터그래픽스, 영상처리 등의 분야에서 중요한 역할을 수행하고 있다. 특히 곡선 재구성 문제는 기존에 존재하는 곡선으로부터 샘플링된 점들로부터 순서를 부여하여 점들을 연결하는 문제이다. 이러한 문제에 대한 대부분의 기존 방법들은 유클리언 거리를 기초로 하고 있기 때문에 자기교차를 가지고 있는 곡선의 재구성 문제를 해결하지 못하고 있는 실정이다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위하여 방향도 함께 고려하는 거리를 제안하고, 이를 이용하여 데이터 점들에게 순서를 부여하는 알고리즘을 제안한다. 본 논문에서 제안하는 거리함수는 브라운 운동의 확산 특성을 반영한 것으로서, 다음 점의 위치에 대한 정보를 표준정규분포로 전환함에 의해서 유도되었다. 본 논문의 우수성은 기존의 방법으로는 해결하지 못했던 자기교차 곡선 재구성 문제를 해결할 수 있다는 점이다. We propose a new algorithm for reconstructing curves with self-intersections from sample points. In general, the result of curve reconstruction depends on how to select and order the representative points to resemble the shape of sample points. Most of the previous point ordering approaches utilize the Euclidean distance to compute the proximity of sample points without directional information, so they can not solve the non-simple curve reconstruction problem. In this paper, we develop a new distance estimating the adjacency between sample points, which is derived from the standard normal distribution of Brownian motion. Experimental results show that this approach is very effective to non-simple curve reconstruction.