VLSI 구현을 위한 Motion Estimation 알고리즘의 비교 분석

安長天,柳在熙 弘益大學校 科學技術硏究所 1996 科學技術硏究論文集 Vol.7 No.2

Motion estimation has been chosen for the major image compression standards such as CCITT, MPEG 1,2 and 4 because of the efficiency of temporal redundancy elimination even though it requires a great amount computations and hardware. Many motion estimation algorithms proposed so far have lots of trade off's among performances, VLSI implementation and computation amounts, which should be carefully considered to select the best algorithm for each application area. Therefore, this paper analyzes and compares motion estimation algorithms, which are full search block matching, hierarchical block matching using block subsample as well as pel subsample in a block and the subsample with a low pass filter. The performances such as mean square error, pick to pick signal to noise ratio and the computation amount are simulated using C-code and their results are described and compared. Finally, the reconstructed images based on the four motion estimation algorithms are shown for eye ball tests.

기니이픽 장관의 c-Kit 및 NK 1R 면역반응 세포구조에 대한 공초점 주사현미경적 연구

장인엽,김종중,문정석,김현곤,박찬국,전제열,전규배,조철희,유호진 조선대학교 2001 The Medical Journal of Chosun University Vol.26 No.1

Background and Objectives: Immunolabelling of interstitial Cajal(IC) cells in the intestinal wall has recently been developed by using a specific marker, the anti-c-Kit antibody. Substance-P is a well-known neurotransmitter in the gastro-intestinal tract. Since the gastro-intestinal wall structures have already been well documented in the guinea pig, immunohistochemistry was done for the c-Kit-positive IC network and substance-P receptor(NK1R) in an attempt to provide a morphological basis for the mechanism regulating gastro-intestinal movement. Materials and Methods: Cryosection and whole-mount preparations of guinea pig small intestine and colon were single and double immunolabelled using the anti-c-Kit and NK1R antibodies. Immunolabelled specimens were observed under a confocal laser scanning microscope. Results : According to a three dimensional reconstruction study, it was found that (1) the c-Kit-positive celluar networks were widely distributed in the intestinal wall, (2) c-Kit-positive celluar networks encircled the ganlion, with strands in reticular configurations, and (3) the c-Kit-positive cells showed colocalization with NK1R in circular muscle(CM), not myenteric plexus(MY). Conclusion: The charateristic profiles of IC containing c-Kit-positive celluar networks and the relationship between c-Kit-positive and NK1R-positive structures provide a morphological basis upon the mechanism regulating gastro-intestinal motility.

Development and Validation of Novel Diagnostic Criteria for Intestinal Behçet's Disease in Korean Patients With Ileocolonic Ulcers

Cheon, Jae Hee,Kim, Eun Soo,Shin, Sung Jae,Kim, Tae Il,Lee, Kang Moon,Kim, Sang Woo,Kim, Joo Sung,Kim, You Sun,Choi, Chang Hwan,Ye, Byong Duk,Yang, Suk-Kyun,Choi, Eun Hee,Kim, Won Ho American College of Gastroenterology 2009 The American journal of gastroenterology Vol.104 No.10

<P>OBJECTIVES: It is difficult to diagnose intestinal Behçet's disease (BD) due to various extraintestinal manifestations emerging at different time points in the disease course and a lack of reliable diagnostic criteria. We conducted this study to develop and validate novel diagnostic criteria for intestinal BD. METHODS: Experts from three universities generated the preliminary diagnostic criteria for intestinal BD, and a consensus was reached using a modified Delphi method with 13 gastroenterologists participating. To validate the criteria, we recruited 12,850 consecutive patients who underwent colonoscopic examinations between January 2000 and December 2006 at Severance Hospital, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea. RESULTS: The novel diagnostic criteria were developed on the basis of two aspects: colonoscopic findings and extraintestinal manifestations. Of the 12,850 patients, 280 with ileocolonic ulcers were enrolled for validation. At the time of initial colonoscopic examinations, patients were categorized for BD status into 4 groups: definite (84 patients), probable (67), suspected (15), and nondiagnostic (114). At the end of the follow-up period (mean, 50.9+/-25.7 months), intestinal BD was confirmed in 145 patients (51.8%)-84 (100%) from the definite group, 49 (73.1%) from the probable group, 10 (66.7%) from the suspected group, and 2 (1.8%) from the nondiagnostic group. The overall sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of the diagnosis probability of these criteria were 98.6, 83.0, 86.1, 98.2, and 91.1%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These newly proposed, simple criteria might be useful in diagnosing intestinal BD, especially in patients with ileocolonic ulcers who do not fully satisfy the diagnostic criteria of systemic BD.</P>

THE MATERIAL BALANCE OF PCDDs/DFs IN THE LEACHATE LANDFILL TREATMENT PROCESS OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE LANDFILL

( Jae-cheon You ),( Chang-han Joo ),( Dong-hoon Lee ),( Jong-choul Won ),( Bong-hyun Park ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회 2002 APLAS Vol.2002 No.1

This study is to survey the material flow of PCDDs/DFs in the leachate treatment process of the sanitary landfill for municipal solid wastes(MSW) which are mainly consisted of about 60% of household and commercial wastes, about 20% of construction & demolition wastes, about below 10% of sewage & water treatment sludges, and etc. The maximum quantity of collected leachate from landfill was 6,700㎥ per day at that time. The source of PCDDs/DFs in the collected leachate from landfill may be originated from wastes itself. Leachate treatment process is consisted of the biological denitrification/nitrification, coagulation and precipitation and fenton process. Samples obtained from the inner of each unit process were separated into two as filtered part and filtrate part through filtering by GF/B(1.0㎛). Each separated sample was analyzed according to 1613 EPA Method for PCDDs/DFs to calculate mass flow of PCDDs/DFs about input and output of the each unit process. The input amount of PCDDs/DFs calculated 0.057mg- TEQ/day entered into biological treatment process from landfill and the output of that was 0.140mg-TEQ/day. In the next process of coagulation and precipitation 0.0068mg-TEQ/day went out in the form of sludge cake and 0.0032mg-TEQ/day flowed into the next fenton process. In that process 0.0048mg-TEQ/day went out in the form of sludge cake. As a result 99.94% of input PCDDs/DFs in the collected leachate was discharged into the environment as sludge cake (returned to landfill here) and 0.06% of that was discharged into the water system as the effluent water. The concentration of sludge generated from biological and chemical coagulation process was in the range of 9.853 ~ 18.880 pg-TEQ/g. Annual emission amount of PCDDs/DFs was 24.462mg-TEQ in the landfill.

배양 양성 감염각막염의 임상양상 및 항생제감수성 변화: 10년간의 국내 다기관 연구

유인천(In-Cheon You),이상범(Sang-Bumm Lee),서경률(Kyoung Yul Seo),김미금(Mee Kum Kim),윤경철(Kyung-Chul Yoon),고재웅(Jae Wong Koh),이지은(Ji Eun Lee),김성재(Seong-Jae Kim),KOAIDS 대한안과학회 2021 대한안과학회지 Vol.62 No.4

목적: 최근 10년간 감염각막염 중 배양검사상 균주가 확인된 환자에 대하여 여러 임상양상에 대해 알아보고자 한다. 대상과 방법: 2008년 1월부터 2017년 12월까지 전국 8개 병원에서 균주가 확인된 감염각막염 956명의 의무기록을 후향적으로 분석하여, 선행요인, 원인균, 치료 방법, 예후 등을 분석하였다. 결과: 감염각막염의 가장 흔한 선행요인은 안외상(33.2%)이었다. 초기시력은 안전수지 이하가 449안(47.0%)이었다. 각막궤양은 중심부에서 흔하였고, 크기는 4 mm² 이하가 가장 많았다. 전방축농이 동반된 경우는 295안(30.9%)이었다. 배양된 균주는 총 1,039균으로 그람음성균 443균주(42.6%)가 가장 많았다. 가장 흔한 균은 그람음성균은 녹농균, 그람양성균은 피부포도알균, 진균은 푸사륨이었다. 수술 치료는 201안(21.0%)에서 양막이식술 66안, 안구내용제거술 44안 순이었다. 최종시력은 0.2보다 좋은 시력이 422안(44.1%)이었다. 그람양성균은 목시플록사신과 반코마이신에, 그람음성균은 레보플록사신과 세프타지딤에 높은 감수성을 보였지만 일부 장알균과 슈도모나스 등에서 저항성을 보였다. 결론: 국내 감염각막염은 안외상으로 흔히 발생하였고 그람음성균이 가장 많았다. 대표적인 원인균은 피부포도알균, 녹농균, 푸사륨이었다. 입원 후 약물 및 수술적 치료로 시력이 호전된 경우가 많았지만 일부 저항성을 보이는 세균과 진균에 대해서는 주의가 필요하다. 세균에서 불량한 임상결과에 이르는 위험인자는 초기시력 0.02 미만, 전방축농, 65세 이상 나이, 각막중심부 궤양이었고 진균은 70세 이상 나이였다. Purpose: To analyze the clinical manifestations of culture-proven infective keratitis patients over a recent 10-year period. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 956 cases of infective keratitis between January 2008 and December 2017 at eight tertiary hospitals. The study was performed to analyze the risk factors, causative microbial organisms, therapeutic outcomes, and prognosis. Results: The most common risk factor of keratitis was trauma (33.2%). Initial visual acuity (V/A) was finger count or less in 449 eyes (47.0%). The common location of keratitis was central, and the size was 4 mm2 or less. Hypopyon was observed in 295 eyes (30.9%). Of the 1,039 cultured isolates, 443 (42.6%) grew Gram-negative bacteria with the most common being Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The most prevalent Gram-positive bacteria was Staphylococcus epidermidis, and fungi was Fusarium species. Surgical treatments were performed in 201 eyes (21.0%), followed by amniotic membrane transplantation (66 eyes) and evisceration (44 eyes). Final V/A was 20/100 or more in 422 eyes (44.1%). Gram-positive organisms were highly susceptible to moxifloxacin and vancomycin, and Gram-negative organisms were highly susceptible to levofloxacin and ceftazidime. An increase in resistance to these antibiotics was detected for Enterococcus and Pseudomonas. Conclusions: In South Korea, infective keratitis occurs frequently in eyes with trauma. Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Fusarium species are commonly identified etiologies of microbial keratitis. The appropriate administered medical and surgical treatments of suspected infectious keratitis can lead to visual improvement with particular care taken to minimize infection related to resistant bacteria and fungal microbes as needed. An initial V/A of 0.02 or less, the presence of hypopyon, age of 65 years or more, and a central lesion were associated with poor clinical outcome of bacterial keratitis. Age of 70 years or more was a significant risk factor for poor clinical outcome of fungal keratitis.

Long-Term Outcomes of Cytomegalovirus Reactivation in Patients with Moderate to Severe Ulcerative Colitis: A Multicenter Study

( You Sun Kim ),( Young Ho Kim ),( Joo Sung Kim ),( Seong Yeon Jeong ),( Soo Jeong Park ),( Jae Hee Cheon ),( Byong Duk Ye ),( Sung Ae Jung ),( Young Sook Park ),( Chang Hwan Choi ),( Kyeung Ok Kim ) 대한소화기학회 2014 Gut and Liver Vol.8 No.6

Background/Aims: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivations are frequently observed in patients with active ulcerative colitis (UC), and ganciclovir therapy is effective in patients with steroid-refractory UC. This study aimed to determine the longterm outcomes of CMV reactivation and the long-term therapeutic efficacy of ganciclovir treatment. Methods: This retrospective multicenter study included a cohort of 72 patients with moderate-to-severe UC who were evaluated for CMV reactivation at the time of their initial UC flare. Colectomy, disease relapse, and the recurrence rate of CMV reactivation were investigated. Results: The mean duration of follow-up for the 72 patients was 43.16±19.78 months (range, 1 to 67 months). The cumulative colectomy (log-rank, p=0.025) and disease flare-up rates (log-rank, p=0.048) were significantly higher in the CMV-positive group. Of the 11 patients who were successfully treated with ganciclovir in the initial treatment, three patients (27.3%) experienced CMV reactivation, and six patients (54.5%) experienced poor outcomes, such as the need for colectomy or a steroid-dependent state. Conclusions: The patients who had CMV-reactivated UC showed poor outcomes at the long-term follow-up, and the long-term efficacy of ganciclovir therapy was marginal. Careful assessment is necessary for patients who exhibit evidence of CMV reactivation. (Gut Liver 2014;8:643-647)

Estimation of Standard Liver Volume Using Computed Tomographic Volumetry Data, Body Composition Data, and Abdomen Fat Measurement Data

( Jae Do Yang ),( Xiaopeng Yang ),( Seunghoon Lee ),( Hong Pil Hwang ),( Sung Woo Ahn ),( Ji Hyun Kim ),( Hee Cheon You ),( Hee Chul Yu ) 대한간학회 2017 춘·추계 학술대회 (KASL) Vol.2017 No.1

Aims: Regression equations for estimation of standard liver volume (SLV, mL) using conventional variables including age, gender, body weight (BW, kg), body height (BH, cm), body surface area (BSA, m˛), and body mass index (BMI) have been developed. However, for more accurate estimation of SLV, use of balanced data by gender and additional regressors such as body composition data and abdomen fat measurement data which may affect SLV need to be considered. Methods: The present study used 910 cases of abdominal CT images from healthy adults collected from Chonbuk National University Hospital. The present study developed SLV estimation regression formulas for two groups of data: (1) gender-balanced and (2) gender- unbalanced. From each data group, three formulas using (1) conventional variables (2) conventional and body composition variables including skeletal body mass (SMM, kg), fat mass (FM, kg), body fat percentage (BFP), and abdominal fat percentage (AFP), and (3) conventional, body composition, and abdomen fat variables including waist circumference (WC, cm), subcutaneous fat area (SFA, cm˛), and visceral fat area (VFA, cm2) were developed. The liver volume of abdominal CT images was measured using Dr. Liver. Results: The gender-balanced formulas showed better performance than the gender-unbalanced formulas and inclusion of body composition and abdomen fat measurements contributed to enhancing performance of SLV estimation regression. The best regression model is SLV = -582 + 16.0 BW - 4.19 age - 102.0 gender - 8.13 BFP + 1468 AFP - 0.00826 SFA(adj. R2 = 0.56, %AE = 12.2% ± 10.0%, percentage of %AE > 20% = 21.2% ) in the present study. Conclusions: The regression equations developed in this study can be used in estimation of SLV with higher accuracy in liver surgery planning.

The Korean Society of Gastroenterology & SIDDS 2042 : Slide Session ;K-LG-13 : Lower GI Tract ; Clinical Features and Prognosis of Fistulizing Perianal Crohn`s Disease in Korea: Results from the Connect Study

( Jae Young Chun ),( Sung Wook Hwang ),( Jee Hyun Kim ),( Jong Pil Im ),( Jae Hee Cheon ),( Byong Duk Ye ),( Ji Won Kim ),( You Sun Kim ),( Joo Sung Kim ) 대한내과학회 2014 대한내과학회 추계학술대회 Vol.2014 No.1

Background: The disease course and poor prognostic factors in Korean patients with Crohn`s disease (CD) has not been fully determined. The aim of this studyis to assess the clinical characteristics and long-term outcomes of CD patients according to the presence of perianal fi stula. Methods: This retrospective cohort study enrolled patients diagnosed with CD between July 1982 and December 2008 from 29 hospitals in Korea. Those who had a follow-up shorter than 12 months were excluded. The primary endpoints were CD-related complications including non-perianal fi stula, stricture, and intra- abdominal abscess. Results: A total of 1,193 CD patients were enrolled. Mean follow-up period was 8.46 years (range, 1.0-26.4). Four hundred sixty-five (39.0%) CD patientsexperienced perianal fi stula. fistulizing perianal CD was signifi cantly associated with younger age (<40 years old), male gender, diagnosis of CD at primary or secondary care clinics, and ileocolonic involvement. Complications of non-perianal fi stula (p=0.025) and intra-abdominal abscess (p=0.003) were signifi cantly more common in patients with fistulizing perianal CD than in those without fi stulizing perianal CD. In contrast, complicated stricture was not associated with perianal fi stula. Independent risk factors for non-perianal fi stula were perianal fi stula (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 1.47; 95% confi dence interval [CI], 1.09-1.99; p=0.011), female (adjusted HR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.08-1.98; p=0.014), diagnosis of CD at referral hospital (adjusted HR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.13-2.62; p=0.011), and upper gastrointestinal involvement (adjusted HR, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.37-2.55; p<0.001). Furthermore, perianal fistula (adjusted HR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.01-1.88; p=0.046) and upper gastrointestinal involvement (adjusted HR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.05-2.07; p=0.025) signifi cantly increased the risk of intra-abdominal abscess. Conclusions: Perianal fi stula predicts development of non-perianal fi stula and intra- abdominal abscess in CD patients. Therefore, patients with fi stulizing perianal CD should be carefully monitored for the complicated fi stula.

Clinical Characteristics of Korean Patients with Elderly-Onset Crohn’s Disease: Results from the Prospective CONNECT Study

( You Sun Kim ),( Min Jeong Na ),( Byong Duk Ye ),( Jae Hee Cheon ),( Jong Pil Im ),( Joo Sung Kim ) 대한소화기기능성질환·운동학회 2022 Gut and Liver Vol.16 No.6

The clinical course and prognosis of patients with elderly-onset Crohn’s disease (CD) remain unclear. This study aimed to analyze the clinical characteristics and outcomes of elderly-onset CD patients from the prospective CONNECT study cohort, a nationwide, multicenter cohort study of patients with CD in Korea. Among a total of 1,175 patients in the prospective CONNECT study cohort, 94 patients (Montreal age A3) were included and divided into two groups according to their age at diagnosis: the elderly-onset group (diagnosed with CD after 60 years of age, n=26, 67.54±6.7 years) and late adult-onset group (diagnosed as CD at age 41 to 59 years, n=68, 48.06±5.1 years). The elderly-onset group was characterized by a lower Crohn’s disease activity index at diagnosis (124.89±101.9 vs 189.55±128.6, p=0.023) and higher rates of previous anti-tuberculosis treatment (34.6% vs 4.4%, p<0.001) than the late adult-onset group. Compared with the late adult-onset group, the elderly-onset group showed a significantly less use of thiopurines (p=0.003), as well as anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha agents (p=0.047). Additionally, the elderly-onset group was less likely to require bowel resection than the late adult-onset group (p=0.067), suggesting that elderly-onset CD patients in Korea appear to have more favorable clinical outcomes than late adult-onset CD patients. (Gut Liver 2022;16:995-1000)

COMMENTARY : Crohn`s Disease Clinical Network and Cohort (CONNECT) Study: The First Step Toward Nationwide Multicenter Research of Crohn`s Disease in Korea

( Jae Hee Cheon ),( You Sun Kim ),( Byong Duk Ye ),( Kang Moon Lee ),( Young Ho Kim ),( Joo Sung Kim ),( Dong Soo Han ),( Won Ho Kim ) 대한장연구학회 2014 Intestinal Research Vol.12 No.3