정신분열병에 대한 리스페리돈의 효과 및 안정성

이민수,김용구,김영훈,연병길,오병훈,윤도준,윤진상,이철,정희연,강병조,김광수,김동언,김명정,김상훈,김희철,나철,노승호,민경준,박기창,박두병,백기청,백인호,손봉기,손진욱,양병환,양창국,우행원,이정호,이종범,이홍식,임기영,전태연,정영조,정영철,정인과,정인원,지익성,채정호,한상익,한선호,한진희,서광윤 大韓神經精神醫學會 1998 신경정신의학 Vol.37 No.1

연구목적 : 본 시험의 목적은 임상시험 시작전에 연구자들을 대상으로 PANSS Workshop을 통하여 PANSS, ESRS에 대한 국내에서의 표준화 작업을 구축하고 새로운 정신병 치료제인 리스페리돈의 효과와 안정성을 재확인하여 리스페리돈 사용에 대한 적정화를 이루는데 있다. 연구방법 : 1996년 4월부터 1996년 9월까지 국내 39개 대학병원 정신과에 입원중인 혹은 증상이 악화되어 입원하는 정신분열병 환자 377명을 대상으로 다시설 개방 연구를 시행하였다. 1주일간의 약물 배설기간을 가진후, 리스페리돈을 8주간 투여하였고, 기준점, 1주, 2주, 4주, 그리고 8주후에 평가되었다. 용량은 제1일에는 리스페리돈 1mg씩 1일 2회, 제2일에는 2mg씩 1일 2회, 제3∼7일에는 3mg씩 1일 2회 투여하였다. 이후 환자의 임상상태에 따라 임의로 증량할 수 있으며, 최대 일일 16mg을 초과하지 않도록 하였다. 추체외로 증상을 조절하기 위한 투약을 허용하였다. 임상증상 및 부작용의 평가는 PANSS(Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale), CGI(Clinical Global Impression) 그리고 ESRS(Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale)을 사용하였다. 연구결과 : 377명중 343명(91%)이 8주간의 연구를 완결하였다. 치료 종결시점인 8주후 PANSS 총점수가 20% 이상 호전된 경우를 약물 반응군으로 정의할때, 약물반응군은 81.3%였다. 리스페리돈에 반응하는 예측인자로는 발병연령, 이전의 입원 횟수, 유병기간이 관련 있었다. 리스페리돈은 1주후부터 PANSS양성, 음성, 및 일반정신병리 점수상에 유의한 호전을 보여 효과가 빨랐다. CGI의 경우도 기준점에 비해 1주후부터 유의한 감소를 나타내었다. ESRS의 경우, 파킨슨 평가점수는 기준점과 비교해 투여 1주, 2주, 4주후 유의하게 증가되었다가 8주후 기준점과 차이가 없었다. Dystonia 평가점수는 1주후만 유의한 증가를 보였으며, dyskinesia 평가점수는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 혈압, 맥박수의 생명징후 및 일반 혈액학 검사, 생화학적 검사, 심전도 검사에서 유의한 변화는 없었다. 결 론 : 이상의 다시설 개방 임상 연구를 통해 리스페리돈은 정신분열병 환자에서 양성증상뿐만 아니라 음성증상 및 전반적인 증상에도 효과적인 것으로 사료된다. 보다 명확한 평가를 위해서는 다른 항정신병약물과의 이중맹검 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각되며, 또한 장기적 치료에 대한 평가도 함께 이루어져야 하겠다. Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of risperidone in the treatment of Korean schizophrenic patients. Method : This multicenter open study included 377 schizophrenic patients drawn from 39 university hospitals. After a wash-out period of 1 week, the schizophrenic patients were treated with risperidone for 8 weeks and evaluated at 5 points ; at baseline, and 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks of treatment. The dose was increased from 2mg/day(1mg twice daily) to 6mg/day(3mg twice daily) during the first week and adjusted to a maximum of 16mg/day over the next 7 weeks according to the patient's clinical response. Medication to control extrapyramidal symptoms was permitted. The psychiatric and neurological status of the patients was assessed by PANSS, CGI, and ESRS scales. Results : 343(91%) of 377 patients completed the 8-week trial period. Clinical improvement, as defined by a 20% or more reduction in total PANSS score at end point, was shown by 81.3% of patients. The predictors of response to risperidone were associated older age, shorter duration of illness, fewer previous hospitalization. Risperidone had rapid onset of action ; a significant decrease of the total PANSS and three PANSS factor(positive, negative, general), and CGI was already noticed at the end of first week. For the ESRS, parkinsonism rating scores were significantly increased until week 4 comparing with baseline. Dystonia rating scores were significantly increased until week 1, and dyskinesia rating scores were not significantly changed during the study. Laboratory parameters including vital sign, EKG, hematological, and biochemical values showed no significant changes during the trial. Conclusions : This study suggests that risperidone is generally safe and effective against both the positive and negative symptoms in our group of patients.

크롬(Ⅵ)의 체내 흡수와 소실속도에 관한 연구

김현영,이성배,임철홍,이권섭,정용현,이종성,한정희,전윤석,황호순,이용묵 한국산업위생학회 2003 한국산업보건학회지 Vol.13 No.1

The CrO3 mostly used in plating. metal surface disposal, leather, cosmetic manufacturing, as an experiment material by repeatedly inhaling and exposure the male S.D. rats at a 0.00, 0.2., 0.50, 1.25 mg/㎡ concentration(particle size: 0.5-0.5 aerosol)6hours a day, 5day a week in 13weeks comparing with 2weeks, 8weeks of recovery group about the noxiousness of the experiment animal and the reduce scale of the CrO3 in the internal organ especially in blook and respiratory organ with the period of convalescent and clearance. The experiment results which we received are as follows. 1. In blood the RBC, HGB and HCT experiment, rats with 0.20, 0.50 mg/㎡ concentration showed that there were some decreases but not dependent. The kidneys absolute weight compared with control group was reduced intentionally(p〈0.05) and the lungs absolute weight compared with control group showed intentional increase(p〉0.05). 2. After the exposure of the experiment material, the whole blook, l\blood plasma and red blood cell in blood by (x): the period of convalescent, per (y); the decreasing of Cr concentration, was y=66.51 e -0.057x, y=67.2 e-0.101x, y=70.01 e-0.030 in 0.50 mg/㎡ exposure concentration by calculating the clearance coefficient of correlation, and the half life (day)was estimated 12.0, 6086, 23.0 each. 3, After the exposure of the experiment material, the experiment animals lung, liver and kidneys by(x); the period of convalescent, per (y); the decreasing of Cr conentration, was y=1808 e-0.00493x, y=12.02e-0.0297x, y=67.61 e-0.0292x in 0.50mg/㎡ exposure concentration by calculating the clearance coefficient of correlation, and the half life(day)was estimated 140.6, 23.3, 23.7, each, and including lung, liver with all of the experiment internal organs, the Cr clearance decreased as the exposure concentration increased.

北韓의 經濟管理制度에 관한 硏究

李洪閏 효성여자대학교 산업경영연구소 1986 경영경제 Vol.3 No.-

The objective of this study is to sruvey the economic management system in North Korea, and to analize its defects. The present economic management system is based mainly on the Soviet pattern which prevailed in the days of Stalin. Its methods are characterized by one-sided emphasis on centralization unification. The present management system in a agricultural sector is called Chong San Ri system which was introduced in 1960, and the industrial management system is called Dae An management system which was intraoduced in 1961. This Chong San Ri system means agricultural management method which is based on Kun collective farm management commission in lieu of directive management. This is characterized by the consolidating of technical leaderships in production, improvement of planned level, and ceaseless approach of agricul-tural management to advanced enterprising method of management. The aims of the Dae An syetem are to eliminate the influences of personal egoism, self-agency, and bureaucratism. But this present system has several weak points, because it emphasize the political activities and more spiritural incentives than economic incentives; for example, the irrational practice of the law of value, the wasterfulness of manpower and resouces, the unpreparedness of production organization, the irration of equipment management, the insufficiency of material supply, and the unbalance between industry and agriculture. Notwithstanding, North Korea does not bring the problems of economic manag-ement to settlement of economic efficiency, but it makes every efforts to improve its defects by the emphasis of political priority. In the Soviet union and the eastens European countries, the economic reforms were carried in to effect in 1960's. They converted a existing mana-gement system to centrally planned systme, Yugo adopted a self-management system. Taking into consideration this, North Korea should also improve the present economic mangement with the purpose of raising the efficiency of economic management. If it does not improve the present economic management, the shortcomings which come into being as a result of irrational management system would made the present economy difficult more and more.

산불 피해 수목의 함수율 분포 특성

이연홍, 김병로 忠北大學校 農業科學硏究所 2014 農業科學硏究 Vol.30 No.2

Two Ginkgo biloba trees and one Prunus armeniaca tree was investigated between more damaged section and less damaged section by forest fire with moisture content distribution from bark to pith. One survived tree had low moisture content in sapwood, but one dead tree had high moisture content in sapwood, which meant moisture content in sapwood was not critical factor for survival in wild fire damage. So, survival in forest fire damage is come from other than sapwood moisture content, and should be further investigated

요추부 수술후 통증관리를 위하여 실시한 Morphine Sulfate를 이용한 Caudal Block의 효과

윤승환,박형천,김은영,전병윤,이홍식,이성근 대한신경외과학회 1997 Journal of Korean neurosurgical society Vol.26 No.6

저관성 가변 리럭턴스 전동기의 설계에 관한 연구

李奉燮,陳廣允,吳鴻錫 三陟大學校 2001 論文集 Vol.34 No.1

The variable reluctance motor(VRM) has a simple rotor construction with no winding. It also has simple concentrated windings on the stator. Thus, it is expected to be a lower cost machine to manufacture than the squirrel cage induction motor. However, to realize the more stable and higher backward and forward control, it is necessary to decrease the inertia of rotor. In this paper, the calculation of design parameter and magnetic flux density is performed to predict the locked rotor torque waveforms with rotor positions for the rotor shapes of the VRM. The locked rotor torque for VRM has been calculated using three-dimensional FEM(Flux3d).

北韓의 對外經濟開放化에 관한 硏究

李洪閏 효성여자대학교 산업경영연구소 1989 경영경제 Vol.6 No.-

The objectives of the study is to analyse whether the establishment by law of joint venture will cause economic reforms in North Korea. The Soviet union adopted the method of planning in resource allocation in 1980s. After the Second world War, the countries of eastern europe introduced the method of planning what is called Stalin's Model. China also adopted it in the early 1950s. Its methods are characterized by one-sided emphasis on centrallizatage and unifications. However, in the more developed of the socialist countries, the disadvantage of the system soon assumed importance. With the multiplicity of objectives and the growing complexity of objectives and the growing complexity of manufacturing industry, the task of centrally directing the National economy without the use of prices in resource allocation became increasingly difficult. Since the late 1960s, the economic reforms in the socialist countries have been continued. Communist China carried out more economic reforms in the latter half of 1970s. And then the socialist countries introduced the opening of foreign economic policy. But North Korea, which adopted the method of planning, did not carry out the economic reforms. On the other hand, North Korea eatablished the law of introduction of foreign capital and technoligy in 1984. I think this means the trasformation of closed economy into open economy. This contributed to political problems which included adverse reaction incurred by economic reforms. Polilical problems imply the power heritage to Kim Jongil, power structure and so on. Therefore, North Korea has expanded the opening of economy without the economic reforms after the establishment by law of joint venture in 1984. An enlargement of the opening of economy will eventually by obliged to reform the existing method of planning.

조기 발병한 정신증적 장애에서 자기공명영상을 이용한 측뇌실에 대한 구조적인 예비연구

이윤희,강민희,김철응,이정섭,배재남,홍강의 대한소아청소년정신의학회 2001 소아청소년정신의학 Vol.12 No.2

연구목적:측뇌실의 확장은 성인기의 정신분열병에서 잘 확립되는 소견이지만, 조기에 발병한 정신증적 장애에서는 아직 논란이 있다. 본 연구에서는 자기공명영상을 이용한 후향적인 방법을 통하여 지금까지 비교적 연구가 많이 시행되지 않았던 조기발병한 정신분열증·양극성 장애 환아들을 대상으로 측뇌실의 구조적인 이상을 연구하여, 이러한 뇌의 구조적 이상이 병의 초기부터 시작되어 정상과는 다른 경과로 진행되는 것인가를 알아보고자 하였다 방법:정신분열병과 양극성 장애의 DSM-Ⅲ-R 진단 기준에 부합하는 14명의 환아(평균 연령 14.0세,표준편차 2.1)와 26명의 두통 대조군에서 뇌자기공명 영상상을 후향적으로 모집하였다. 분석을 위하여 측뇌실이 가장 잘 보이는 축 영상(axial image)를 선택하였다. 뇌자기공명영상상은 평판형 스캐너로 읽어들여서 NIH IMAGE 프로그램을 통하여 분석하였다. 결과:환자군에서는 측뇌실 크기, 측뇌실확장지수가 연령의 증가에 따라 함께 증가하는 상관관계를 나타내었으나, 대조군에서는 연령과 측뇌실 크기, 측뇌실확장지수 등이 유의한 상관관계를 보이지 않았다. 환자군에서는 정상군에서 보이는 좌우 측뇌실 비대칭성이 소실된 결과를 보였다. 그리고 통계적으로 유의한 정도는 아니었으나 환자군이 대조군에 비해 측뇌실과 측뇌실확장지수가 큰 경향을 보였다. 결론:정신증적 환자에서의 뇌의 구조적 이상은 병의 비교적 초기 경과에서부터 시작되며, 정상과는 다소 다른 경과를 취하여 진행한다는 것을 시사하는 결과라 할 수 있다. Objective : The enlargement of the lateral ventricle is well established finding in adult-onset schizophrenia, but in the patients with early-onset psychotic disorder(EOPD) is still controversal. To identify structural abnormalities of the lateral ventricle in patients with EOPD and difference of the brain developmental course in EOPD group, planimetrical assessment of the lateral ventricle was conducted by means of retrospective quantitative neuroimaging. Methods : The brain MR images of 14 patients with EOPD(mean age 14.0±2.1 years) who met the DSM-Ⅲ-R diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder and 24 control subjects with simple headache(mean age 10.0±2.1 years) were collected. Single best view for the lateral ventricle, one axial slice was selected for analysis. MR images were redigitalized with flatbed scanner and data were analyzed with NIH IMAGE software. Results : In the patients with EOPD, there were significant correlations between aging and lateral ventricular sizes and between aging and ventricular brain ratio(VBR). The statistical significance of normal asymmetry of the lateral ventricle was not observer for the EOPD group. The EOPD group had larger lateral ventricular sizes and VBR than control group, but these results were not statistically significant. Conclusion : These findings suggest that the brain abnormalities in patients with EOPD progress from the earlier course of the disorders and the course of brain development in EOPD group is different from control group.

Begonia Semperflorens의 器官分化에 미치는 몇가지 要因에 關한 硏究

李承雨,李容珠,尹洪淵 경희대학교 유전공학연구소 1989 遺傳工學論文集 Vol.1 No.-

Begonia semperflorens 줄기組織을 MS 배지를 이용하여 器內 培養時 器官分化 및 生長에 미치는 cytokinin류, Ca, Mg myo-inositol의 影響을 조사한 바 그 결과를 요약하면 아래와 같다. NAA 0.1mg/l와 BA 0.1mg/l가 혼용된 배지에서는 不定芽 形成을 촉진시켰던 反面 NAA 0.1mg/l 와 Kinetin 0.1mg/l가 혼용된 培地에서는 不定根 形成 및 伸長이 촉진되었다. Ca 처리농도에 있어서 부정아 형성은 무처리에 비하여 Ca 처리배지에서 약간 증가하는 경향을 보였던 반면, 부정근의 형성은 Ca 처리배지에서 민감하게 반응하였다. 특히 Ca 440mg/l 처리에서 부정아 및 부정근 형성이 가장 양호하였다. Mg이 첨가되지 않은 배지에서는 부정아 및 부정근이 형성되지 못했고 Mg370mg/l에서 가장 많은 부정아 및 부정근이 형성되었다. 低濃度(50, 100mg/l)의 myo-inositol이 첨가된 배지에서는 부정아 형성에 효과가 없었지만 고농도(200, 400mg/l)에서는 약간 촉진되었다. 이에 비하여 myo-inositol은 부정근 형성에 매우 민감한 반응을 보였다. Experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of cytokinins, Ca, Mg, and myo-inositol on the formation and growth of adventitious shoot and root in Begonia semperflorens stem segments cultured on MS medium. The medium containing both NAA 0.1 mg/l and BA 0.1 mg/l promoted the formation of adventitious shoot, while NAA 0.1 mg/l and kinetin 0.1 mg/l in the medium accelerated the formation and growth of adventitious root. In concentrations of Ca treatment, the formation of adventitious shoot tended to be increased on the medium containing Ca. On the other hand, the formation of adventitious root was sensitively affected with Ca treatments, the concentration of Ca 440 mg/l, especially, gave the best result for adventitious root formation and growth. No adventitious shoot and root was formed on the medium without Mg. However, the best result for the formation of both adventitious shoot and root was obtained on the medium containing Mg 370 mg/l. The formation of adventitious shoot was not effective on the medium with low concentrations of myo-inositol (50 and 100 ㎎/l), while that was slightly promoted with high myo-inositol concentrations (200 and 400 mh/l). On the other hand, myo-inositol showed the sensitive response for adventitious root formation.

社會主義諸國의 經濟改革에 관한 硏究

李洪閏 효성여자대학교 산업경영연구소 1987 경영경제 Vol.4 No.-

The objective of this study is to survey the background of economic reforms in the sociolist countries and how to improve the method of planning. The Soviet union adopted the method of planning in resource allocation in 1930s. After the second World War, the countries of Eastern Europe and the communist China adopted, with few variations, the method of planning, Stalin's Model(the old centralized model). Under this system, prices have primarily an accounting functions, and firms are to follow detailed directives received from the central authorities. This centralization management system had a certain usefulness in the early post-war years when a limited number of economic objectives were pursued, because it permitted rapid shifts in sources which might have been more difficult to achieve by the use of the price mechanism. Howover, in the more developed of the socialist countries the disadvantages of the system soon assumed importance. With the multiplicity of objectives and the growing complexity of manufacturing industry, the task of centrally became increasingly difficult. After critique against Stalin, the economic reforms in the socialist countries have been continued. Communist China carreid out some more economic reforms in the latter half of 1970s. Its system was copied from the yugoslvia's type. Even North Korea which was closed shows signs of economic reform. For example, the law for introduction of foreign capital was established. This made foreign policy open, and then the method economic management could have to be reformed. No signs mean economic reform in North Korea. But to increace the efficiency of resource allocations, the method of planning is to be reformed. Because of political reason or idelogy, I think the economic reforms in the socialist countries will not produce rapid transformation.