고고학 자료를 통해 살펴본 여성의 출산

고일홍 ( Il Hong Ko ) 서울대학교 인문학연구원 2014 人文論叢 Vol.71 No.1

이 논문에서는 과거 여성의 출산이라는 주제를 고고학의 관점에서 접근하고 있다. 우선 과거 여성의 출산이 어떻게 유의미한 연구 주제로 성립되었는지를 젠더 고고학의 정착이라는 학사적인 맥락과 함께 검토하고 있다. 아울러 출산 양상의 검토를 통해 과거 사회체계에 대한 이해가 어떻게 가능한지를 타진하기 위해 인류학 분야에서 출산 관련 연구 성과들을 살펴보고 있다. 마지막으로 과거 여성의 출산에 관한 실증적인 고고학적 연구가 가능하다는 것을 보여주기 위해 세 가지 범주의 고고학 자료를 살펴보고 있다. 첫째, 출산 장면의 시각적 표현물을 통해 사회 내에서 여성의 출산이 본인과 가족은 물론 사회에 의해 어떻게 인식되었는지를 타진하고 있다. 둘째, 고고학자가 발굴 현장에서 접할 수 있는 출산 관련 물질문화를 검토함으로써 고고학자들이 과거의 출산에 대해 어떠한 방식으로 접근해야 하는지에 대한 시사점을 얻고 자 하고 있다. 셋째, 출산 중 사망한 여성과 태아의 인골 자료를 살펴봄에 있어서, 임신을 경험했던 과거 여성들의 수가 우리가 막연히 생각하는 것보다 훨씬 적었을 가능성을 제시함으로써 출산의 보편성이나 빈도에 관한 기존의 시각에 대해 문제를 제기하고 있다. This paper aims to consider the issue of childbirth from an archaeological perspective. Firstly, it places the archaeological study of childbirth within a wider intellectual context and examines how childbirth came to be established as a valid research topic in association with the development of gender archaeology. Secondly, anthropological studies of childbirth are reviewed in order to illustrate how a consideration of the topic can offer further insights on a given social system. Thirdly, in order to illustrate that the archaeological study of childbirth is indeed empirically possible, three categories of archaeological material relevant to childbirth in the past are examined. They are 1) childbirth images, 2) material culture associated with childbirth practices, and 3) mother and full-term fetus skeletons. An examination of childbirth images (in particular their production and consumption contexts) was able to shed light on past social meanings associated with childbirth. An examination of the material remains of childbirth practices that can be identified in the archaeological record resulted in a check-list of sorts that the archaeologist could use to identify childbirth practices when excavating in the field. Finally, the surprising lack of mother and full-term fetus skeletons found in the archaeological record was used as evidence to suggest that, contrary to patriarchical ideas regarding the biological role of women, pregnancy and in particular childbirth in the past may not have necessarily have been a widely experienced phenomenon as previously presumed.

출산 장려 정책이 미혼 여성들의 출산 양육 동기에 미치는 영향

이미란 한국아동가족복지학회 2009 한국가족복지학 Vol.14 No.3

The purpose of this study is to see how childbirth encouragement policies that are currently in force or would be put in force someday by the government affect unmarried women's motivation for childbirth and childrearing in order to present a policy foundation for establishing more effective government policies for the future. The results of a survey were used to analyze effects of childbirth encouragement policies on unmarried women's motivation for childbirth and childrearing. For this purpose, a survey was conducted with unmarried women's of childrearing age around twenty to forty living in Seoul. As data analysis methods, factor analysis, reliability analysis, frequency analysis, and multiple regression analysis were used. First, after materializing childbirth encouragement policies to see how unmarried women's recognized the effects of those policies, it was found that they generally had low recognition of the effects of indirect childbirth-supporting policies, family-friendly environment creation, and post-childbirth childrearing-supporting policies. After analyzing the effects of childbirth encouragement policies on unmarried women's motivation for childbirth and childrearing, it was shown that indirect childbirth-supporting policies had a positive effect on their motivation. There was no change in causation, even with employment, income level, educational level, and age controlled. What is notable in these results is that it is possible to change unmarried women's motivation for childbirth and childrearing by changing the policy environment and that general integrative support can be suggested as an effective policy alternative to enhance motivation. 본 연구는 현재 정부가 시행하고 있거나 앞으로 실행하려는 출산 장려 정책이 미혼 여성들의 출산 양육 동기에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 살펴봄으로써 향후 보다 실효성 있는 정부 정책이 수립될 수 있는 정책적 토대를 제시하는데 그 목적이 있다. 이를 위해서 본 연구는 서울에 거주하고 있는 만 20세 전후로부터 40세 전후까지의 연령대에 있는 가임 여성인 미혼 여성들을 대상으로 설문 조사를 실시하였고 자료의 분석 방법으로는 요인 분석, 신뢰도 분석, 빈도 분석, 다중회귀 분석을 사용하였다. 먼저, 출산 장려 정책의 효과에 대해 미혼 여성들이 어떻게 인지하고 있는지를 살펴보기 위하여 출산 장려 정책을 유형화한 후 알아 본 결과 출산 간접 지원 정책과 가족 친화 환경 조성, 그리고 출산 후 양육 지원 정책의 효과에 대해 대체적으로 낮게 인지하는 것으로 분석되었다. 이어 출산 장려 정책이 미혼 여성들의 출산 양육 동기에 미치는 영향을 분석해 보았는데 출산 간접 지원 정책이 미혼 여성들의 출산 양육 동기에 긍정적인 영향을 주는 것으로 확인되었다. 또한 취업 여부, 소득 수준, 교육 수준, 연령을 통제한 상태에서도 인과 관계는 변화를 보이지 않았다. 이러한 분석 결과를 통해 주목해 볼만한 부분은 미혼 여성들이 처해 있는 정책적 환경의 변화를 통해 출산 양육 동기가 변화할 수 있다는 점과 전반적인 통합 지원이 출산 양육 동기를 높이는 효과적인 정책 대안으로 제시될 수 있다는 점이다.

임부의 분만 자신감, 산전 우울, 분만 지식과 배우자 지지는 분만 두려움에 영향을 미치는가?

조현진 ( Hyunjin Cho ),안숙희 ( Sukhee Ahn ) 한국여성건강간호학회 (구 여성건강간호학회) 2020 여성건강간호학회지 Vol.26 No.4

Purpose: This study investigated levels of childbirth fear and related prenatal factors (self-confidence for childbirth, prenatal depression, knowledge about childbirth, and spousal support) among pregnant women in South Korea. Methods: A correlational study design was used to explore levels of childbirth fear and related prenatal factors in 200 pregnant women over 28 weeks of gestation. A self-administered questionnaire was used to measure fear of childbirth and related factors, such as self-confidence for childbirth, prenatal depression, knowledge about childbirth, and spousal support. Results: One-third of the pregnant women were aged 35 years and older. Sixty-one percent of women were nulliparae, but only 26.0% had experienced prenatal education. The mean score for fear of childbirth was 66.99 out of 165. The prevalence of fear of childbirth was 72.0%, and childbirth fear was severe in 26.5% of the participants and moderate in 45.5%. Fear of childbirth was negatively related to self-confidence (r=-.45, p<.001), but positively related to prenatal depression (r=.21, p=.002). Two significant predictors were found to explain the fear of childbirth. Higher self-confidence for childbirth was associated with less severe fear of childbirth (β=-.44, p<.001), while higher prenatal depression was associated with more severe fear of childbirth (β=.13, p=.038). Conclusion: The level of fear of childbirth was higher among pregnant women with lower self-confidence and higher prenatal depression. Reasonable evidence should be provided for implementing prenatal and childbirth classes to reduce pregnant women’s depression and to increase their confidence.

일 지역 보건계열 대학생을 대상으로 한 희망자녀수, 출산정책, 출산저하 원인이 출산인식에 미치는 영향

정상진(Jung, Sang-Jin) 한국산학기술학회 2014 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.15 No.8

본 연구는 미래의 출산주체가 될 보건계열 대학생들의 희망자녀수, 출산정책, 출산저하 원인이 출산인식에 미치는 영향을 살펴 본 결과 다음과 같다. 결과: 첫째, 출산인식에 관한 태도는 개인 삶의 질과 자녀양육, 출산지원 부족, 후손 번식이 출산에 가장 높은 영향을 미쳤으며, 희망자녀수에 관한 태도에서는 경제적 이유, 양육비 및 교육비 증가 원인과 출산인식 등이 영향을 미치는 것으로 조사되었다. 둘째, 인구사회학적 특성이 출산에 영향을 미치는 요인을 분석 결과 성별에 모든 요인에서 유의하였고, 성장지역에서 희망자녀수, 경제수준에서는 출산정책을 제외한 모든 요인에서, 부모직업에서는 희망자녀수에서 유의 하였다. 셋째, 상관관계를 분석한 결과 출산저하원인과 경제적 요인에서 희망자녀수, 개인적 요인에서는 출산정책, 출산제도요인 에서는 개인적요인, 가족적 요인에서 출산저하원인과 경제적 요인을 제외한 모든 영역에서 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 희망자녀수, 출산정책, 출산저하 원인이 출산인식에 미치는 영향을 살펴 본 결과 출산인식에 희망자녀수인 무자녀 또는 1자녀를 원하는 경우, 2자녀 이상, 출산정책, 출산저하원인이 통계적으로 유의미한 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 결 론: 출산 주체자인 대학생들의 미래 출산인식을 전환하기 위한 정부차원에서 출산정책 입법제정과 출산지원정책, 출산인식의 가치관 형성을 위한 교육프로그램 개발과 운영, 현재 출산지원정책의 효과를 분석하여 새로운 지원책이 마련된다면 출산율 향상 으로 이어 질 수 있을 것으로 판단되며, 그에 따른 효과를 검증 할 수 있는 후속 연구가 필요 할 것으로 사료된다. Purpose: The influence of the hoping number of children, the policy of childbirth, and the causes of reduced childbirth to the perception of childbirth, which will be the subject of future childbirth, was surveyed by health-line college students. Results: In terms of the attitude to the perception of childbirth, the quality of personal life, childcare, insufficient support of childbirth, and breeding of descendants had the largest influence on childbirth, and in terms of the attitude to the hoping number of children, economic reasons, childcare expenses, and education expenses had the largest influences. Second, when the causes of social demographic properties influencing childbirth was analyzed, sex showed significance to all the factors on the hoping number of children in terms of growing areas, to all the factors excluding childbirth policy in terms of the economic level, and hoping number of children in terms of the parents’ jobs. Third, when the correlation was analyzed, a correlation was found in every area excluding the hoping number of children in terms of the causes of childbirth reduction and economy, childbirth policy in terms of the personal causes, personal factor in terms of the causes of childbirth policy, and family factor in terms of the causes of childbirth reduction and economy. Fourth, when the influences of the causes of hoping number of children, childbirth policy, and childbirth reduction to perception of childbirth were analyzed, the case hoping no or one child, the case hoping 2 or more children, childbirth policy, and childbirth reduction had a positive significant influence on the perception of childbirth. Conclusion: The childbirth rate will be improved if the following occur: childbirth policy and laws are established at the level of government, education programs are developed and operated for the formation of the value of perception of childbirth, and a new support policy is established after analyzing the current childbirth support policies. To change the perception of childbirth in college students who are future subjects of childbirth, successive studies will be needed to verify the effect of aforesaid measures.

전간기(戰間期) 일본의 산파와 ‘출산정치’

이수진 일본사학회 2011 일본역사연구 Vol.34 No.-

This thesis is an examination of the social dynamics of childbirth in Modern Japan based on the history of modern midwives during the interwar period. 'Midwife(産婆)' was redefined as an occupation that required western, modernized knowledge and provided services in hygienic conditions by Isei(醫制) and Sanbakisoku(産婆規則), both of which were enacted during the Meiji Period. The newly qualified midwives gradually replaced the traditional ones. However, the role and status of the new midwives were weakened by the social change brought by World War I. To understand the relatively brief interval between the development and decline of new midwifery, it is important to evaluate the way of dealing with childbirth issues in Modern Japan and the power relationships between various agents involving childbirth. This thesis focuses on the history of social childbirth during the modern period as well as the history of midwives during the interwar period, with regards to the 'politics of childbirth'. The 'politics of childbirth' can be defined as the political process through which various agents such as government, midwives, physicians, pregnant women publicly control, interpret, and compete against one another on issues of childbirth. After W.W.I, change occurred not only in birth attendance from midwives to doctors or place of delivery from home to institutions, but also in the development of medical knowledge and technologies on the entire process of childbirth. The change, called 'the medicalization of childbirth', helped develop institutions and medical science. Specifically, the politics of population which was normalized and systemized after the outbreak of W.W.I and the rice riots(米騷動), hygenic birth attendant conditions supported by community maternity services and Health Insurance Law, the development of obstetrics and increase in physicians' birth attendance and the popularization of medical knowledge about childbirth caused 'the medicalization of childbirth' and weakened the role and status of midwives. It is certain that 'the medicalization of childbirth' has been common in Japan since 1960s, but it is also clear that the change promoted during interwar period was one that excludes the role of midwives. The exclusion is verified by the National Midwifery Association's legislative movement for Midwifery Act(産婆法) in the 1930s. The midwives were experiencing financial difficulties as more childbirths were being covered by health insurance, and also because of growing competition, which was composed of physicians and medical practitioners. For this reason, the National Midwifery Associations called for the reinforcement midwives' qualification and approval of their organization as a public corporation to protect midwives' weakened position. However such efforts were opposed by other agents participating in the childbirth issues. Physicians argued for a hierarchy which placed the midwives in the lower strata of the childbirth process. Midwives could take charge of normal deliveries but could not treat patients by using drugs or medical operations. Also the government stuck to its policy to deliver modernized, hygienic childbirth conditions at a lower cost which proved to be another obstruction to the Midwifery Act.

부부특성, 출산관련 정서, 어머니의 정서특성이 후속출산계획에 미치는 변인탐색 : 구조방정식을 중심으로

임현주,이대균,최항준 한국유아교육학회 2011 유아교육연구 Vol.31 No.5

본 연구의 목적은 부부특성, 출산관련 정서, 어머니의 정서특성이 어머니의 후속출산계획에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 알아보는 데 있다. 육아정책구소의 한국아동패널 1차년도(2008) 데이터의 연구대상은 영아 2,078명과 그의 어머니이다. 수집된 자료는 구조모형으로 통계처리하였으며 모델의 적합도는 매우 우수하였다. 연구결과 부부특성이 후속출산에 미치는 직접효과는 긍정적이었으나 어머니의 정서특성을 매개로 한 간접효과는 부정적이어서 총 효과를 감소시키는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 출산관련 정서도 후속출산계획에 미치는 직접효과는 긍정적이었으나 어머니의 정서특성을 매개로 하였을 때는 부정적 효과를 나타내었다. 즉 부부관계와 출산관련 정서가 어머니의 정서에 부정적으로 미친 영향력이 후속출산계획을 저하시키고 있는 것으로 나타났다. The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of a couple's characteristics, childbirth-related emotions and a mother's emotional characteristics on the planning for a second childbirth. The data on 2,078 children and their parents from the 1st Panel Study of Korean Children, carried out by Korean Institute of Child Care and Education in 2008, were used. The data were analyzed with a structural equation modeling analysis and the fitness of the structural model was excellent. The analyses shows that a couple's characteristics and childbirth-related emotions affected the planning for a second childbirth. The direct effect of couple's characteristics on planning for second childbirth was positive but when mediated with a mother's emotional characteristics, the indirect effect of couple's characteristics on planning for second childbirth was negative, and so, the total effect of a couple's characteristics decreased. As well, if the direct effect of childbirth-related emotions on planning for a second childbirth was positive, then, again, when a mother's negative emotional characteristics were meditated, the indirect effect of childbirth-related emotions on planning for second childbirth was negative. It is understood from these findings that when the couple relationship and childbirth-related emotions impact on a mother's emotions negatively, that negative impact decreases the possibilities of planning for a second childbirth.

유아교사의 취학전 출산장려교육 인식 및 관련변인 연구

오원옥,김혜순,김인홍 한국아동권리학회 2014 아동과 권리 Vol.18 No.4

The purpose of this study was to examine preschool teachers' perceptions of childbirth promotion education for preschool children and the factors influencing their perceptions of childbirth promotion education. The subjects of this study were 208 preschool teachers. To assess the teachers' perceptions of childbirth promotion education for preschool children, a scale was developed using the Delphi method. The instruments for this study were the perceptions of childbirth promotion education, health of the family of origin, views on marriage, and views on childbirth. Teachers responded to questionnaires through self-reports. The data were analyzed using t-tests, a one-way ANOVA, the Duncan test, Pearson correlation coefficients and multiple regression with the SPSS program It was found that the teachers' perceptions of the childbirth promotion education for preschool children and the demand for teacher education on childbirth promotion for preschool children were high despite the fact that experience and information about childbirth promotion education for the preschoolers in the field were scarce. Second, the mean scores for teacher perceptions of childbirth promotion education, the health of the family of origin, views on marriage, and views on childbirth were greater than the `average' scores. In addition, there was a significant difference found in the levels of the teachers' perceptions on childbirth promotion education according to the number of class in kindergarten or day care center. Third, the factors influencing the teachers' perceptions on childbirth promotion education were identified as their views on childbirth, the number of class, their views on marriage, and the health of the family of origin, in that order. The model explained 23.2% of the variations. 본 연구는 취학전 출산장려교육에 대한 유아교사의 인식과 그 관련변인을 규명하기 위한 것이다. 연구대상은 서울, 경기도, 경상남북도, 울산시의 유아교육기관 교사 208명이다. 우선 3차에 걸친 델파이 조사로 취학전 출산장려교육 교사 인식 척도를 개발한 후, 원가족건강성, 결혼관, 자녀관 척도를 포함시킨 질문지 조사가 이루어졌다. 수집된 자료는 SPSS 18.0 program으로 빈도분석과 기술통계분석, t-test, 일원변량분석, 상관분석과 다중회귀분석이 실시되었다. 연구결과 첫째, 유아 교육현장에서 출산장려교육이나 관련 정보 지원이 거의 없었으나 취학전 출산장려교육과 이를 위한 교사 연수의 필요성에 대한 교사 인식은 높았다. 둘째, 유아교사의 취학전 출산장려교육 인식, 원가족건강성, 자녀관, 결혼관은 ‘보통 이상’으로 나타났다. 셋째, 취학전 출산장려교육에 대한 유아교사의 인식에는 자녀관, 소속기관 학급 수, 결혼관, 원가족건강성의 순으로 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났고 이들 변인이 총 변량의 23.2%를 설명하였다.

미혼 남녀의 출산인식 비교와 출산의향 관련 요인

김태우,전우형,강준혁,구정모,김영용,박성범,서원기,이명훈,남현경,이명경 경북대학교 간호혁신연구소 2016 경북간호과학지 Vol.20 No.2

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to understand the difference of childbirth perception between 200 unmarried men and women, and to identify the correlates of childbirth intentions. Methods: Participants were 200 unmarried adult men and women in D city. This study is a descriptive cross-sectional study, and data were collected from June 6 to 16, 2015. We measured general characteristics, intention of childbirth, values on family formation, financial barrier to childbirth, and effectiveness of birth support policies. Results: Men had the higher willingness to childbirth than women, while women placed more significant value on family formation rather than childbirth itself. Women were more positive thinking about the dual-income and tend to avoid giving birth due to concerning about job retention. Women reported economic problems as barriers to childbirth. Women were aware that the financial support system would be helpful to increase birth rate, while men were aware that child care system would be effective to increase birth rate. Conclusion: Economic factors had significant impact on childbirth intention, while values related to family formation had no impact on childbirth intention. In the home and community, the couple’s joint efforts and practical policies that encourage birth are required for women to maintain working and to balance family work, maternity work, and job work after childbirth.

다문화가정 여성의 임신과 출산 경험에 대한 의미

오은주,박정숙,김영경,이현숙 한국모자보건학회 2013 한국모자보건학회지 Vol.17 No.2

Objectives: This study was aimed to understand pregnancy and childbirth experience by women from multi-cultural families who experience pregnancy and childbirth in Korea and to provide basic data for preparing nursing intervention. Methods: The participants were nine multi-cultural family women who became pregnant and gave birth within one year. Nine multi-cultural women were recruited from July to October in 2011. Giorgi's phenomenological method was used to analyze data collected by in-depth interviews. Results: A survey of nationality with 9 women who participated in this study indicates among them 4 are from Vietnam, 1 from Japan, 2 from China and 1 from the Philippines. Concerning age distribution,1 was under the age of 20, 3 between 20~25 years old, 1 at the age of 27, 1 at the age of 31, 1 at the age of 36, and 1 at the age of 42. Concerning the types of delivery, 8 were by natural childbirth and 1 by cesarean section. Six components were identified from the meanings of pregnancy and childbirth experience : ‘Unfair treatment of a pregnant woman’ ‘No support for the information of pregnancy and childbirth’, ‘Feeling much sorry for the treatment during pregnancy childbirth and postnatal care’, ‘Many conflicts with family members during the maintenance of pregnancy and childbirth’, ‘Difficulty in eating barely palatable food during the pregnancy and childbirth’,‘Recognition as a family member through the pregnancy and childbirth’. The structure of meaning for pregnancy and childbirth experience of women in multi-cultural families was "Not be cared". Conclusion: Based on these results, it is necessary to consider systematic support system that can be with experienced experts and provide pregnancy-childbirth education offered in their own language. Their families join so that they can support them. Intervention programs provided together by experts in pregnancy and childbirth through coordinators or sisters who have experienced them first coming to Korea and are good at Korean language among women from the same countries.

A Cultural criticism of childbirth practice in the U S from a medical-legal pluralistic perspective: Limitation of Medicalization and reconstruction of the cultural meaning of childbirth

( Chea Yun Jung ) 고려대학교 법학연구원 2012 Korea University Law Review Vol.11 No.-

This article argues that medical-legal anthropology and medical-legal pluralism can contribute to a meaningful understanding of medical practice and medical law. Medical anthropology focuses on how culture and society influence health matters, and understands medicine in a cultural context. Medical pluralism concentrates on the plural elements of the medical system and their democratic interactions, and further promotes the integration of official and unofficial systems, such as cooperation between physicians and non-physician providers. From these theoretical foundations, medical law reflects itself on medical culture which emerges, changes, and disappears in civil society. One of the important issues in the U.S. health law where this interdisciplinary research could be especially meaningful is childbirth practice. The history of childbirth in the 20th century of the United States is described as the medicalization of childbirth. This means that the process of childbirth, which was both a natural and cultural phenomenon, has become defined and treated as a medical condition. The advocate of culturally re-conceptualized childbirth may criticize the excessive medicalization of childbirth, representatively the Cesarean section, which often leads to inappropriate or excessive intervention in current childbirth practice in the United States. To establish humanized childbirth practice, we need to respect multiple ways of childbirth including home birth and respect various kinds of personnel in the labor process; such as midwives. The U.S. health law should respect the significant and unique role of midwifery and devise ways to legislate the cooperation between the two autonomous professions, doctors (ob/gyn) and midwives.