The Influence of Factors Related to Preparation by Pre-Service Teachers for Gender Equity Education and Teaching Gender Equity

( Yoo Jin Kwon ),( Se Kyung Jeon ) 대한가정학회 2010 International Journal of Human Ecology Vol.11 No.1

Gender equity education is ineffective in a public school system even though gender equity education is a current issue in South Korean education. One of the problems is attributed to teacher education because no better gender equity education can be accomplished without teacher preparation. Therefore, the effectiveness of teachers is a very important keyword in teacher education. This study examines learning experience, gender equity values, teacher preparation for gender equity education of pre-service teachers in Gonju, South Korea, the factors that influence teacher preparation for gender equity education, and the instruction of gender equity. A survey was delivered to pre-service teachers in 2008, and the data of 350 pre-service teachers were analyzed. MANOVA and Multiple Regressions were used for analyzing the data. The results will contribute to the development of effective teacher education for gender equity education and information on a partnership between the family and the public school system that is centered on gender equity education.

The Influence of Factors Related to Preparation by Pre-Service Teachers for Gender Equity Education and Teaching Gender Equity

Kwon, Yoo-Jin,Jeon, Se-Kyung The Korean Home Economics Association 2010 International Journal of Human Ecology Vol.11 No.1

Gender equity education is ineffective in a public school system even though gender equity education is a current issue in South Korean education. One of the problems is attributed to teacher education because no better gender equity education can be accomplished without teacher preparation. Therefore, the effectiveness of teachers is a very important keyword in teacher education. This study examines learning experience, gender equity value, teacher preparation for gender equity education of pre-service teachers in Gonju, South Korea, the factors that influence teacher preparation for gender equity education, and the instruction of gender equity. A survey was delivered to pre-service teachers in 2008, and the data of 350 pre-service teachers were analyzed. MANOVA and Multiple Regressions were used for analyzing the data. The results will contribute to the development of effective teacher education for gender equity education and information on a partnership between the family and the public school system that is centered on gender equity education.

The Influence of Factors Related to Preparation by Pre-Service Teachers for Gender Equity Education and Teaching Gender Equity

권유진,전세경 대한가정학회 2010 International Journal of Human Ecology Vol.11 No.1

Gender equity education is ineffective in a public school system even though gender equity education is a current issue in South Korean education. One of the problems is attributed to teacher education because no better gender equity education can be accomplished without teacher preparation. Therefore, the effectiveness of teachers is a very important keyword in teacher education. This study examines learning experience, gender equity values, teacher preparation for gender equity education of pre-service teachers in Gonju, South Korea, the factors that influence teacher preparation for gender equity education, and the instruction of gender equity. A survey was delivered to pre-service teachers in 2008, and the data of 350 pre-service teachers were analyzed. MANOVA and Multiple Regressions were used for analyzing the data. The results will contribute to the development of effective teacher education for gender equity education and information on a partnership between the family and the public school system that is centered on gender equity education.

중학생의 성별과 양성평등의식 유형에 따른 기술·가정교과에대한 태도 차이

김은정,이윤정 대한가정학회 2018 Human Ecology Research(HER) Vol.56 No.1

Technology and Home Economics are associated with gender-related roles. In this respect, students’ attitude toward these subjects may be influenced by gender equity awareness with attitudes that may perpetuate gender-biased images of subjects. This study examined the influence of gender equity awareness of middle school students on attitudes toward Technology and Home Economics. Data were collected through a survey to 442 students from eight purposively sampled middle schools in Seoul. Three gender equity awareness groups were identified through a cluster analysis: Equity in house work group (n=163), Traditional gender role group (n=102), and Equity in all areas group (n=152). The analyses of variances enabled an examination of the effects of gender and gender equity awareness. Differences were found among gender and gender equity awareness groups on attitudes toward Home Economics, but not toward Technology. Girls showed higher preference, higher perceived usefulness than boys, but with a lower importance for career preparation for Home Economics. Traditional gender role group scored the lowest on usefulness and importance for everyday life, yet highest on importance for career preparation. Equity in all areas group perceived lowest importance of Home Economics for career preparation. The results show that Home Economics is more strongly gender-typed than Technology, and that effort is needed to change the gender-biased image of the subject.

교육부문에서 성평등에 관한 국내연구의 동향과 과제

오재림 숙명여자대학교 아세아여성문제연구소 2006 아시아여성연구 Vol.45 No.1

본 연구는 1970년대 이후 교육 분야에서 본격적으로 성평등 연구가 시작된 이래 수행된 성불평등에 대한 연구와 논의들을 한번 되짚어 봄으로써 성별 문제와 관련하여 우리 교육의 현재 상황 대한 바른 인식의 기회를 제공하고, 후속 연구의 방향과 통찰력을 제공하는 계기를 마련하려는 목적에서 출발한다. 그간의 연구들을 분석해 본 결과 국내에서 수행된 교육 분야의 성불평등에 관한 연구의 특징 중 하나는 우리 교육 속에 존재하는 성차별과 성불평등의 성격과 현실을 드러내고 개선방향을 제시하는 연구이고, 다른 하나는 거기에서 한 단계 더 나아가서 그러한 상황이 만들어지는 다양한 관계에 대한 분석과 이를 극복하기 위한 방법을 모색하는 연구 등인 것을 알 수 있다. 기존의 학교교육에서의 성평등 연구들을 그 성격과 주제별로 분석해 본 결과 연구들이 대부분 교육학 내의 특정 학문분야에만 한정되어 있다는 점, 대부분의 성평등 연구가 여성연구자들에 의해서 진행되었다는 점, 그리고 성불평등 상황에 대한 분석은 많지만 그러한 현실이 재생산되는데 기여하고 있는 사회와 교육 분야 내에 존재하는 불평등한 성별 관계에 관한 분석 등은 아직 미흡하다는 점 등으로 조사되었다. 따라서 앞으로는 학교교육 내의 성불평등 현상에 대한 거시적 분석과 더불어 그러한 현상을 만들어내는 다양한 성별 관계와 그러한 관계구조의 구성 및 유지양식 등에 대한 심층적인 분석과 연구가 많이 진행될 필요가 있다. The purpose of this study is to examine previous researches regrading gender equity and gender equality issues in Korean education system and provide insights for further studies. It has been just over thirty years since education researches started to pay more serious attention to gender issues in schooling in Korea. Therefore, it is time to look into more closely what we have accomplished in the area of studying gender (in)equality issues in Korean education system over the years. It is expected that based on the results, we would expect to see more clearly what our next steps should be in order to improve our school system regarding gender equity issues. Examining the data reveal that in general there appear to be two different approaches to gender studies in education: one is to point out the problems in education in relation to gender equity issues and the other is to analyze/find out underlying mechanisms of persistent gender equity/equality problems in our educational system. The results also show that almost all studies dealing with gender issues in education were conducted mainly by female scholars in a few specific areas in the field of education. And this could be a strong indication to why gender issues and problems in our education system is so hard to be resolved. It was quite apparent that researching gender equity/equality in education has not been accepted and thus not regarded as a mainstream of education research yet. Therefore, in order to further improve our school system to be more equal and fair, we need to have more active involvement from male educators and scholars in various areas in the field of education.

한국 교육에서의 젠더 평등과 공평 ― 여성 연구에 대한 개념 확장의 필요성 ―

허창수 한국교육사회학회 2004 교육사회학연구 Vol.14 No.2

한국 사회에서 여성의 비 대표성(under-representation)은 오랜 동안 당연시 되어 왔다. 이러한 비 대표 성을 없애기 위하여 사회적 제도 및 정책은 같은 기회를 주는 평등(equality)이라는 원리 아래 문제점을 제거하려 노력하였다. 그럼에도 불구하고 여성의 비 대표성은 현재까지 유지, 재생산되어 왔다. 주목해야 할 것은 여성의 비 대표성 유지를 위한 고정 관념(stereotype)의 실행과 사회화의 재생산에 학교교육이라 는 헤게모니가 중요한 역할을 해왔다는 것이다. 학교교육은 남성 중심 사회의 이데올로기 전수 및 재생 산을 돕는 데 커다란 역할을 해왔다. 이 연구는 이러한 한국 사회에서 남여 상하구조를 평등(equality)에 서 공평(equity)이라는 개념의 확장을 통해 살펴보고자 한다. 또한 지배적인 생물학적 양성의 분류를 사회 적 상호 관계에 의해 형성되는 여, 남성성에 의한 젠더라는 개념의 확장을 통해 분석하려 하였다. 이러한 분석을 하기 위해, 이 연구는 질적 연구를 이용하였으며, 네 명의 참여자들과 함께 면담기법을 이용하여 자료를 수집하였다. 분석은 다중 사례 연구에서 효율적으로 이용되는 개별 사례 분석과 사례들 의 상호 관련 분석을 통해 해석하였다. 연구결과는 참여자들의 젠더 공평성에 대한 좁은 인식과 이해를 보여주었으며, 이러한 결과는 결국 우리 한국 사회에서의 젠더 공평성에 대한 현주소를 제시하고 있다. 또한 학교에서는 잠재적인 교육과정(hidden curriculum)을 통해 젠더의 차별 교육 및 학교 활동이 이루어 짐을 보여주었으며, 그 중앙에는 선생님의 역할이 크게 강조 되었다. 이 연구는 이러한 결과로부터 폭넓 은 젠더 공평성의 이해를 통해 남성 중심의 현 사회구조에 대한 정확한 이해를 주장하였으며, 더 나아가 보다 미시적인 시각에서 여성성과 남성성의 관계를 통해 사회구조를 바라볼 필요성을 강조하였다. 또한 미래의 연구를 위해 보다 많은 참여자들을 교육적인 차원에서 참가 시킬 필요성을 제안하였다. Women’s under-representation in South Korean society has been taken for granted for years. Koreans make an effort to abandon this under-representation through social policies and actions in the sense of equality, but this under-representation has been kept perpetuating and reproducing in South Korean society. In this reproduction procedure where Koreans practice gendered stereotypes, schooling, as a hegemony, plays an important role. In other words, schooling helps to perpetuate and reproduce man-centered ideologies to students. This study investigates gendered social hierarchies with the conceptional expansion from the notion of equality to the notion of equity. In addition, this study tries to understand gender equity, which is constructed from social relations between man and woman rather than current dominated biological deterministic sex. This study, as a qualitative research, collected data through interviews with four participants. For analyzing and interpreting the collected data, this study utilizes case analysis and cross-cases analysis. The result of this study shows that participants have a narrow conceptual perceptions and understandings of gender equity, and this implies that the narrow understanding is based on the reflection of current Koreans' perceptions and understandings on gender equity. Moreover, in school context, hidden curriculum plays an important role of perpetuating gendered stereotypes and practices, and teachers' roles are considered importantly for this transfer. With those results, this study suggests that for understanding women’s under-representation in South Korean society, Koreans' conceptual aspects should be more expanded toward understanding the notion of gender equity, and this study emphasizes on micro aspects of looking at social structures in relations of masculinity and femininity. Furthermore, for the future studies, as an educative purpose, this study strongly suggests women's participations in women's studies.

A Study of Gender Equity in the University English Language Classroom in Korea

채드 앤더슨,허선영,손승희 한국교양교육학회 2016 교양교육연구 Vol.10 No.3

The question of fair and equal treatment of men and women in the university classroom has become more important as the proportion of female students has been increasing and the role of women in society has been increasing. Korea rank slowest on the OECD G lass Ceiling Index and education can be seen as the most influential area for removing gender differences between men and women. This study conducted a two-stage investigation to determine gender differences in a Korean university English-language classroom setting and to compare how close the perception is to the objective reality of gender equity. This was done through surveys of perceived gender equity in classes that were then observed to evaluate gender equity through objective measures. A total of 175 students were surveyed and observed in eight English-language classes at two different universities in the near Seoul area. The classes were taught by two professors (one Korean female and one foreign male), with four being taught by each. Both teachers had more than ten years’ experience teaching English in Korea. The overall sample was 49% female. The survey was regarding the student perception of the fairness and equality by the teacher in class in general as well as regarding relative bias towards men or women in particular. Following the surveys, the classes were observed by an observer in class. The observer used objective measures to record the quantity of student teacher interactions and subjective perception to record differences in quality. The results showed that fairness and equality have a close relationship between the student perception and what actually happened in class. It is hoped that this research contributes to greater realization of gender equity in Korean university classrooms, headed for removing gender biases in Korean society.

지방자치단체의 여성정책과 예산에 관한 연구

김성희 ( Seong Hee Kim ) 한국정책연구원 2005 한국정책논집 Vol.5 No.-

여성정책이 중앙정부를 중심으로 제도적인 발전이 있었음에도 불구하고 지방정부 수준에서는 이에 상응하는 여성정책부서, 실질적인 지원을 담보하는 예산지원이 매우 저조하다. 광역자치단체의 여성관련 예산 및 여성정책관련 예산의 변화추이를 살펴봄으로써 여성정책의 변화의 실체를 파악해 보고자 한다. 연구대상은 강원도를 중심으로 하여 1993년과 2003년 의 일반회계 세출예산서를 분석하였다. 분석결과 여성정책의 범주를 가장 크게 잡아 보호활동을 지원하는 아동, 장애인, 노인복지의 영역도 여성정책으로 볼 때 최근 10년간 예산에서 차지하는 비중이 거의 2배정도 증가하였다. 여성정책의 범주를 작게 설정해서 -여성특정적 예산 및 성형평성 예산- 여성정책담당부서의 지출과 각 부서에 산재되어 있는 여성정책관련지출로 본다면 여성정책예산은 10년간 크게 증대되기는 하였지만0.5% 내외로 아주 규모가 작다. 여성정책 우선순위를 예산을 통하여 파악해 보면 보건ㆍ복지 서비스의 우선순위가 높아졌음을 살펴볼 수 있었다. 이는 두 가지 관점에서 의 해석이 가능한데 하나의 관점은 지방자치단체의 여성정책이 양성평등을 지향하나 아직도 요보호여성이나 모성에 대한 보호가 확충되지 못하였기 때문에 관련예산이 증대된다고 볼 수 있다. 제도적인 면에서 국제사회가 권고하는 선진적인 정책들을 도입하였지만 실제에 있어서 여성정책의 중심은 복지라고 볼 수 있을 것이다. 다른 측면에서는 여성교육관련 프로그램은 예산소요가 많은 사업이 아니고 보건ㆍ복지 서비스의 경우는 예산소요가 많은 프로그램이기 때문에 이 부분의 증가속도가 빨랐다는 점이다. This article aims to suggest budget implication for gender policy change of local government. Despite of the institutional development of gender policies of central government, local governments underdevelop gender policy machinery, gender budget. This article analyses change of local government’s gender budget and gender-related budget. This study focuses on Gang-won Province’s FY 1993 and 2003 general government account. As a result, gender related budget including care activity(for the children, the aged, the disabled) increased 2 times. But this article shows that small increase in gender-specific budget and gender-equity budget. Although gender-specific budget and gender-equity budget cars are growing stably, their share is too small, 0.5%. Through analyzing gender budget, the priority of gender policy is given to welfare and health policy. This means that gender policy focuses on protecting prostitutes and single mothers, low income female headed mothers rather than gender equality. Though governments accept global society’s advice institutionally, still governments seems that gender policy equals to women’s welfare. The other side, this means that women’s welfare needs more budget demand that women’s awareness program.

Adherence to the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors–recommended gender equity policy in nursing journals listed in MEDLINE or PubMed Central: a descriptive study

Geum Hee Jeong,Eun Jeong Ko 한국과학학술지편집인협의회 2024 Science Editing Vol.11 No.1

Purpose: The evolving landscape of nursing research emphasizes inclusive representation. The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) has established guidelines to ensure the fair representation of various demographic variables, including age, sex, and ethnicity. This study aimed to evaluate the adherence of nursing journals indexed in MEDLINE or PubMed Central to the ICMJE’s directives on gender equity, given that journals indexed in MEDLINE and PubMed Central typically adhere to the ICMJE’s guidelines. Methods: A descriptive literature review methodology was employed to analyze 160 nursing journals listed in two databases as of July 28, 2023. The website of each journal was searched, and the most recent original article from each was selected. These articles were then evaluated for their alignment with the ICMJE guidelines on gender equity. Descriptive statistics were applied to categorize and enumerate the cases. Results: Of the articles reviewed from 160 journals, 115 dealt with human populations. Of these, 93 required a description of gender equity. Within this subset, 83 articles distinguished between the genders of human subjects. Gender-based interpretations were provided in 15 articles, while another 68 did not offer an interpretation of differences by gender. Among the 10 articles that did not delineate gender, only two provided a rationale for this omission. Conclusion: Among recent articles published in the nursing journals indexed in MEDLINE and PubMed Central, only 16.1% presented clear gender analyses. These findings highlight the need for editors to strengthen their dedication to gender equity within their editorial policies.

공평성 지각이 소비자 감정과 만족에 미치는 영향

이학식(Hak Sik Lee),김형식(Hyung Sik Kim),김장현(Jang Hyun Kim) 한국마케팅학회 2009 마케팅연구 Vol.24 No.2

본 연구는 공평성이론(equity theory)을 토대로, 소비자의 제품구매 후 비교대상에 비한 공평성/불공평성 지각이 감정과 만족에 어떠한 영향을 미치며, 그러한 관계가 성별에 따라 어떻게 달리 나타나는지를 조사한 것이다. 본 연구는 두 개의 하위 연구로 구성되어 있다. 연구 1에서는 소비자의 공평성 지각 조작을 위하여 소비자가 동일 제품을 구매한 다른 소비자와 비교하는 상황을 설정하고, 연구 2에서는 거래 상대방인 판매자와 비교하는 상황을 설정하였다. 각 연구를 위하여 공평성/불공평성을 달리 지각하도록 하는 세 개의 시나리오 (이득 불공평, 공평, 손해 불공평)를 작성하였으며, 각 피실험자에게 그 중 한 개의 시나리오를 읽도록 한 후 설문지에 응답하도록 하는 실험에 의해 자료를 수집하였다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 소비자는 비교 대상이 다른 소비자와 판매자, 어느 쪽이건 자신이 이득을 보았다고 여기면 그렇지 않은 경우에 비해 미안함과 만족을 크게 느낀다. 또한 이 경우 여성은 남성보다 더 미안함을 느낀다. 둘째, 다른 소비자와 비교하는 경우, 이득이 만족에 미치는 영향은 남성이 여성보다 크고, 손해가 만족에 미치는 영향은 여성이 남성보다 크다. 셋째, 판매자와 비교하는 경우, 손해가 만족에 미치는 영향은 여성이 남성보다 크다. 그러나 이득이 만족에 미치는 영향은 가설과는 달리 성별에 따라 다른 것으로 나타나지 않았다. 본 논문의 끝에는 연구 결과의 이론적 의미를 토론하고 미래 연구를 위한 연구 과제를 제시하였다. To explain consumer satisfaction decision, equity theory postulates that consumers compare their own ratio of outcomes to inputs with others` ratio and are satisfied if their ratio is higher than others` ratio, and vice versa. In this case, the others can be another consumer who bought the same product or the seller who sold the product to themselves. Whereas numerous studies were performed on expectancy-disconfirmation theory in explaining consumer satisfaction decision, few studies were performed on equity theory. The present study investigated how consumers` postpurchase equity/inequity perception influences consumer emotion and satisfaction, and how this differs by gender. The research was organized as two studies. For each study, three scenarios (positive inequity, equity, negative inequity) were developed to have college student subjects perceive equity/inequity differently. In each study, subjects were asked to read one of the three scenarios concerning purchase of a cellular phone and answer the questionnaire. Study 1 is concerning the case where consumers compare their ratio with another consumer`s ratio and five hypotheses were established as follows: H1: Consumers will feel guilty more in the case that they perceive positive inequity compared with another consumer than other cases (equity, negative inequity). H2: Consumers will be satisfied more in the case that they perceive positive inequity compared with another consumer than other cases (equity, negative inequity). H3: When consumers perceive positive inequity compared with another consumer, female consumers will feel guilty more than male consumers. H4: The gain in the aspect of equity (positive inequity) will influence satisfaction more in the case of male consumers than female consumers. H5: The loss in the aspect of equity (negative inequity) will influence satisfaction more in the case of female consumers than male consumers. Fifty subjects (twenty-five males and twenty-five females) were allocated in each of three scenario cells. In order to manipulate the equity/inequity, the authors created situations where the subject compared the purchase price (inputs) with his/her friend`s purchase price (inputs) of the same phone (outcomes). In this case, if the subject paid less (more) than did his/her friend, he/she would feel positive (negative). If the subject paid the same price with his/her friend, he/she would feel equity. The research results of study 1 were as follows. When consumers knew that their purchase price was lower than their friend`s price (positive inequity), they felt guilty more than other cases (equity, negative inequity; F=12.68, p<.01, η2=.15), but were satisfied more (F=32.48, p<.01, η2=.31). Additionally, in this case, female consumers felt guilty more than did male consumers (t=4.64, p<.01, η2=.31). Thus, H1, H2, and H3 were supported. In addition, the gain in the case of positive equity influenced satisfaction more for male consumers than female consumers (regression coefficient β=1.2 vs. 1.0; parallelism test t=2.35, p<.01), whereas the loss in the case of negative inequity influenced satisfaction more for female consumers than male consumers (regression coefficient β=-1.16 vs. -.54; parallelism test t=6.46, p<.01). In other words, male consumers versus female consumers felt a greater degree of satisfaction from the positive inequity, whereas female consumers versus male consumers felt a greater degree of dissatisfaction from the negative inequity. These results were supportive of H4 and H5. The results of study 1 were generally consistent with our hypotheses. As stated, consumers may compare their ratio with the seller`s ratio as well as another consumer`s ratio. Study 2 deals with the case where consumers compare their ratio with the seller`s ratio and five hypotheses were established as H6-H10. These hypotheses were identical with H1-H5 except that consumers compare their ratio with the seller`s ratio. For example, H6 states: Consume