Association between protein intake and depression: a scoping review

Jaecheon Ko 고려대학교 대학원 2023 국내석사

The association between depression and dietary habits has been well studied, and that the serotonin precursor tryptophan (TRP) can acutely affect mood through the acute TRP depletion technique. However, the impact of protein intake or the intake of specific amino acids, including TRP, on the risk of depression onset or severity is under-studied. This study aimed to examine existing scientific evidence regarding the association between the risk of depression and intake of proteins or amino acids. In this scoping review, papers including keywords related to depression and protein intake, published in English between January 2000 and March 2023 in PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, and PsycINFO were reviewed. The included studies involved humans, used validated depression scales with verified diagnostic criteria for depression, and validated measures of food intake for protein intake. Twelve papers were included, and the design, population characteristics, key findings, and summary of each paper were collected. Depending on the study, the results clarifying the association between protein intake and depression varied and were complex, making it difficult to draw conclusions. Studies on the association between depression and individual amino acids or combinations of amino acids other than TRP are virtually nonexistent. TRP intake has been consistently associated with the risk of depression. These findings suggest a possible negative correlation between intake and the risk of depression. For a firm conclusion on the association between the intake of other amino acids or proteins and depression, further studies controlling for potential confounding variables, including age and sex, are needed.

Factors Associated with Depression in Hospitalized Patients with Myocardial Infarction in Sri Lanka

K.H.R. Sandyani De Silva 인제대학교 일반대학원 2017 국내석사

Back ground & Purpose- Myocardial Infarction (MI) is the leading cause of death in Sri Lanka. Depression has been known to be risk factors for developing Cardio Vascular Disease (CVD), owing to its high prevalence and its influence on MI. Although depression of MI has almost reached to epidemic proportion in Sri Lanka, the reason for high risk of depression of MI among Sri Lankans is still unclear. This study was conducted to identify the severity of depression and its correlates in hospitalized MI patients in Sri Lanka. Methods- This study was performed from July to August in 2016. A descriptive study was carried out among 125 patients with MI was admitted in General Hospital in Sri Lanka. An interview with self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. Depression was measured by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Results-The mean severity of depression was 8.92. Severity of depression was strongly correlated with symptom experience. All the predictors including age, gender, symptom experience, perceived social support explained 31.0% of the total variance of severity of depression. Symptom experience was the most significant predictor for the severity of depression. Age was also effected on severity of depression. Conclusion- Assessment is necessary in order to identify depression and factor that associated depression such as symptom experience for the hospitalized patients with MI based on the current study. Especially, clinicians should concern the hospitalized patients who are younger and middle aged as well as older, with higher symptom experience. i

노인우울증에 영향을 미치는 요인에 관한 연구 : 노인실태조사(2020년)를 이용한 분석

김경옥 중앙대학교 건강간호대학원 2023 국내석사

Depression experienced by the elderly is a disease that requires effective institutional attention in that it is directly associated with mortality, systematic research is needed to establish a basis for practical intervention in order to prevent and manage depression for elderly individuals and population groups. Therefore, in order to provide a basis for more practical intervention for geriatric depression, this study investigated whether elderly people aged 65 over in the community for depression, and has grasping factors affecting geriatric depression and their influence. For this reason, we analyzed the data of 9,753 respondents who had were surveyed on geriatric depression using the Korean version of the Short Form of Geriatric Depression Scale (SGDS) by in the 2020 Survey of the Elderly. The presence or absence of geriatric depression was grasped based on 10 score cutting points in the has been surveyed measurement data. Analysis based on the presence or absence of geriatric depression and the subject's characteristics calculated basic statistics using frequency, percentage, average and standard deviation, and correlation between geriatric depression and factor was tested by chi-square and independent sample t-test to confirm the effects of geriatric depression, and a hierarchical logistic regression analysis was performed to confirm the effect of geriatric depression. The prevalence of geriatric depression (SGDS>=10) in this study was 5.8% (5.0% for men, 6.4% for women). Although the lower is results than those of existing studies using the same test tools and standards, the data has been analyzed representative data to compensate for the problem of small-scale analysis samples, which was a limitation of existing studies. In order to confirm the influence of factors affecting geriatric depression, was performed using demographic characteristics and physical factors as control variables, and each factor was hierarchical entered a logistic regression analysis a result, and demographic characteristics if the cohabitation type by child cohabitation or any other households, if the marital status is separated, and for physical factor, if the BMI is low, if the number of chronic diseases is high, and for the socioeconomic status factor, if the housing type is monthly house, If the employment status is unemployed, if the lower the annual household income, and As for social support factors, if the frequency of visits by friends, neighbors, and acquaintances is 0 to 2 times a year, if there is no using senior facility, if there is no participating friendship groups, and for health behavioral factors, it was found that not doing physical exercise significantly increased the prevalence of Geriatric Depression. On the other hand, if the BMI of physical factors is overweight and obesity, and less than two meals among the health behavioral factors, the prevalence of Geriatric Depression is significantly reduced. The results of these studies suggest that older people with lower socioeconomic status have higher rates of geriatric depression, suggesting the existence of health inequalities in geriatric depression. Therefore, in the context of a growing elderly population and an increasing proportion of older people in the population structure, it is important to explicitly include relevant populations for rational allocation of resources. Furthermore, it was confirmed that the factors that had significant relevance and influence on geriatric depression put each factors in hierarchical input, that there was significant influence or no significant influence. This suggests that the practical intervention for the prevention and reduction of geriatric depression should approach geriatric depression as a mutually complementary and comprehensive relationship of several factors rather than a causal relationship caused by a single factor. To this end, it is necessary to prepare a customized strategy to expand health management programs such as exercise and nutrition at the local level that actively utilize senior citizen centers, social groups, and local health and welfare institutions that are highly accessible to the elderly. 노인들이 겪는 우울증은 사망률과 직접적인 연관성을 갖는다는 점에서 실효성 있는 제도적 관심이 요구되는 질환으로 노인 개인 및 인구 집단을 대상으로 우울의 예방과 관리를 위해 실천적 개입의 근거마련을 위한 체계적인 연구가 필요하다. 그러므로 본 연구는 노인우울증에 대한 보다 실천적인 개입의 근거 마련하고자 지역사회 거주 65세 이상 노인의 우울증 여부를 파악하고 노인우울증에 영향을 미치는 요인과 요인의 영향력을 파악하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 2020년 노인실태조사에서 한국판 단축형 노인우울척도(Short Form of Geriatric Depression Scale: SGDS)를 이용하여 노인우울증의 조사가 이루어진 응답 대상자 중 9,753명의 자료를 분석에 사용하였고, 조사된 측정자료에 절단점 10점을 기준으로 노인우울증 여부를 파악하였다. 노인우울증 여부 및 대상자 특성에 따른 분석은 빈도, 백분율, 평균과 표준편차를 활용 기초통계량을 산출하였고, 노인우울증과 요인들과의 연관성 파악은 카이제곱 검증과 독립표본 t검정을 실시하였으며, 노인우울증에 미치는 영향을 확인하기 위해 위계적 로지스틱 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 본 연구의 노인우울증 유병률(SGDS>=10)은 5.8%(남자 5.0%, 여자 6.4%)로 나타났다. 이는 같은 검사도구와 기준을 사용한 기존연구보다는 낮은 결과이지만 기존 연구의 한계점이었던 소규모 분석표본의 문제점을 보완하여 대표성 있는 자료를 분석한 자료이다. 노인우울증에 영향을 미치는 요인들의 영향력을 확인하기 위해 인구사회학적 특성 및 신체적 요인을 통제변수로 하여 각 요인을 위계적으로 투입한 로지스틱 회귀분석 결과, 인구사회학적 특성에서는 동거형태가 자녀동거 및 기타가구인 경우, 결혼상태가 별거인 경우, 신체적 요인에서는 BMI가 저체중인 경우, 만성질환 수가 많을수록, 사회경제적 지위 요인에서는 거주형태가 월세인 경우, 취업상태가 미취업인 경우, 연간 가구소득이 낮아질수록, 사회적 지지 요인에서는 친구·이웃·지인 왕래빈도가 연 0~2회인 경우, 경로당 이용여부가 없는 경우, 친목단체 참여여부가 없는 경우, 건강행태 요인에서는 신체운동을 안 하는 경우 노인우울증의 유병률이 유의미하게 높아지는 것으로 나타났다. 반면, 신체적 요인 중 BMI가 과체중 및 비만인 경우, 건강행태 요인 중 식사 2끼 미만이 아닌 경우 노인우울증 유병률이 유의미하게 낮아지는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 연구결과를 보면 낮은 사회경제적 지위에 있는 노인에게서 노인우울증이 높게 발생하며 이는 노인우울증에 있어 건강불평등 격차가 존재한다는 것을 시사한다. 그러므로 노인 인구의 증가와 더불어 인구구성에서 갖는 노인 비중의 증가하고 있는 상황에서 자원의 합리적 배분을 위해 관련 집단을 명확히 포함시키는 것이 중요하다. 또한, 노인우울증에 유의미한 연관성 및 영향력이 있던 요인들이 각 요인들을 위계적으로 투입하면서 유의미한 영향력이 있거나 없어지는 것을 확인하였다. 이는 노인우울증 예방 및 감소를 위한 실천적 개입에 노인우울증을 어느 한 요인에 의한 인과관계로 접근하기보다는 여러 요인들의 상호 보완적이고 종합적인 관계로 접근해야 함을 시사한다. 이를 위해 노인에게 접근성이 높은 경로당과 친목단체 및 지역 내 보건, 복지기관을 적극 활용한 지역 단위에서 운동 및 영양 등 건강관리 프로그램의 확대를 위한 맞춤화된 전략 마련이 필요하다.

Stress increases depression-like behaviors in Alzheimer’s disease mice

유승식 충북대학교 2022 국내석사

알츠하이머성 치매 (AD) 는 인지 장애, 기억 상실, 행동 변화 및 기능적 능력 상실을 특징으로 하는 치매의 가장 흔한 질환이다. 또한, 우울증은 AD 환자에게서 흔히 나타나는 동반 질환이다. 최근 AD는 우울증과 병태생리학적으로 공통된 기전을 공유한다는 것이 밝혀졌다. 만성 스트레스는 글루코코르티코이드 (GC)의 분비를 증가시키고 글루코코르티코이드 수용체 (GR)에 결합하여 뇌의 기능을 조절한다. 많은 양의 GC 분비는 아밀로이드 전구체 단백질 (APP)의 잘못된 processing과 아밀로이드 베타 (Aβ) 생성을 유발하여 AD를 유발한다. 또한, 우울증은 스트레스와 관련된 질병으로 잘 알려져 있으며 코르티솔 수치가 우울증의 바이오마커로 사용된다. 나는 우울증과 AD의 관계를 조사하기 위해 Tg2576 마우스와 WT 마우스를 10일 동안 물 회피 스트레스 (WAS)에 노출시켰다. WAS 에 노출시킨 이후 Tg2576 WAS 마우스 를 대상으로 기억 기능 및 우울증 관련 행동실험을 진행하였다. 우울증 관련행동실험에서는 Tg2576 WAS 마우스가 WT WAS 마우스 및 Tg2576 CON 마우스보다 더 우울한 행동을 나타내는 것으로 확인하였다. 또한, Tg2576 CON 마우스는 WT CON 마우스보다 더 우울한 행동을 나타내었다. 나아가,코르티코스테론 수치와 인산화된 글루코코르티코이드 수용체 (p-GR)도 Tg2576 WAS 마우스에서 Tg2576 CON 마우스보다 더 높게 나타났다. SPNS2의 주요 기능은 S1P 를 밖으로 방출하는 역할을 한다. GEO 데이터베이스는 AD 및 우울증 환자에서 SPNS2 유전자 발현을 분석하는 데 사용되었다. 결과는 SPNS2의 유전자 발현이 AD 및 우울증과 상관관계가 있음을 보여 주었다. 다음으로 Tg2576 WAS 마우스에서 SPNS2의 발현정도를 확인하였다. Tg2576 WAS 마우스에서 SPNS2의 발현량은 Tg2576 CON 마우스와 비교하였을 때 크게 증가하였다. 또한 SPNS2 발현이 세포 내 S1P 수준을 감소시키면서 세포외 S1P level이 증가되는지를 확인하기 위해 Tg2576 WAS 마우스 의 뇌와 혈청에서 S1P level을 측정하였다. Tg2576 CON 마우스와 비교하여 뇌의 S1P level은 증가하였고 혈청에서 S1P level은 감소하였다. 또한, stress 는 뇌의 S1P 수치를 더욱 감소시켰다. 그러나 혈청 내 수치는 더욱 증가하였다. 따라서 이러한 결과는 AD와 우울증이 연관성이 있으며, 스트레스 매개 우울증이 SPNS2를 상향 조절함으로써 S1P의 방출을 통해 Tg2576 형질전환 마우스에서 더 많은 영향을 미칠 수 있음을 나타낸다. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia characterized by cognitive impairment, loss of memory, behavioral changes and loss of functional abilities. Depression is a common co-morbidity seen in people with AD. Recent evidence suggests that AD and depression share common mechanisms of pathogenesis. Chronic stress leads to increased secretion of glucocorticoid (GC) and modify brain functions by binding glucocorticoid receptor (GR). High levels of GC secretion, triggers AD by causing the misprocess of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and the production of amyloid-beta (Aβ). Moreover, depression is well-known stress related illness and elevated levels of cortisol are used as a biomarker of depression. To investigate relationship between depression and AD, water avoidance stress (WAS) was induced for 10 days in both Tg2576 mice and wild-type (WT) mice. After WAS, memory function and depression-related test were investigated in Tg2576 WAS mice. On depression-related behavioral tests showed that Tg2576 WAS mice exhibited more depressive behaviors than WT WAS mice and Tg2576 CON mice. Tg2576 CON mice showed more depressive behaviors than WT mice. Moreover, corticosterone levels and phospho-glucocorticoid receptor (p-GR) were also higher in Tg2576 WAS mice than in Tg2576 CON mice. Sphingolipid Transporter 2 (SPNS2) is a Sphingosine-1-Phosphate (S1P) transporter. GEO database was used to analyze SPNS2 gene expression in AD and depression patients. The reults shows that SPNS2 gene expression correlates with AD and depression. Next, expression level of SPNS2 in Tg2576 WAS mice brains was measured. In Tg2576 WAS mice, SPNS2 was significantly increased compared with Tg2576 CON mice. SPNS2 was also higher in Tg2576 CON mice compared with WT CON mice. To study whether increased SPNS2 expression release more level of S1P, the S1P levels in the Tg2576 WAS mice brains and serum were measured. Compared with Tg2576 CON mice, the S1P level in the brains was decreased, but was increased in the serum. Moreover, WAS treatment further decreased S1P level in the brains. However, the level in the serum further increased. Therefore, these results indicate that AD and depression could be associated, and stress mediated depression could affect more in Tg2576 transgenic mice through the release of S1P by up-regulating SPNS2.

우울증을 통한 윌리엄 스타이론과 니콜라이 고골의 비교 연구

Azamat Ganiev 충북대학교 2016 국내석사

William Styron was one of the most influential American authors of the 20th century. He was a master of prose and one of a group of highly respected American writers who continued the traditions set by Hemingway and Faulkner. He is considered by the international press to be not only a great literary stylist, but also a born storyteller. Styron is widely known for his novel "Confessions of Nat Turner", which describes the uprising of black slaves led by Nat Turner, beginning in 1831 in Virginia. This was one of William Styron’s most controversial novels but also the most commercially successful. It was first published in 1967, and has since spawned many editions and been translated into 20 languages. In the wake of the civil rights struggle, Styron was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for the novel "Confessions" in 1968, and in 1970 received a Medal Howells (Howells medal) from the American Academy of Arts and Letters. Even if William Styron enjoyed success as one of the most well-known American writers, he abused alcohol at his 40 years. He saw drinking as the daily washing of his mood. When he was in his 60’s, Styron suddenly appeared to develop a complete alcohol intolerance, and just one sip of wine could cause nausea and a state of stupefaction. Without daily servings of alcohol Styron began to develop severe depression and his mood for the next six months deteriorated to the extent that he had thoughts of suicide. In 1990 he wrote "Darkness Visible," which most vividly described his struggle with depression. In this work I am going to write about the origin of the word “depression”; types of depression, the possible causes for the depression and how we can see depression reflected in literature. This thesis will look at Styron, who ultimately survived his depression, and the Russian 19th century author Nikolai Gogol who eventually killed himself after a long time suffering from depression. Firstly the focus is on Styron’s book specifically about his struggle with depression, Darkness Visible. I will try to explain the reason for his madness and understand his point of view according to his book. He struggled with depression and although this could have been misunderstood by his habits of drinking alcohol every day, it was this mental disorder which caused serious problems between him and his family, friends and loved ones. William Styron chooses the best way of talking about his problems with the readers, as he is giving information and helpful advice to somebody who is struggling with the same depressive mood as he suffered. He does not feel uncomfortable talking to his readers but he understands how it might be helpful for him to give practical advice from personal experience. After I have considered William Styron’s work on depression, I will compare it to the work of a prominent Russian author from the 19th century, Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol. It is an interesting comparison as their environment is so different (different eras, different countries, different experiences) but their disease is the same. Ultimately their main difference is that Styron was able to overcome his demons, but Gogol eventually succumbs to them and ended his own life aged just 43. Gogol also didn’t write directly about his experience with depression, and he was never formally diagnosed with it, but symptoms of his depression became clear after his death. It is important to look at influential writers experiences with depression, as these are the people other sufferers of depression may relate to when they are having trouble. Styron in particular helped many people overcome their difficulties, whereas Gogol created as a cautionary tale for how dangerous it was not to get the right treatment. Depression is, simply, a mental disease, but it seems to matter a lot to both writers and sufferers of depression in terms of how much support they get from people who understand their feelings.

Metabolomics-based investigation of depression and antidepressants using a chronic mild stress mouse model

ZHAO JING 성균관대학교 일반대학원 2016 국내박사

Metabolomics was applied to a chronic unpredictable mild stress (CMS) mouse model of depression. Two different categories of antidepressant: fluoxetine and imipramine were treated with this CMS mouse model. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry based metabolomics approach was utilized to differentiate biochemical changes in hippocampus induced by depression and antidepressants treatment. Body weight and behavior tests including open filed test and forced swimming test were measured as phenotypes of depression and antidepressant effect. Metabolomic analysis of hippocampus presented 23 metabolites that were differentially expressed among the control, CMS and antidepressant-treated groups, including excitatory/inhibitory amino acids, fatty acids, organic acids, and energy metabolites. Potential predictive markers for treatment effect were identified: myo-inositol for fluoxetine and lysine and oleic acid for imipramine. To comprehensive understand the mechanism of depression and antidepressant effect of fluoxetine, an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF MS) based metabolomics method was applied to analyze hippocampus, serum, and feces samples from CMS mouse model and/or fluoxetine treatment. Besides previous behavior tests, tail suspension test was included in this study to confirm the phenotypes of antidepressant effect of fluoxetine. As a result, a clear distinction in behavior tests were observed among control, CMS and fluoxetine treated groups. Energy metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, and lipid metabolism are most relevant pathways involved in CMS induced depression. Docosahexaenoic acid is the potential marker found to be down-regulated in CMS treatment in both hippocampus and serum sample. The antidepressant mechanism of fluoxetine may involve in regulation of metabolic pathways including energy metabolism, synthesis of neurotransmitter, tryptophan metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, and bile acid metabolism. Potential markers for fluoxetine treatment effect were identified: N-formyl-L-glutamic acid, inosine, inosinic acid for hippocampus, tyramine, beta-citryl-L-glutamic acid for serum, and cholic acid, deoxycholic acid, octadecadienoic acid for feces. Collectively, current study provides meaningful and comprehensive insights into the molecular mechanism of depression and antidepressant effect of two widely used medications.

The Optimal Amount and Appropriate State of Physical Activity for the Prevention of Depression: A Cohort Study

김선영 성균관대학교 일반대학원 2019 국내박사

The aim of this study was to identify the optimal amount and appropriate state of physical activity for preventing the onset of depression. The data of 107,901 participants aged between 18 and 64 years who had undergone comprehensive health examinations at Kangbuk Samsung Hospital Health Screening Center, South Korea, in January 2012 and who were followed up yearly until December 2015 were analyzed. Using the Korean version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form, total physical activity was computed in metabolic equivalents. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale was used to assess depressive symptoms, with scores of 21 and above defined as the effective point to indicate “caseness.” A Cox proportional hazards model was used to identify the optimal amount of physical activity for reducing incident depression. Based on whether baseline physical activity and 1-year follow-up of physical activity were lower or higher than the minimal amount of physical activity for preventing the onset of depression, the state of physical activity was classified into four groups: persistent sedentary, maintenance, adoption, and relapse. The relationship between the state of physical activity and risk of depression was identified by Cox proportional hazards models which were used to estimate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI). The U- or J-shaped curve showed that 2 to 5 times the minimum recommended amount of physical activity (1,200–3,000 METs-min/wk) was associated with a significantly lower risk of incident depression (1,200–1,800 METs-min/wk: HR, 0.90 [95% CI, 0.82-0.99], 1,800–3,000 METs-min/wk: HR, 0.86 [95% CI, 0.78-0.95]). After stratifying data by sex, the results showed the amount of physical activity for reducing incident depression was higher for men (1,800–3,000 METs-min/wk: HR, 0.84 [95% CI, 0.74–0.95]) than women (1,200–1,800 METs-min/wk: HR, 0.84 [95% CI, 0.71–0.99]). In comparison with the persistent sedentary group, the maintenance group was associated with a significantly lower risk of incident depression in both sexes (men: HR, 0.81 [95% CI, 0.71–0.93]; women: HR, 0.84 [95% CI, 0.75-0.94]). In women, adoption group also had a positive effect on reducing incident depression (HR, 0.87 [95% CI, 0.76–0.99]). This study identified the optimal amount of physical activity for preventing the onset of depression. Regardless of sex, when an appropriate level of physical activity is maintained, it could result in a positive effect on decreasing incident depression. The adoption status, changing from being sedentary to physically active, was efficacious in reducing incident depression for women.

우울증 치료용 웨어러블 기술 제품의 수용 의도 : 우울증 정도의 조절 효과를 중심으로

형원원 제주대학교 대학원 2021 국내석사

Depression: Moderation Effects of Depression Degree, using a wearable device named “Flow” aimed at treating depression with a technique called tDCS (transcranial direct current stimulation) developed by a Swedish company. In recent years, attention has been called to the drastically increased number of depression patients. In the context of flawed conventional treatment, this study creates a TAM (technology acceptance model) based model for depression treatment wearables, combining the features of the product and users. The independent variables include innovation, social influence, mobility, perceived cost and result demonstrability; the dependent variables include perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, attitude and behavioral intentions; the moderating variable is depression degree. This study analyzes the degree of influence by independent variables and the effects of the moderating variable using SmartPLS 3.0 based on 386 conducted surveys. It is found out that innovation, social influence, mobility, perceived cost, result demonstrability, and perceived ease of use directly affect perceived usefulness; innovation and mobility affect perceived ease of use; social influence and perceived cost do not affect perceived ease of use. For a clearer and more systematic view of how independent variables affect dependent variables, 2nd Order CFA(Second Order Confirmatory Factor Analysis) method is utilized to prove the influence of external factor on perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use. It is also proved that perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use directly affect attitude, and attitude directly affects perceived usability. In the moderation study of depression degree, it is concluded that depression degree moderates 1) how social influence affects perceived usefulness, 2) how perceived ease of use affects perceived usefulness, and 3) how attitude affects behavioral intentions. Other assumptions of moderation effects are not proved. In a nutshell, this study sheds some light on the application and acceptability of new wearable products, and the popularization of depression treatment knowledge.

정서적 애착대상의 유무와 청소년 우울과의 관계 연구 : 종교 및 애완동물 중심으로

윤은영 연세대학교 교육대학원 2005 국내석사

The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between juveniles'' perceived depression and their subjects of emotional attachment. In general, depression is known to be caused by a sense of loss for certain subjects. The subjects may be persons or things. This study reviews whether it would be possible to fill the sense of loss with other subject of emotional attachment. In order to prove such a possibility, a hypothesis that religion or pet as subject of emotional attachment would relieve juveniles of depression was set up, and thereby, a questionnaire survey was conducted by sampling 690 juveniles enrolled in the middle schools and 1st and 2nd grades of high schools in Seoul and capital area. In order to measure juveniles'' depression levels, the researcher used the CDI (Children''s Depression Inventory) developed by Kovacs and Beck (1981) to assess children''s and juveniles'' cognitive, emotional and behavioral symptoms of depression. As a result of comparatively analyzing the relationship between depression and religion by means of T-test, no significant difference of depression level was found between test and control groups. In addition, religious tendency scores were not significantly correlated with depression levels. Namely, scores of depression did not differ significantly between religious and non-religious juveniles, and religious tendency was not significantly correlated with depression levels, either. However, those juveniles active in religious activities or engaged long in a religion scored higher in religious tendency scale.On the other hand, as a result of T-testing the correlations between depression and pet, the two groups differed significantly in depression scale. Namely, those juveniles rearing a pet was less depressed than the other group. In addition, as a result of analyzing juveniles'' affection of pets, it was found that those juveniles loving their pets more were less depressed than their counterparts. Since juveniles'' depression has not much been researched until now, it is necessary to research more widely into it in consideration of the fact that many juveniles are seriously depressed and that the spreading effects of juveniles'' depression are serious. 본 연구에서는 청소년 우울증에 대한 자각과 함께 우울과 정서적 애착대상과의 관계를 알아보고자 하였다. 일반적으로 우울증의 원인은 특정대상에 대한 상실감에서 생겨난다고 보고 있다. 그것이 대상에 대한 상실일 수도 있으며, 사물에 대한 상실일 수도 있다. 이처럼 상실된 애정의 충족이 다른 애착대상을 통해서 가능한지를 살펴보는 것이 본 연구의 목적이었다. 이를 증명하기 위해 정서적 애착대상으로써 종교 또는 애완동물을 가지는 것이 청소년 우울증을 완화시키는 역할을 할 것이라는 가설을 수립하고 설문을 통한 분석을 통해 검증해 보았다. 서울시 및 수도권의 중학교 1-3학년과 고등학교 1-2학년에 재학중인 청소년 690명을 연구대상으로 하여 Kovacs와 Beck(1981)이 아동과 청소년 우울증의 인지적, 정서적, 행동적 증상을 평가하기 위해 개발한 아동 및 청소년용 우울척도 CDI (Children''s Depression Inventory )를 사용하여 우울증상을 측정하였다. 우울척도와 종교, 애완동물의 유무를 비교 분석 해본 결과, 종교의 유무에 따라 T-test를 실시한 두 집단간 우울점수의 차이는 유의하지 않은 것으로 나타났고, 또한 종교성향 점수와 우울점수 역시 유의미한 상관이 나타나지 않았다. 즉 종교를 가진 청소년과 종교를 가지지 않은 청소년의 우울점수는 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났으며 종교성향 역시 우울점수와의 관계에서 유의미한 결과가 나타나지 않았다. 하지만 종교활동 빈도가 높은 청소년이나, 종교를 가진 기간이 오래된 청소년은 종교성향 검사점수가 통계적으로 유의미하게 높게 나타났다.그리고 애완동물의 유무에 따라 T-test를 실시한 두 집단간 우울점수의 차이는 유의미한 것으로 나타났으며, 애완동물을 기르는 청소년이 애완동물을 기르지 않는 청소년에 비해 우울점수가 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 애완동물에 대한 애호도를 조사한 결과 애완동물에 대한 애호도가 높은 청소년이 그렇지 않은 청소년에 비해 우울점수가 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 청소년 우울증에 대한 연구가 초기단계 이지만 청소년 우울증이 가지는 심각성 및 파급효과를 감안할 때 보다 폭넓은 연구가 이루어져야 할 것이다.

Detecting depression on video logs using a machine learning approach

민경은 성균관대학교 일반대학원 2022 국내석사

Detecting depression on social media has received significant attention. Developing a depression detection model helps screen depressed individuals who may need proper treatment. While prior work mainly focused on developing depression detection models with social media posts, including text and image, little attention has been paid to how videos on social media can be used to detect depression. To this end, I propose a depression detection model that utilizes both audio and video features extracted from the vlogs (video logs) on YouTube. I first collected vlogs from YouTube and annotated them into depression and non-depression. I then analyze the statistical differences between depression and non-depression vlogs. Based on the lessons, I build a depression detection model that learns audio and visual features, achieving high accuracy. I believe this model helps detect depressed individuals on social media at an early stage so that individuals who may need appropriate treatment can get help. 우울증은 현대사회에서 가장 심각하게 대두되고 있는 정신 질환 중 하나로 증상에 대해 늦은 자가 인식 및 사회적인 인식 때문에 환자들의 시기적절한 치료에 어려움을 겪고 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 일상 생활에서 vlog 형식으로 영상을 녹화하여 스스로 우울증 여부를 진단하는 XGBoost 기반 예측 모델을 제안한다. 이를 위해 키워드 검색을 통한 유튜브 vlog 데이터를 수집하고, vlog 포맷에 맞는 어노테이션 작업을 통해 최종적인 데이터셋을 구축하였다. 통계적인 분석을 통해 우울증이 있는 사람과 그렇지 않은 사람의 음성과 얼굴 표정에서 유의미한 차이가 있음을 확인하였다. 또한, 제안한 모델에 음성과 얼굴 표정으로부터 얻은 피처를 학습하여, 정확도 69.08%, 재현율 78.45%, F1 Score 73.98%의 성능을 보였다. 추가적으로, 음성과 얼굴 표정 피처의 독립적인 영향력을 확인하기 위해 각각의 피처로 모델을 학습하는 실험과 젠더 간의 차이를 확인하기 위한 실험을 진행하였다. 이 연구 결과는 SNS 상의 영상을 토대로 개인의 우울증을 사전 진단하거나 치료에 활용될 수 있을 것이다.