營養鹽類 除去를 위한 反應特性 및 UBF와 Anoxic-Oxic工程이 連繫된 生物膜工程 開發

한동준 江原大學校 大學院 1996 국내박사

This research aims to find reaction characteristics and develop biofilm process for the nutrient removal of piggery wastewater. The expehments were carried in the three phases from the fundamental experiment to the process development. At the first phase, reaction characteristics of biofilm process by a batch reactor was considered. At the second phase, granulation and organic removal with the upflow blanket filter(UBF) reactor and by the fundamental experiment with anoxic-oxic process were considered. At the third phase, a development of process, a modified anaerobic-anoxic-oxic biofilm BNR process, a high rate anaerobic process, and an anoxic-oxic biofilm BNR process were conducted. In summery, the results are as follows : 1) Nitrification in the piggery wastewater built up nitrite because of the high strength ammonia nitrogen. The Nitrification of nitrobacter by free ammonia was inhibited in the total ammonia nitrogen loading rate with more than 0.3Kg NH_(3)-N/m^(3)/d. But denitritation was not inhibited. 2) The maximal total ammonia nitrogen removal rate was obtained at 22℃ and without being affected by the loading rate. But total nitrification rate was largely affected by loading rate. 3) The piggery wastewater contained about 60 percent of readily biodegradable organic. Therefore, It was possible that raw wastewater could be denitrified by a internal carbon source. For the efficient denithfication, pre-denitrification was profitable. 4) Autooxidation by the organic limit was a cause of the phosphorus release in the aerobic biofilm process. But the phosphorus removal rate was 90 percent less than the influent phosphorus volumetric loading rate of O.lKg P/m^(3)/d. Therefore, the phosphorus removal necessarily accompanied the influent loading rate. The synthesis and release in aerobic condition were related to the ORP. 5) UASB process had the effect of high pH on the granulation phase. But the effect was decreased after the granule formation. 6) The filter zone of the UBF reactor had the function of GSS and contributed to removing the organic because of its biofilm formation, In the modified anaerobic-anoxic-oxic BF process, the 100 percent of denitrification was showed in all the loading rate because of relation with the temperature maintenace for optimum denitrification. 7) On the anoxic-oxic BF process, the total average COD mass balance was approximately 67.6 percent. Under this condition, the COD mass removal showed that the cell synthesis and metabolism in aerobic reactor was 42.8 percent and that the denitrification in the anoxic reactor was 10.7 percent, respectively. 8) On the anaerobic-anoxic-oxic BF process, the total average COD mass balance was about 71.7 percent. Under this condition, the COD mass removal showed that the methane conversion was 38.4 percent, the cell synthesis and metabolism in aerobic reactor was 11.0 percent, the denitrification was 5.7 percent, and the sulfate reduction was 3.6 percent, respectively. 9) The optimum operating conditions to satisfy the effluent limitation guideline in this country of livestock wastewater treatment facilities were appeared : The hydraulic retention time (HRT) and the organic volumetric loading should be maintained i ) less than 4.5 days and 0.55kgCOD/m^(3)/d in the anoxic-oxic BF process ; ii) less than 0.6 day and 1.2 kgCOD/m^(3)/d in the anaerobic-anoxic-oxic BF process.

SFC-Biofilter에 의한 都市下水 再利用을 위한 中水道 시스템의 構成에 관한 硏究

김화석 東亞大學校 大學院 2002 국내박사

본 연구는 중수도 시스템 구성에 관한 연구로서 안정화조(Stabilization basin), Floc 형성조(Flocculator), 침전지(Clarifier)로 구성된 SFC(Stabilization-Flocculation-Clarification)시스템과 생물막여과공정(Biofilter), 역삼투막공정(Reverse Osmosis, RO)을 연계하여 구성한 중수도 시스템과 기존의 활성슬러지 변법에 후속공정으로 모래여과, 입상활성탄(GAC) 또는 생물활성탄(BAC)과 RO를 연계하여 구성한 중수도 시스템의 비교를 통해 최적의 중수도 시스템을 구성하는데 목적을 두고 연구를 수행하였다. 1. SFC-Biofilter로 구성된 시스템의 처리수질은 탁도 0.9~l.6 NTU, BOD 7.5mg/L, 색도 11.3~15.8도, COD 12.3mg/L로 나타나, 우리나라의 중수도 수질기준을 만족시킬 수 있어, 화장실용수, 살수용수, 조경용수, 청소용수등의 잡용수로 이용 가능한 중수도 시스템임을 알 수 있었다. 또한, 응집제 PIX111 50 mg/L를 첨가한 경우 93.7%의 인제거효율을 나타내어 30%이상의 제거율 향상을 보였으며, COD와 SS의 경우도 각각 20% 이상의 처리효율 향상을 보여 고도처리와 양질의 중수도 생산이 가능함을 알 수 있었다. 2. 염소이온이 높은 하수를 처리하기 위해 SFC-Biofilter와 RO공정을 연계한 시스템을 구성하여 실험한 결과 처리수질이 탁도 0.30~0.52 NTU, BOB 0.4~l.9mg/L, 색도 0.20~0.38도, COD 0.34~0.57mg/L로 나타났다. 또한, 처리수중에 잔류하는 염소이온을 7.52~9.21mg/L로 낮출수 있어, 염소이온이나 수질 양면에 있어서 고도의 수질을 요구하는 염색공업 용수의 수질기준도 만족시킬수 있는 중수도 시스템임을 알 수 있었다. 3. SFC-Biofilter 중수도 시스템의 경제성을 평가하기 위하여 기존의 활성슬러지변법과 모래여과공정과 GAC 또는 BAC를 연계하여 구성한 중수도 시스템을 체류시간으로 비교하였다. SFC-Biofilter 시스템의 체류시간은 안정화조 1시간, Floc형성조 0.67시간, 침전지 1.7시간과 생물막여과공정 0.33시간으로 총 체류시간은 3.7시간이었으며, 기존의 활성슬러지변법과 모래여과 공정과 GAC 또는 BAC를 연계하여 구성한 증수도 시스템의 체류시간은 생물반응조 7시간, 최종침전지 3시간, 모래여과지 0.2시간, GAC 0.25시간으로 전체 체류시간은 10.45시간으로 나타났다. 따라서 SFC-Biofilter 중수도 시스템은 기존의 활성슬러지변법과 모래여과공정과 GAC 또는 BAC를 연계하여 구성한 중수도 시스템의 체류시간보다 6.75시간이 짧아 동일 수질일 경우 부지 면적을 60% 감소시킬 수 있어 상대적으로 경제적인 시스템임을 알 수 있었다. This study was performed to composite an optimal water reuse system through comparison between the SFC system combining a Biofilter and Biofilter+RO process and 2nd treatment process + Sand filter combining a GAC or BAC and RO process. 1. The turbidity, BOD, color, and COD of effluent in the SFC system which depends on the stabilization and flocculator, clarifier and biofilter show 0. 9- 1.6 NTU, 7.5mg/L, 11.3~ 15.8 unit, and 12.3mg/L respectively. This process can possibly be considered as a water reuse system. 2. The SFC-Biofilter system is regulated the standard of reuse water quality. SFC-Biofilter combining RO process has been investigated a new method of the water reuse system for improved water quality in other to achive CI ion removal effectively. Turbidity, BOD, Color, and COD of effluent in SFC-Biofilter+RO system generally shows 0.3 ~0.52 NTU, 0.4 ~ 1.9mg/L, 0.2 ~0.38unit, 0.34 ~ 0.57mg/L respectively, and also the standards of reuse water quality have been applied to the water qualifing system for the dyeing industry, as Cl-ion concentration is regulated the range of 7.5 2-9.21 mg/L. 3. To estimate economic advantages of the SFC-Biofilter, it have been studied for the comparison of secondary treatment system combining the Sand filter, GAC or BAC process, to the water reuse system, using the total HRT. The HRT of the Stabilization basin, Flocculator, Clafier and Biofilter in the SFC-Biofilter system have been observed as 1.0 hr, 0.67 hr, 1.7 hr, and 0.33 hr respectively. The total HRT was observed 3.7 hr. But as HRT of Biofilter, Clafier, Sand filter and GAC in secondary treatment system combining with the Sand filter, GAC, and BAC process was observed 7 hr, 3 hr, 0.2 hr, and 0.25 hr respectively, total HRT in this system was 10.45 hr. The SFC-Biofilter reuse system is resulted in more economic process than the secondary treatment system combining with Sand filter, GAC or BAC, since the HRT is shorter.

연속 회분식 활성 슬러지 반응조에서 세포외 고분자 물질 조성에 대한 연구

안정익 연세대학교 대학원 2003 국내석사

부착성장 공정은 흔히 생물막 공정이라고 하는데 이는 어떠한 접촉재 표면에 생성된 생물막을 이용하여 오염물질을 제거하는 폐수 처리의 한 방법이다. 생물막은 원생동물, 후생동물, 박테리아, 균류, 무기입자, 금속이온을 포함하고 있는 하나의 생태계로 볼 수 있다. 생물막을 이용한 하수처리 공정은 시스템이 단순하고 운전하기도 편하며 부지를 절감할 수 있는 장점이 있으며 유입수 부하 변동에 강하다. 본 실험에서는 생물막을 이용한 생물학적 반응조의 유기물 제거 효율과 세포외 고분자 물질(Extracellular Polymeric Substances : EPSs)과의 상관관계를 관찰하기 위해 산소 공급을 중단시키는 것과 난분해성 물질인 2,4-D(2,4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid)를 10ppm의 농도로 유입시키는 것의 두 가지 제한조건을 부여해 정상 상태의 반응조와 COD, T-N, T-P 제거효율과 SVI에 대해 EPSs 성분과의 관계를 비교 분석하고자 하였다. EPSs 추출방법으로 EDTA(Ethylene Diamine Tetra acetic acid)를 세정제로 이용하였고 10,000rpm의 고속 원심분리로 capsule층을 제거하였다. 정상 상태의 반응조와 비정상 조건을 부여받은 반응조에서 EPSs 물질이 추출되었는데 EPSs 물질의 총량은 유기물 처리 효율이 나쁜 반응조에서 비교적 많이 측정되어 반응조의 처리 효율과 EPSs 물질 총량이 비례하지 않음을 알 수 있었다. 그러나 처리 효율과 EPSs 성분에 대한 분석 결과 EPSs 물질중 protein 성분의 농도가 높을수록 처리 효율이 좋다는 사실을 확인하였다. SVI와 EPSs 성분을 비교한 결과 EPSs 성분중 protein이 많을 경우 SVI도 우수한 결과가 도출되었다. 반응조의 처리 효율과 EPSs 물질의 상관관계는 총량과는 비례하지 않으나 protein의 농도와 관련성이 있음을 추정할 수 있었다. They say that an attached growth process is the biofilm process. The biofilm process is one method of the waste water process which removes the pollutant by the biofilm to be produced at the any surface. We can think the biofilm as an ecosystem which containing protozoa, metazoa, bacteria, inorganic particles, and metal ions. The advantages of the wastewater process using the biofilm are compact, easy to operate, saving the site, and tolerant of loading impact of influent. The focus of this study is to observe the correlation between the removal efficiency of organic compound and EPSs materials. I intended to compare the removal efficiency of COD, T-N, T-P and EPSs materials, and SVI and EPSs materials in steady-state reactor and unsteady-state reactor by set the two conditions that the suspension of oxygen supply and an inflow of 10 ppm of 2,4-D(2,4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid) as xenobiotic material. The extraction methods of EPSs material are used the EDTA(Ethylene Diamine Tetra acetic Acid) and high speed centrifugation(10,000 rpm) for removal of capsular layer. As a result, the EPSs materials was extracted both steady-state reactor and unsteady-state reactor. The efficiency of reactor is not proportional to total amount of EPSs. Relatively the total amount of EPSs materials are measured much in bad efficiency reactor. However, as the analysis of EPSs materials components, the efficiency of reactor is proportional to concentration of protein in EPSs materials. As a result of compare SVI and EPSs materials, SVI is good in case which there is high concentration of protein in EPSs materials. I estimate that the efficiency of reactor is not proportional to total amount of EPSs materials but proportional to concentration of protein in EPSs materials.

생물막 공정을 이용한 폐수 고도처리에 관한 연구

이춘범 조선대학교 대학원 2006 국내박사

The rapid development of human activity has resulted in large amounts of nutrients flowing from wastewater into rivers and lakes. Consequently, the water environment has deteriorated. To improve water quality, it is very important to remove nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater. Nitrogen and phosphorus constitute a relatively large part of the nutrient load of closed water bodies. Especially, increased input of phosphorus and nitrogen to lakes, bays and other surface waters causes the growth of phytoplankton, which is called an algal bloom. Hence, the considerable attention has been paid to the efficient removal of phosphorus and nitrogen from wastewater. In this study, for solving these problems, first, Nitrosomonas sp. and Nitrobacter sp. for nitrogen oxidation, Pseudomonas sp. for denitrification, and Chromobacterium sp. for phosphorus accumulation were isolated from soil and wastewater. The removal efficiencies of ammonia nitrogen using Nitrosomonas WS and nitrite nitrogen using Nitrobacter WS were 90 and 93 % after 4 days of culture, respectively. In the case of nitrate nitrogen using Pseudomonas WS, it was 100% after 18h of culture. Especially, at 28℃, the removal efficiency of ammonia nitrogen using Nitrosomonas WS was higher than those of other temperature. The removal efficiency of nitrate nitrogen using Pseudomonas WS was stable at range of 28-40 ℃. Among various nitrogen concentrations, The removal efficiency of ammonia nitrogen using Nitrosomonas WS at the below 100 mg/L was increased up to 7 mg/day and then it was decreased at above 100 mg/L. The removal efficiency of nitrite nitrogen using Nitrobacter WS was increased with the increase of nitrogen from 50 to 100 mg/L and at above 200 mg/L of nitrogen, it was not increased. However, the removal efficiency of nitrate nitrogen using Pseudomonas WS was 100% after 12 hr of culture in spite of nitrogen concentration. When the initial pH was increased from 3.0 to 7.0, the removal efficiency of nitrogen was increased. Especially, at 7.0 of initial pH, the maximum removal efficiency of nitrogen was obtained. Comparison of Chromobacterium WS, A. globiformis, and A. calcoacetius on phosphorus removal, cell growth, and carbon source consumption were carried out in the medium containing 150 mg/L of phosphoric acid at 30℃ for 48hr. The cell concentration and growth rate of Chromobacterium WS were low, but the removal efficiency of phosphorus after 32 hr of culture was 92%. The glucose was all consumed after 24 hr of culture. However, the removal efficiencies of phosphorus using A. globiformis and A. calcoacetius were 78 and 63% after 32 and 40 hr of culture, respectively. Second, to investigate factors affecting the removal of phosphorus in batch and continuous mode using a loess and loess ball with Chromobacterium WS, the loess ball size and calcining temperature, pH, and working temperature were studied. The compressing strength and specific gravity of loess ball were increased with the increase of the calcining temperature. A 5-10 mm of loess ball made at 860℃ of calcining temperature was suitable one and the loess ball made at low calcining temperature the using same size of loess ball was suitable one for the removal of phosphorus in batch mode. On the other hand, the loess ball made at low calcining temperature the using large size of loess ball was suitable one for the removal of phosphorus at continuous mode. When the operating temperature was 30℃, the maximum removal efficiency of phosphorus was obtained. When the initial pH was increased from 4.0 to 8.0, the removal of phosphorus using loess ball B was decreased from 4.0 to 2.5 mg/L for 10hr. The cell concentration was 28.5 g biomass/㎡ loess ball after 48hr. Third, using optimum conditions, various flow orders of biofilm filter systems on total nitrogen (TN), ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, total phosphorus (TP), COD, BOD, and SS using practical wastewater were investigated at continuous mode. When the biofilm filter process A (anaerobic area→oxic area→anoxic area →phosphorus adsorption area) was used, the TN concentrations were ranged from 1.3 to 5.7 mg/L and the average efficiency of TN removal was 88.1%. The efficiencies of nitrification and denitrification were 87.2 and 86.5%, respectively. The concentrations of COD and BOD were ranged from 2.1 to 14 and 1.8 to 26.3 mg/L and the averages removal efficiencies of COD and BOD were 76.5 and 82.7%, respectively. In the case of the biofilm filter process B, the TN concentrations were ranged from 0.7 to 5.0 mg/L and the average efficiency of TN was 81.2%. The efficiencies of nitrification and denitrification were 80.5 and 81.5%, respectively. The concentrations of COD and BOD were ranged from 8.7 to 23 and 9.0 to 20.9 mg/L and the average removal efficiencies of COD and BOD were 57.9 and 73.0%, respectively. Using the biofilm filter process C, the TN concentrations were ranged from 4.8 to 8.5 mg/L and the average removal efficiency was 74.3%. The efficiencies of nitrification and denitrification were 76.2 and 54.3%, respectively. The concentrations of COD and BOD were ranged from 7.5 to 14.7 and 8.1 to 15.3 mg/L and the averages removal rate of COD and BOD were 73.2 and 82.3%, respectively. Scale-up for the effective denitrification using the real farm wastewater were carried out at pilot for 3 months at 30℃ of working temperature under the optimum process consisted of flow order A. The removal efficiency of TN was 90.6 %. In the case of efficiency of denitrification, it was 97.5%, which was increased by 12.7%. The removal efficiencies of COD was 63.7%, which was increased by 20% and in the case of BOD, it was 82.7%. From the process systems using loess balls, the wastewater treatment showed a lower concentration of nutrient salts than the standard of terminal disposal plant of sewage (the special counter plan area) and wastewater treatment facilities (sanitary sewage and wastewater treatment facilities of industrial and rural areas). Therefore, the biofilm filter process A will be applied for biological treatment of wastewater containing nitrate in the future.

修正A/O-生物膜시스템을 利用한 N, P 同時除去

신재형 조선대학교 2010 국내석사

The rapid development of human activity has resulted in large amounts of nutrients flowing from wastewater into rivers and lakes. Consequently, the water environment has deteriorated. To improve water quality, it is very important to remove nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater. In this study, for solving these problems, the simultaneous removal of N and P of wastewater using modified A/O-Biofilm process with media coated microorganism as support carrier in pilot plant was investigated. The findings are as follows: 1. The average removal efficiency of BOD was 90.54%. The average concentration of SS in effluent was ranged from 7.00 to 19.00?r/L. 2. The average removal efficiency of T-N in plant was 60.71%. In the case of average specific efficiencies of nitrification and denitrification, they were 72.14 and 97.5?rN/gMLVSS․day, respectively. 3. The average removal efficiency of T-P in pilot plant was 72.76%. In the case of PO4-P, it was 66.4%. The consumption of T-P in the oxic area were 32.42?rP/gMLVSS․day. Especially, about 62.8% of T-P was removed in the oxic area ?T. 4. The average removal efficiencies of SS, BOD and T-P in the modified A/O-Biofilm process were similar to those of the conventional A/O process. However, in the case of COD and T-N, they were increased by about 7.4 % and 24.3 %, respectively.

Effect of reactor configurations and operating conditions on nutrient removal in fixed bed biofilm processes

이종현 釜山大學校 2000 국내박사

생물막공정에서 처리능 향상을 위한 여재개선

이정환 강원대학교 1999 국내석사

대나무여재 생물막공정에서의 슬러지발생 최소화에 관한 연구

이동운 계명대학교 2002 국내석사

화전원판 생물막공정에 의한 학교식당페수의 처리

구영한 영남대학교 1989 국내석사

回轉圓板 生物膜工程에 依한 學校食堂廢水의 處理

구영한 嶺南大學校 1986 국내석사