Evaluating the Usability of Mobile JKN, the Indonesian App for Universal Healthcare Coverage, Using the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM)

Andriani, Firma 서울대학교 대학원 2019 국내석사

초록 본 논문의 목족은 정보기술수용모형 설문지를 통해 인도네시아 사람들이 이용한 Mobile JKN 사용현황을 분석한다. 특히, 본 연구는 다음의 목표를 달성하기 위해 노력한다: (1) 보편적 의료 보험을 제공하는 국가 보험 프로게렘인 JKN을 지원하기 위해, Mobile JKN (정부 보건 관리 기관에서 발급한 모바일엡)을 이용하는 인도네시아 사용자의 사용현황을 확인하는 것; (2) Mobile JKN 엡에 대한 사용자의 인식 파악하는 것; (3) 사용현황에 영향을 미치는 인구통계학적 요인을 파악하는 것이다. 본 연구의 방법론은 기술, 탐구 및 단면 분석이었다. 본 논문의 설문자에 대한 선택 기준은 정부 보건 관리 기관으로 연결된 JKN 모바일을 다운 받아 사용하는 인도네시아 보편적의료보럼의 회원이다. 설문자는 페스북, WhatsApp, 라인, 카카오톡과 같은 소설 미디어 플랫폼을 통해 배포되었다. 본 연구의 참여한 JKN모바일엡 사용자는 총 128명이었다. 지각된 유연성(PU)와 지각된 사용 요이성(PEOU) 사이에 관련이 있는지 테스트하기 위해 피어슨 상관계수를 적용했고, JKN모바일엡의 지각된 유연성(PU)와 지각된 사용 요이성(PEOU)에 대한 인구통계확적 요인의 영향을 분석하기 위해 표준중다회귀분석을 했다. 본 논문의 연구 결과는 설문자들은 JKN모바일엡을 받아들었다. 데이터 분석 결과에 따르면, PU의 평균점수는 3.8점과 PEOU의 평균점수는 3.7점으로 대다수의 사용자들이 모바일엡은 유용한 것으로 인식한다. 또한, PU변수와 PEOU변수가 P-value <0.05와 유의하게 상관관계가 있음을 보여주었다. 모바일앱 사용시간은 PEOU 점수의 유일한 영향력 있는 예측 변수가 되었고, PEOU의 변화율 4%만 설명하였는데, 그러나 PU 변수에 큰 영향을 미치지 않았고, PEOU 변수만 PU에 영향을 미치며, 30%의 차이를 설명하였다. 본 연구는 보건 정보학 분야, 특히 모바일헬스 엡 분야의 기술 수용과 관련된 지식을 강화한다. 키워드: 모바일헬스(mHealth), 정보기술수용모형, JKN 모바일, 모바일엡, 사용현황, 인도네시아인. 학생 번호: 2016-29060 Abstract The main purpose of this research was to analyze Mobile JKN acceptance by the Indonesian community using the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) questionnaire. Specifically, the study seeks to achieve the following aims: (a) Identify Indonesian users’ acceptance of Mobile JKN—an app issued by BPJS Kesehatan, the government’s health management agency, in support of JKN, the national insurance program that delivers universal healthcare coverage; (b) Identify users’ perception of the Mobile JKN app; (c) Identify the demographic factors influencing the acceptance. The research methodology applied in this study was descriptive, exploratory, and cross-sectional analysis. The criterion for participants in this research was a member of Universal Healthcare Coverage of Indonesia who had already downloaded and used the Mobile JKN app as the tools to connect to BPJS Kesehatan Institution. The questionnaires were distributed through social media platforms such as Facebook, WhatsApp, LINE, and KakaoTalk. There were 128 Mobile JKN app users participated in this study. The Pearson correlation coefficient was applied to test if a relationship existed between the variables of perceived usefulness (PU) and perceived ease-of-use (PEOU) and standard multiple regression was calculated to analyze the influence of demographic factors regarding the PU and PEOU of the Mobile JKN app. The finding showed that the participants accepted the Mobile JKN app. Analysis of the data explained that the majority of the users perceived the app as useful, with the mean score of PU being 3.8, and that it was easy to use, with the mean score of PEOU being 3.7. It also showed that the PU variable and PEOU variables significantly correlated, with P-value <0.05. The duration of app usage time became the only influential predictor of PEOU score and it explained only 4% of variance of PEOU; however, it did not significantly affect the PU variable. Only the PEOU variable has an influence on PU and it explained 30% of the variance. This research enriches the knowledge related to technology acceptance in the field of health informatics, specifically on mobile health apps. Keywords: Mobile Health (mHealth), Technology Acceptance Model, Mobile JKN, Mobile app, Acceptance, Indonesian. Student ID: 2016-29060

Exploring mobile information seeking behavior : a repertoire approach

강다영 Graduate School, Korea University 2018 국내석사

The ongoing diffusion and growing use of smartphones have located the mobile apps at the center of the media landscape. In the hyper-competitive mobile landscape with an infinite range of choices, users constantly shift between apps. Some users tend to use diverse apps simultaneously, while others choose to use only a select few. In recent years, with the expansion of mobile apps in the marketplace that aim to serve narrower and more specific information needs of users, what we access to obtain information has become of utmost interest to marketers and mobile service providers as much as what we seek and what we do on mobile. In this context, this study focused on the function of mobile apps, namely the native apps and mobile browsers, as sources and intermediaries of information. To provide a comprehensive overview of the current mobile information seeking behavior, a repertoire approach was applied, which measures a set of apps in use. To this end, a focus group interview and a preliminary survey were preceded by the actual survey. The data from the sample of 1,139 Korean mobile users revealed that participants were using an average of 29 apps to seek and obtain information in the 10 given domains of information. In terms of the size of the 10 sub-repertoires, Shopping constituted the largest size of repertoire, followed by News and Entertainment. Then this study looked into the dependence on mobile browsers in terms of mobile information seeking and the composition of top 30 apps ranked by the sum of the frequency of use by app. Lastly, this study identified six demographic and six psychological variables that may affect the size of repertoire based on literature review across the domain of mobile use behavior, information seeking and media repertoire. The hierarchical multiple regression results showed that, of the demographic factors, gender, education level, mobile communication cost and average daily traveling time were found to have significant effects on the size of repertoire. For psychological factors, variety-seeking tendency, hedonic motive of browsing through mobile apps and mobile efficacy were shown to be predictive for the repertoire size. To conclude, this study provides a snapshot of the current mobile environment in line with the long-run research question from traditional media repertoire studies, that is, whether the tremendous increase in the number of media actually leads to the diversification of media use. In addition, the exploratory findings on factors affecting the repertoire size should serve as a baseline understanding for planning future research and mobile marketing strategies. 스마트폰을 비롯한 모바일 기기의 이용이 보편화됨에 따라 모바일은 전체 미디어 이용 환경의 중심이 되고 있다. 본 논문은 이러한 ‘모바일 퍼스트 (mobile-first)’ 시대, 이용자의 정보 탐색 행위(information seeking behavior)를 탐구하는 데 있어 모바일 어플리케이션(이하 앱)의 이용 목록을 의미하는 ‘레퍼토리’를 측정하는 접근법을 도입한 탐색적 연구를 수행하였다. 이를 위한 사전 연구로서 포커스 그룹 인터뷰 등을 진행하였으며, 이후 본 조사에서 총 1,139명의 모바일 이용자들을 대상으로 설문을 실시하였다. 연구 결과, 응답자들은 정보 이용을 목적으로 평균 약 29개의 모바일 앱을 이용하고 있었으며, 10개 정보 분야별 레퍼토리의 크기를 살펴보았을 때 쇼핑과 뉴스, 엔터테인먼트 순으로 크게 나타났다. 이어 본 연구는 일 주일에 최소 1회 이상 이용하는 모바일 앱의 레퍼토리를 기준으로 이용 빈도를 가중하여 합한 값을 통해 모바일 브라우저(mobile browser)의 이용 의존도를 살펴 보았으며, 개별 앱 단위에서 이용 빈도를 가중한 응답 빈도를 기준으로 상위 30개 순위 앱들의 구성을 살펴보았다. 다음으로 본 연구는 정보 이용을 위해 사용하는 앱 레퍼토리의 크기에 영향을 미치는 요인을 탐구하기 위해 각 여섯 개의 인구통계학적 변인과 심리적 변인을 도출하여 위계적 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 분석 결과, 인구통계학적 변인 중에서는 성별과 교육 수준, 모바일 통신 요금 그리고 일 평균 이동 시간이 정보 탐색을 목적으로 이용하는 앱 레퍼토리의 크기에 유의미한 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 심리적 변인으로는 다양성 추구 성향과 쾌락 동기, 그리고 모바일 이용 효능감이 레퍼토리의 크기에 대한 예측 요인으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 모바일 정보 탐색 행동에 관한 기존의 연구에서 잘 다뤄지지 않았던, 정보원(information source)과 정보매개자(infomediary)로서의 개별 모바일 앱의 기능에 주목하여, 모바일 환경에서 이용 가능한 정보원의 다양화가 이용자 관점에서 역시 정보원 이용의 다양화를 야기하는 지에 대한 전통적 미디어 레퍼토리 연구의 현상적 연구 문제를 횡단적으로 살펴보고, 이용자 관점에서 예측 변인들을 살펴보았다는 데 의의가 있다.

A Study on the Determinants of Continuance Intention to Use English Mobile learning Apps among Chinese College Students : -An Integration of the Expectation-Confirmation Model and Flow Experience-

유리동 세한대학교 대학원 2023 국내박사

Mobile learning apps for learning English have gained popularity in recent years. Studies have shown that Mobile-Assisted Language Learning (MALL) can enhance students' English skills, motivation, critical thinking abilities, and autonomous learning. Despite these benefits, student retention is still a major challenge, as many users discontinue their use of English learning apps after initial engagement. The study aims at an overview of Chinese college students' experiences with English learning apps and investigate the factors that impact their continuance intention (CI). This paper proposes a hybrid model that integrates the Expectation Confirmation Model (ECM) and Flow Theory from the context of Information Systems (IS) to examine the factors that influence Chinese college students' CI towards English learning apps. Additionally, the study explores potential differences in CI based on gender, grade, duration of app usage, and usage scenarios. This study employed a cross-sectional design to investigate the direct and mediating effects of ECM and Flow on English language learning among Chinese university students who learn English through mobile applications. A total of 446 participants completed the questionnaire. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS 26.0 and AMOS 24.0, including confirmatory factor analysis to validate the factor structure and structural equation modeling (SEM) to test the hypotheses. The study results were presented as follows: First, the study provided insights into Chinese college students' usage patterns of English learning apps: 1) many students use multiple apps but spend less than half an hour per day on them; 2) vocabulary apps were found to be the most commonly used type; 3) there was no gender difference in satisfaction, confirmation, PU, and FE, but females expressed a higher CI; and 4) significant differences in CI, satisfaction, and PU of English learning apps were found across different grades, suggesting the importance of designing apps tailored to specific grade levels. Second, all direct effects in the model were statistically significant: 1) satisfaction, PU , and FE had a positive impact on CI; 2) PU, Confirmation, and FE positively influenced satisfaction; 3) confirmation and PU had a positive effect on FE; and 4) confirmation had a positive impact on PU. Third, the study found that the influence of confirmation on CI was positively mediated by usefulness and satisfaction, but not by flow. The findings provide empirical data and supporting evidence for app service providers, educators, and students on the factors that influence app selection and use. This study suggests that English learning app designers should focus on increasing PU, improving confirmation, enhancing integrative FE, and improving satisfaction to promote CI among college students.

베트남 온라인 앱쇼핑의 신뢰도와 구매의도에영향을 미치는 요인에 관한 연구

레티농 동서대학교 경영대학원 2023 국내석사

Nowadays, customers have more choices to fulfill their needs for shopping online such as online websites, and mobile application apps also. It is undeniable that the number of research papers about the online repurchasing intention of customers was up to date day by day to deal with customer need change for online shopping attitude. Based on the previous research, we can find a lot of material that mentions the direct influence of dependent variables on purchasing intention Customers’ trust is also one of the most influential factors in this independent variable. This paper will mainly construct an influential model of user experience of the mobile shopping app, SNS advertising attitude, online customer review, and mobile app design that will indirectly affect purchasing intention by customer trust mediator factor. Other factors also positively influence customer trust, except SNS advertising is not supported. The data were analyzed by SPSS 29.0 and AMOS 25.0 was used for path analysis. The results showed that the user experience of mobile shopping apps significantly impacts consumers’ trust. 스마트폰이 보급되면서 많은 소비자들이 앱으로 쇼핑을 하고 있으며 이에 대한 연구의 중요성도 높아지고 있다. 특히 베트남 온라인 앱쇼핑의 비중이 높아지면서 이에 대한 연구가 매우 필요한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구는 모바일 쇼핑 앱의 사용자 경험, SNS 광고 태도, 온라인 고객의 리뷰 평가, 모바일 앱 디자인의 영향이 고객의 지각된 신뢰에 미치는 영향과 이러한 신뢰가 구매의도에 미치는 영향에 대해 연구하였다. 연구결과 SNS 광고가 신뢰에 미치는 영향을 제외하고 모든 가설이 지지 되었다. 또한 모바일 쇼핑 앱의 사용자 경험이 소비자의 신뢰에 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

관광 이용시점에 따라 모바일 관광 앱의 특성이 관광객의 만족도와 재사용 및 추천의도에 미치는 영향

왕사양 경희대학교 대학원 2017 국내석사

In 2007, the development of smart phone application(app) market took off in conjunction with the global growth of the smart phone market. While the use of mobile app is remarkably growing, the study on the mobile app for tourism are not easily found. As of July 2016, it was estimated that 646 million Chinese use smart phones. Despite these trends, there is limited research conducted on tourism mobile app for Chinese tourists. The study aims to explore the impact of the characteristics of tourism mobile app, including its usefulness, convenience, economics feasibility, ubiquity ease of use on user’s satisfaction,continuous usage intention and recommendation among Chinese tourists who used China's tourism mobile apps. The purpose of this research is to find out how the impact of tourism mobile app characteristic on user satisfaction, reuse intention and recommendation. With research model and hypotheses by using the app characteristics are the dependent variable and user satisfaction is the moderator. Total 451 questionnaires were collected by survey for 10 days. with 432 questionnaires accepted for analysis. The data collected was analyzed using statistical program ‘SPSS’ and ‘AMOS’. The results are as follows. First, all characteristics(Usefulness, Convenience, Economics feasibility, Ubiquity) of Tourism Mobile App have positive effects on user satisfaction. Second, user satisfaction has positive effects on reuse intention and recommendation. The last, the perspective of tourism usage the impact of tourism mobile app characteristics have different effects on user satisfaction. Users who received quality of satisfaction showed reuse intention and recommendation. Such relationship between customer satisfaction and intention of use can be closely linked to the company’s outcomes. Thus, companies should provide tourists visiting tourist area with optimal information to improve user’s satisfaction. In conclusion, this study suggests how companies related to the tourism industry such as tourism businesses, travel agents or organizations can approach tourists with enhance practical implementation on mobile apps. Businesses need to be fully aware of tourists needs, which will contribute to the retention of tourists, further flourishing the tourism industry in China. 중국의 스마트폰의 빠른 보급률과 경제발전이 빠르게 진행되고 있는 사실을 기반으로 사람들이 소비 관념을 바꾸어 여행 붐이 일고 있는 오늘날에 관광 앱의 중요성이 두드러지게 나타나는 것을 알 수 있었다. 지금까지 모바일 관광 앱과 관련된 연구는 많이 진행되고 있지만 모바일 관광 앱 이용시점(여행 전, 중, 후)을 중심으로 한 연구는 많이 있지 않았다. 특히 관광 분야에서 중국의 모바일 관광과 관련된 앱에 대한 연구들은 다소 미흡한 수준이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 중국 모바일 관광 앱을 이용한 적이 있는 관광객들을 대상으로 조사하여 관광 이용시점에 따라 모바일 관광 앱의 특성과 관광객의 만족도, 재사용 및 추천의도 간의 어떤 관계가 있는지에 대해 확인하였다. 본 연구의 설문조사는 2016년 10월 22일부터 10월 31일까지 10일간 “원쥬엔싱(问卷星, sojump.com)”이라는 중국 온라인 설문조사 웹사이트를 통해, 그리고 동대문에서 현장 설문조사를 통해 설문을 진행하고 동대문에서 대상자를 대상으로 충 451매 설문을 실시하였다. 그 중에 불성실한 응답과 결측값이 있는 설문지 19부를 제외한 432부가 최종적으로 실증분석에 사용하였다. 설문 항목은 리커트 5점 척도로 측정하였으며, SPSS와 AMOS 통계분석 프로그램을 적용하여 실증적인 분석을 실시하였고, 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 조사 결과를 분석하여 모바일 관광 앱의 특성은 관광객의 만족도에 긍정적인 영향을 미칠 것이라는 가설1은 전부 채택되었다. 그래서 모바일 관광 앱의 유용성, 편리성, 경제성, 편재성은 모두 관광객의 만족도에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것을 알 수 있다. 관광객의 만족도에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 특성은 편리성이었는데, 관광 앱의 편리성이 높을수록 만족도가 높아질 수 있어서 앱을 디자인하거나 제작하는 기업들은 관광객들이 관광 앱의 사용 방법을 간단하게 배울 수 있고 자기 원하는 기능들을 쉽게 실행할 수 있는 것에 대해 관심을 더 가져야 한다. 둘째, 여행 전이나 중이나 후나 모두 관광객의 만족도는 재사용 의도에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 관광객의 만족도는 추천의도에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났기 때문에 가설2과 가설3은 채택되었다. 따라서 관광 앱에 대한 만족도는 중요한 역할을 하고 있어서 모바일 관광 앱을 제작하거나 판매하는 기업이 관광객의 만족도를 향상시키는 것에 더 관심을 가져야 할 필요가 있다. 셋째, 관광 이용시점에 따라 모바일 관광 앱의 특성 중에 유용성, 편리성, 편재성은 관광객의 만족도에 미치는 영향은 차이가 있는 것으로 나타나서 가설4-1, 4-2, 4-4는 채택되었다. 또한, 관광 이용시점에 따라 모바일 관광 앱의 경제성은 관광객의 만족도에 미치는 영향은 차이가 없는 것으로 나타나서 가설4-3은 기각되었다. 그리고, 관광 이용시점에 따라 관광객의 만족도는 재사용의도에 미치는 영향은 차이가 있는 것으로 나타나서 가설 4-5는 채택되었으며, 관광 이용시점에 따라 관광객의 만족도는 추천의도에 미치는 영향은 차이가 없는 것으로 나타나서 가설 4-6는 기각되었다. 따라서, 이런 분석 결과에 의하면 앱을 제작하는 기업들과 관광 기업들은 관광 이용시점에 따라 앱의 특성이 만족도에 미치는 영향을 더 자세하게 알고 관광객들이 모바일 관광 앱에 대한 사용 특성과 소비심리 더 파악하여 관광객의 만족도를 향상시키도록 노력해야 한다. 본 연구는 모바일 관광 앱의 발전이 빠르게 하고 있는 것에 따라 관광기업, 여행사, 관광 앱 제작하거나 서비스하는 기업 등의 실무적 시사점을 제시하여 관광 앱이 더욱 편리하게 사용하거나 서비스 품질을 향상시키는 데 도움이 되었다. 또한, 관광객들이 모바일 관광 앱에 대한 사용 특성과 소비심리를 파악하고, 이를 통해 장기적인 중국 모바일 관광 앱을 이용하는 관광객들을 유치하는 것과 관광 시장의 발전을 촉진시키는 것이 필요하다고 판단된다.

App Attributes and Perceived Values Determining Chinese Consumers’ Intent to Reuse Fashion Shopping Apps

Yu Sun 제주대학교 대학원 2019 국내석사

Over the last few years, the number of Chinese consumers who purchase fashion products via mobile apps has been increasing. This study aims to identify the app attributes which significantly influence Chinese female consumers’ perception of utilitarian and hedonic values of fashion shopping apps, and their intention to reuse such apps. Another objective of this study is to clarify how app attributes influence the reuse intention of the apps, using the S-O-R model. The research data for this study were collected from Chinese female consumers via a survey, and a total of 304 usable data were analyzed. The respondents in this study were in their 20s (36.2%), 30s (33.9%), 40s (22%), and 50s (7.9%). Most respondents were employees (85.9%) and married women (75.7%), and college graduates (75.4%). Approximately half of the respondents (54.3%) reported their household monthly income to be from 5,000 yuan (US$ 723) to less than 10,000 yuan (US$ 1,446). Metropolitan residents (48.3%) from places such as Beijing (14.1%), Shanghai (15.8%) and Guangdong (18.4%) accounted for about half of the respondents. The measurement items used to assess the attributes, perceived values and reuse intention of fashion shopping apps were selected from previous research and modified, or were newly developed based on the focus group interviews conducted prior to the survey. The data were analyzed by exploratory factor analysis and regression analysis. As a result of factor analysis (principal components, varimax rotation, extracting factors with eigenvalues above 1.0), the attributes of fashion shopping apps were categorized into twelve factors: payment, privacy/security, app design, entertainment, real-time communication, fashion information, customer reviews, live streaming sales, photo sharing through SNS, product assortment, money-saving price, and delivery. Based on the results of regression analysis, attributes such as app design, fashion information, and product assortment were seen to significantly influence the perceived utilitarian value of fashion shopping apps (H1). In addition, five attributes, namely payment, customer reviews, entertainment, product assortment, and money-saving price, were observed to have significantly positive effects on perceived hedonic value of the apps (H2). This means hypothesis 1 and hypothesis 2 were partially supported. Real-time communication, live streaming sales, photo sharing through SNS and money-saving price were determined to have significantly positive effects on the reuse of fashion shopping apps (H3). This implies that hypothesis 3 was partially supported. The perceived utilitarian value (H4) and hedonic value (H5) of fashion shopping apps were also ascertained to have positive influence on the reuse intention of apps, supporting hypothesis 4 and 5 were supported. Based on analyzing the significance of the indirect effects of the app attributes on the reuse intention of the apps, the app design, fashion information, and product assortment were seen to indirectly influence the reuse intention of fashion shopping apps through perceived utilitarian value, though the three attributes had no direct effect on the reuse intent of the apps. Similarly, four attributes, namely payment, entertainment, product assortment, and saving-money price, also indirectly influenced the reuse intention of the apps through perceived hedonic values. However, the indirect effect of customer reviews on the reuse intention of fashion shopping apps was not significant. On the contrary, two attributes, namely privacy/security and delivery, had no both direct and indirect effects on the reuse intent of fashion shopping apps. The findings of this study can help to understand consumers’ shopping app choice behavior by determining which and how app attributes influence the reuse intention of fashion shopping apps. The research findings can serve as a guide to companies planning app-marketing and app-commerce targeted at Chinese consumers who use apps for fashion shopping.

Uncovering Security and Privacy Vulnerabilities from Android Apps with Principled Program Analysis

Zhao, Qingchuan The Ohio State University ProQuest Dissertations & 2021 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

Mobile applications (apps) have exploded in popularity, with billions of smartphone users using millions of apps, and these apps either communicate with their backend cloud (e.g., Google Map) or IoT peripherals (e.g., a smart watch) or both to provide customized services to mobile users. Unfortunately, there have been numerous attacks in this app-centric ecosystem and it is imperative to inspect the consequent security and privacy issues.In this dissertation, I argue that we can uncover the security and privacy vulnerabilities in the app-centric ecosystem by applying principled program analysis on mobile apps. Specifically, I focus on the Android ecosystem and apply data flow analysis on Android apps to uncover the security and privacy vulnerabilities in the three primary participants of this ecosystem: (i) mobile apps themselves by tracking data flows among different local app components within the same smartphone, (ii) in their cloud backends by analyzing the remote flows between apps and backends, and (iii) in their companion peripherals by inspecting the remote flows between apps and peripherals such as smartphones and Bluetooth-enabled Internet-of-Thing (IoT) devices. Accordingly, this dissertation presents three works in total.First, we present a framework, InputScope, to uncover hidden behaviors from flows among local components of apps. It focuses on the user input validations to uncover hidden behaviors in an app including backdoor (i.e., master passwords, access keys, and privileged commands) and unwanted content filtering (e.g., blacklisted keywords). In particular, we introduce a novel concept of comparison context where we apply a set of security policies to automatically identify different behaviors.Second, in addition to the analysis of flows among local components, we also study the security and privacy vulnerabilities from data flows to communicate with the remote.Particularly, we investigate the unexpected dangers beneath UI that are resulted from remote interactions between apps and their backends, with an empirical study on popular ride-hailing apps (e.g., Uber) to demonstrate that their nearby cars features from rider's app can be used to uncover the privacy and sensitive information of drivers including their mostly visited address (e.g., home) as well as daily driving behaviors.Finally, we also scrutinize the security and privacy from remote communications between apps and their companion IoT devices when these apps configure smartphones as Bluetooth peripherals. We have identified two main vulnerabilities: (i) cleartext transmission of sensitive information and (ii) improper access control, both of which lead to sensitive data leakages including but not limited to personal health data, digital identifiers of users, and even digital keys to unlock doors.

Car Application's Persuasive Effectiveness: From A Behavior Change Perspective

Zhang, Chao 고려대학교 대학원 2016 국내박사

Nowadays, there are over three million mobile applications (apps) are available from public app stores and about five million app developers in the world. This study chose car-related mobile apps (car apps) for examining their persuasiveness. Car apps with persuasive design would attract users’ interests and bring about regular usage in driving or managing a car. This research consists of two studies, dealing with five research questions: ①. What is the current status of car apps? ②. What are the persuasive design characteristics of current car apps? ③. Do car users perceive the persuasiveness of the car app? ④. What types of behavior change will happen after using a car app? ⑤. Do users showing different types of behavior change perceive differently the persuasiveness of the car app? Study 1 attempts to answer the first two questions and Study 2 deals with the remaining three questions. Study 1 has proceeded in two steps. The first step was to collect about seven hundred car apps published on Apple’s App Store and Google Play and to classify them on the basis of their functionality into eight categories: news & basic information about car, buying & selling, driver’s communication, location service, safe driving service, A/S & maintenance management, renting service, and car expenses monitoring. Most apps are in four categories: car news & basic information (28%), locating service (23%), car rental service (15%), and safe driving service (12%). The apps that are directly involved with car driving and car management account for 63%. The inter-rater reliability (κ=0.886) shows that this categorization of car apps proved to be acceptable. However, multiple apps are too homogeneous, i.e. too similar in their main functions. Only a few apps are designed to be more comprehensive and have functions in two or more categories. In the second step, this study evaluated each car app on the basis of 28 persuasive design principles identified by Oinas-Kukkonen and Harjumaa. After all, this study found nine persuasive design principles such as reduction, trustworthiness, real-world feel, self-monitoring, personalization, reminder, suggestion, expertise, and verifiability. In order to check the reliability of this evaluation, this study developed a guideline for examining persuasive design principles of car apps and recruited four other evaluators. They were trained to apply the guideline and given thirty five car apps for evaluation. In order to check the inter-rater reliability, this study calculated Fleiss’ Kappa whose value was 0.782, over the excellent criterion of 0.75. In Study 2, a quasi-experiment with pretest-posttest design was devised and used. After two rounds of expert screening, three sets of questionnaires were developed. One is for measuring the existence of nine persuasive design principles and the other two is for measuring participants’ behavior change before and after using a car app. One hundred and nine participants were recruited and given a car app for a two-week period. The analysis result shows that participants clearly perceived eight persuasive design principles: reminder, self-monitoring, real-world feel, expertise, suggestion, verifiability, personalization, and trustworthiness. The analysis also identified four types of behavior change: “Green-Dot”, “Green-Span”, “Blue-Span”, and “Black” in terms of Fogg’s Behavior Wizard model. The participants in four behavior change groups showed different perception levels for eight persuasive design principles. This study focused on behavior change after using a car app that assist users in driving or managing their vehicles and established a process for examining the interrelationship between mobile app’s persuasive characteristics and behavior change. The results from this study can be utilized by car app developers and automakers in order to develop more effective and more persuasive car apps.

초등학생의 언어폭력 개선을 위한 모바일 앱을 활용한 공감능력 향상 프로그램의 개발 및 효과

이주영 강원대학교 대학원 2019 국내박사

본 연구는 언어폭력 경험을 가진 초등학교 4학년 학생을 대상으로 모바일 앱을 활용한 공감능력 향상 프로그램을 개발하고, 그 효과를 평가하였다. 언어폭력 개선을 위한 공감능력 향상을 위한 프로그램 개발은 순환적 공감모형에 기초하여 프로그램을 구성하였으며, 그 절차는 다음과 같다. 순환적 공감모형에 기초한 언어폭력 개선을 위한 공감능력 향상 프로그램 계획 수립을 하고 언어폭력, 공감능력에 대한 선행연구 고찰을 통한 공감모형 탐색을 진행하였다. 그 다음으로 순환적 공감모형의 재구성 단계를 거쳐 프로그램의 방향, 절차 설정, 문헌고찰을 진행하였고, 초등학생 23명과 초등학교 교사 2명을 대상으로 언어폭력 개선을 위한 공감능력 향상 프로그램에 반영하기 위한 요구도 조사를 실시하였다. 이를 바탕으로 프로그램 구체적인 시안을 교실 프로그램과 모바일 앱 활용 프로그램으로 나누어 구성하고, 실제 앱의 구현을 위해서 앱 제작 전문 업체의 프로그래머에 의뢰해 기술적인 부분을 도움을 받아 실제 어플리케이션을 구현하였다. 구성된 프로그램은 초등학교 교사 3인과 학교폭력 전문가 1인에게 타당도 검증을 실시하였다. 이 과정에서 전문가들의 협의 내용을 적극적으로 검토하고 각 활동들을 수정 및 보완을 거쳐 반영하여 프로그램을 구성하였다. 그 다음 단계로 이렇게 구성된 프로그램을 적용하기 전 시간 운영과 프로그램 내용에 대한 적합성을 알아보기 위해 초등학교 4학년 학생 중 본 연구의 대상이 아닌 학생 5명을 대상으로 총 2회 예비연구를 실시하였다. 예비연구 후 참가 학생을 대상으로 교실 프로그램과 App의 구동에 대한 부분에 대한 인터뷰로 수정 제안을 통해 수정 및 보완을 거쳤다. 이 과정에서 예비연구 프로그램 진행과정에 참관한 담임교사와 보건교사의 인터뷰와 관찰 결과, 긍정적인 의견으로 공감능력 향상 프로그램 활동으로 적용하기 적합한 것으로 밝혀졌다. 이런 과정을 거쳐 순환적 공감모형에 기초한 언어폭력 개선을 위한 공감능력 향상 프로그램 최종안을 개발하였다. 프로그램의 적용 단계는 개발된 교실 프로그램과 모바일 앱을 활용한 프로그램을 통해 수행되는 단계로 총 8회기에 걸쳐 프로그램을 진행하였다. 1개월 이내에 언어폭력을 경험(가해 경험과 피해 경험)이 있고 공감에 대한 교육 경험이 없는 학생으로 대상으로 G*power3.1.7 프로그램을 활용하여 검정력(1-β)은 0.80, 유의수준(α)은 0.05, 효과크기(f)는 0.8로 계산한 결과, 대상자 각각 21명이 필요하였다. 대상자는 임의 배정되었고, 실험 도중 탈락률을 고려하여 실험군 30명, 대조군 30명으로 총 60명이 선정되었다. 프로그램 진행 중 탈락을 제외하고 최종 실험군 29명, 대조군 28명으로 총 57명을 대상으로 프로그램 적용하였다. 효과를 평가하는 단계에서는 순환적 공감모형을 적용한 이론적 개념 틀을 바탕으로 개발된 프로그램에 대한 유용성을 평가하는 단계로 초등학생의 공감능력, 공감반응, 언어 폭력성를 측정하였다. 수집된 자료는 SPSS/WIN 24.0을 활용해 분석하였으며, 일반적 특성, 실험군과 대조군의 종속변수의 사전 동질성 검정은 x²-test, 연구가설은 t-test를 이용하여 검증하였고, 프로그램을 적용한 후 실험군의 공감능력과 공감반응, 언어폭력성 간의 상관관계는 Pearson Correlation을 사용하여 분석하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 언어폭력 경험이 있는 초등학생에게 언어폭력 개선을 위한 공감능력 향상 프로그램을 제공할 수 있도록 교실 프로그램과 모바일 앱을 활용한 프로그램을 개발하였다. 2. 초등학생의 언어폭력을 개선하기 위하여 개발된 공감능력 향상 프로그램의 효과성을 평가하기 위해 세운 가설을 지지하여 효과적인 중재로 검증되었다. (1) 가설 1. ‘언어폭력 개선을 위한 공감능력 향상 프로그램을 제공받은 실험군과 대조군은 언어폭력성에 차이가 있을 것이다’를 검증한 결과, 실험군은 대조군보다 언어폭력성(t=4.83, p<.001)에서 통계적으로 유의미한 차이가 있었으므로 제1가설은 지지되었다. (2) 가설 2. ‘언어폭력 개선을 위한 공감능력 향상 프로그램을 제공받은 실험군과 대조군은 공감능력에서 차이가 있을 것이다’를 검증한 결과로, 실험군은 대조군보다 공감능력(t=4.74, p<.001)에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있었으므로 제2가설은 지지되었다. (3) 가설 3. ‘언어폭력 개선을 위하 공감능력 향상 프로그램을 제공받은 실험군과 대조군은 공감반응에서 차이가 있을 것이다’를 검증한 결과로, 실험군은 대조군보다 공감반응(t=6.08, p<.001)에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있었으므로 제3가설은 지지되었다. 이상의 결과를 통해 초등학생의 언어폭력 개선을 위하여 공감능력 향상 프로그램을 적용한 초등학생은 프로그램을 통해서 공감능력과 공감반응이 증가하면서 언어폭력성은 감소시키는 것으로 확인되었다. 그러므로 개발된 공감능력 향상 프로그램을 언어폭력 경험이 있는 초등학생에게 적용한다면 언어폭력 개선에 효과적일 것이다. 본 연구는 언어폭력경험이 있는 초등학생을 대상자로 선정했고 공감능력 향상프로그램의 적용에서 학교 정규 교과과정에서의 프로그램 활동에 그치지 않고 가정생활에서도 공감능력 향상을 위한 활동으로 학생들 간의 소통을 할 수 있는 모바일 앱이 적용되었다는 것에 차별성과 의의를 갖는다. 본 연구의 긍정적인 결과 도출을 바탕으로 모바일 앱의 활성화를 위하여 매년 공감능력향상 프로그램의 연계성이 보장되도록 하여 체계적인 관리가 가능하도록 하여야 한다. 이를 위해 교육 제도적 방안이 마련이 필요하고 4학년 초등학생을 대상으로 한 연구이므로 다양한 연령층의 대상자에게 확대 적용한 추후 연구로 연령층에 맞는 공감능력향사 프로그램 개발을 개발하여 활용할 것을 제안한다. The purpose of this study was to develop an empathy skills improvement program geared toward fourth-grade elementary school students with verbal violence experience using a mobile app and to evaluate its effects. As for the development of an empathy skills improvement program for the relief of verbal violence, it was composed on the basis of a cyclical empathy model, and it was developed in the following way: How to develop this program was mapped out, and earlier studies of verbal violence and empathy skills were reviewed to explore empathy models. And then the cyclical empathy model was reconstructed, and the direction and procedure of the program were determined. Related literatures were analyzed, and a needs survey was conducted on 23 elementary school students and two elementary school teachers to reflect their needs. Two different drafts of the program were drawn up. One was for implementation in the classroom, and the other was using a mobile app. An mobile application was prepared with the technical help from a programmer at a specialized app production company. The validity of the program was verified by three elementary school teachers and an expert in school violence. The program was finalized by modifying and complementing the activities of it after the discussions among the experts were reviewed. In the next stage, a pilot study was conducted twice on five four- grade elementary school students, who weren't the subjects in this study, in order to determine the suitability of the program in terms of time schedule and content before it was conducted. These students were interviewed, and the program was modified and complemented in accordance with the suggestions from the students as to the classroom part and the operation part of the app. When the homeroom teachers and school nurses who observed the implementation of the pilot program were interviewed, they gave positive opinions and stated that the program was suitable for the improvement of empathy skills. Thus, the empathy skills improvement program was finalized to improve verbal violence based on the cyclical empathy model. In the implementation stage, the program was conducted in two parts. One was for the classroom, and the other was using the app. The program was implemented in eight sessions. How many students with experience of committing or suffering verbal violence over the past month and with no experience of empathy education would be necessary was calculated at 0.80 power(1-β), 0.05 level of significance and 0.8 effect size(f). As a result, 21 students each were needed for the two parts, and 60 students were selected in consideration of the possibility of dropout. They were divided into an experimental group of 30 and a control group of 30. As some of them dropped out, the final subjects in this study were 57 students, out of which 29 and 28 students respectively belonged to the experimental group and the control group. In the evaluation stage, the usefulness of the program was assessed according to a selected framework of theoretical concept that was based on the cyclical empathy model. The elementary school students were tested on empathy skills, empathic response and verbal violence. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS/WIN version 24.0. As for a prior equivalence test on the dependent variables between the experimental group and the control group, x2-test was carried out, and t-test was used to test the hypotheses of the study. After the program was provided, a correlation analysis was made to analyze the correlations of the empathy skills, empathic responses and verbal violence of the experimental group. The findings of the study were as follows: 1. An empathy skills improvement program was developed in two parts to improve the verbal violence of the elementary school students with verbal violence experience. One was for the classroom, and the other was using a mobile app. 2. The hypotheses that were formulated to assess the empathy skills improvement program geared toward improving the verbal violence of the elementary school students were tested, and the program turned out to be an effective intervention. (1) Hypothesis 1 that there would be a difference in verbal violence between the experimental group that was provided with the empathy skills improvement program geared toward relieving verbal violence and the control group that wasn't was tested. As a result, the experimental group(t=4.83, p<.001) was statistically significantly different from the control group in verbal violence, and Hypothesis 1 was accepted. (2) Hypothesis 2 that there would be a difference in empathy skills between the experimental group that was provided with the empathy skills improvement program geared toward alleviating verbal violence and the control group that wasn't was tested. As a result, the experimental group(t=4.74, p<.001) was statistically significantly different from the control group in empathy skills, and Hypothesis 2 was accepted. (3) Hypothesis 3 that there would be a difference in empathic responses between the experimental group that was provided with the empathy skills improvement program geared toward relieving verbal violence and the control group that wasn't was tested. As a result, the experimental group(t=6.08, p<.001) was statistically significantly different from the control group in empathic responses, and Hypothesis 3 was accepted. The above-mentioned findings illustrated that the elementary school students to which the empathy skills improvement program geared toward improving the verbal violence of elementary school students showed improvements in empathy skills and empathic responses, and that their verbal violence was relieved. This study has its originality and significance in that it selected elementary school students who experienced verbal abuse as the research subjects and applied a mobile app enabling the communication between students as an activity for improving empathic ability at home, in addition to the program activities during regular courses at school, in terms of the application of empathic ability improvement program. Based on the positive results of this study, the linkage with the empathic ability improvement program should be secured, with its systematic management every year, in order to promote the use of the mobile application. To this end, it is necessary to establish educational and institutional measures. Since this study targets fourth grade elementary school students, it is suggested that future studies develop and utilize an empathic ability improvement program that fits for each age group by conducting research on various age groups.

공공데이터 이용활성화를 위한 모바일앱 디자인 비즈니스 모델 연구

김효진 서경대학교 일반대학원 2015 국내석사

The current government operating system, the government 3.0, is supporting to create an opportunity of employment for local residents, creative economy, and extensive democracy by actively sharing and opening the public information and communication and cooperation between the departments due to development of information and communication. Public data are valuable as important original information for increasing the privately held companies via development of new services, secondary contents, and new business model. Companies are utilizing the public data as a useful resource when advancing the new business, improving the competitiveness of existing business, or managing the risk. The number of application and utilization of such high value-added public data are in an increasing trend, and the more data and open API are becoming available to the public. However, in spite of aforementioned trend, more than a half of companies in Korea are regarding such big data as 'one type of social phenomenon' or 'huge amount of information' and are not willing to use them due to poor quality and insufficient quantity of data opened in the public sectors to be available or uncertain profitability. Hereupon, public data are inadequately used to create economic added-value. The area of big data to be firstly available is the design. Targeting on the consumers, design places priority on creativity, continued interest and usage, and awareness. Hereupon, the most sensitive area on the trend of consumers is design that serves as an important role for utilizing the big data. Therefore, this study has derived an implication that most of the people were unaware of public data and also of correct usage and utilization of the public data as shown in the preliminary investigation on the promotion for using and recognizing the public data owned by the public institutions making a low awareness of the public data as a problem. Seen in this perspective, a conclusion was made that the main reason for the public data not to be correctly used and utilized was due to lack of knowledge on the public data. In addition, this study is intended to suggest a design business model based on mobile app that represented the highest frequency of usage according to the public data portal in order to provide a practical help on solving aforementioned issues. For this, a trend how the demand on free-application was currently an increasing trend was specifically considered selecting four of mobile app from privately-held companies with an different objective in using the public data among the top 300 ranks of 'Famous Free Android mobile apps' in the Google Play Store. Selected mobile apps were re-classified according to the business model components mentioned earlier in the previous studies. Core elements of the re-classified design business model are operation, usage, value, profit, and design aspects. Among them, individual questionnaires were made proceeding the survey for empirical analysis on the value, profit, and design aspects that the core resources as major key words in this study were commonly applied except for the operation and usage that were relevant to the general managerial elements of mobile app. As a result, the core elements were verified to be valid and analyzed to be reliable. In addition, core elements derived hereof were turned out to influence on a degree of awareness for how the public data shall be used and utilized. It was also analyzed that value and profit were relatively more influential compared than the design. Then, four of mobile apps selected according to the five core elements that were re-classified in order to suggest a specific design business model in the utilization of particular public data were quantitatively analyzed. Hereupon, mobile app design business model in the use of public data was ultimately suggested. According to the result of this study, following outcomes are expected. First of all, it is anticipated for privately-held companies or one-person business to be developed. Secondly, it contributes to come up with a unique and practical idea by using public data. Third, it is expected for this study to serve as a leading resource for realizing to promote the use of public data by supporting to reduce the loss and damage in utilization of public data. 현 정부의 운영제도인 정부 3.0은 정보통신 기술의 발달에 의한 공공정보의 능동적인 개방과 공유, 각 부처간의 소통과 협력을 통한 공공데이터 개방을 적극 추진하여 확장된 민주성과 일자리 창출 및 창조경제를 지원하고 있다. 공공데이터는 새로운 서비스나 제2의 콘텐츠, 새로운 비즈니스 모델 개발로 민간 기업의 증가를 이뤄내는 중요한 원천정보라는 가치가 있으며, 기업들도 신규 사업에 진출하거나 기존 사업의 경쟁력 제고 및 리스크 관리에 공공데이터를 유용한 자원으로 활용하고 있다. 이렇게 부가가치가 높은 공공데이터의 신청건수와 활용건수는 계속해서 증가하고 있고, 점점 더 많은 데이터셋과 오픈 API가 개방되고 있는 추세이다. 하지만 그럼에도 불구하고 국내의 절반이 넘는 기업들이 이러한 빅데이터를 그저 ‘하나의 사회현상’ 또는 ‘많은 양의 정보’ 등으로 보아 넘기고, 공공 부문에서 개방되는 데이터의 양과 질이 민간이 활용하기에 충분하지 않다거나 수익성이 불투명하다는 등의 이유로 활용의 의지조차 갖지 않고 있어 경제적 부가가치 창출도 미흡한 실정이다. 빅데이터에 있어 가장 먼저 활용할 수 있는 분야는 디자인이다. 소비자를 대상으로 하는 디자인에서는 창의성과 더불어 지속적인 관심과 사용, 각인이 중요하다. 이렇게 소비자의 트렌드에 가장 민감한 분야가 디자인이기 때문에 빅데이터의 활용에 있어 중요한 요소로 자리하고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 공공기관이 소유한 빅데이터인 공공데이터의 활성화를 위해 공공데이터에 대한 인식도와 이용 활성화에 관한 기초 조사를 통해 대부분의 사람들이 공공데이터에 대해 알지 못하고 있고, 공공데이터의 활용 및 이용에 대해 대부분 정확한 쓰임의 정도를 인지하지 못하고 있는 것으로 보아 공공데이터에 대한 저조한 인식도가 문제점으로 지적되었으며, 이와 일맥상통하게 활용 및 이용이 되고 있지 않은 이유 1순위가 공공데이터에 대한 지식 부족이라는 결과를 얻었다. 또한 이러한 문제점을 해결하는 데에 실질적인 도움이 되고자 공공데이터포털을 기준으로 가장 활용도가 높게 나타난 모바일앱을 중심으로 디자인 비즈니스 모델을 제안한다. 이를 위해 무료앱의 수요가 증가하고 있는 상황을 고려하여 구글의 Play 스토어에 ‘인기 무료 Android 모바일앱’ 300위 순위권에 있는 공공데이터를 활용한 목적이 다른 민간 기업 모바일앱 4개를 선정하였고, 선정된 모바일앱은 선행연구에서 언급한 비즈니스 모델 구성요소를 근간으로 재분류하였다. 재분류한 디자인 비즈니스 모델 핵심요소는 운영, 이용, 가치, 수익, 디자인 측면이며, 이 중 모바일앱에서의 일반적 경영요소에 해당하는 운영과 이용 측면을 제외한 본 연구의 핵심 키워드에 해당하는 핵심자원이 공통적으로 구성되어 있는 가치, 수익, 디자인 측면에 대해서는 개괄적인 문항들로 설문조사를 통해 실증 분석하였다. 그 결과 핵심요인으로서 타당함을 검증하였고, 신뢰성 또한 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 또한 이렇게 추출된 핵심요인들은 모두 공공데이터의 이용 및 활용이 이뤄져야한다는 인식의 정도에 모두 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났고, 대체로 가치와 수익이 디자인에 비해 상대적 영향력을 미치는 것으로 분석되었다. 그 다음 구체적인 공공데이터를 활용한 디자인 비즈니스 모델을 제안하기 위해 재분류한 5가지 핵심요소에 따라 선정된 4개의 모바일앱을 정성적 분석하였고, 최종적으로 공공데이터를 활용한 모바일앱 디자인 비즈니스 모델을 제안하였다. 본 연구결과 다음과 같은 기대성과를 가질 수 있다. 첫째 민간 기업뿐만 아니라 1인 창조기업의 신사업 발전을 기대할 수 있고, 둘째 공공데이터를 활용하여 독창적이고 실용적인 아이디어를 실현시키는 데에 기여하며, 셋째 공공데이터 활용에 있어 손실과 손해를 줄이는 데에 도움이 되는 등 앞으로 공공데이터 이용활성화를 이뤄질 수 있도록 하는 선행 자료로서의 역할을 기대해 본다.