20대 남녀 대학생의 다이어트 지식, 태도 및 동기가 식습관에 미치는 영향

김솔아,심은경 한국피부과학연구원 2018 아시안뷰티화장품학술지 Vol.16 No.1

Purpose: This study attempted to investigate the effects of weight-loss knowledge, attitude, and motivation on dietary habits among college students in their 20s. The goal is to help them have correct dietary habits and maintain a healthy lifestyle. In addition, this paper is targeted to provide basic data for an obesity control program. Methods: To examine the weight-loss knowledge, attitude, motivation, and dietary habits among young adults in their twenties, a self-administered questionnaire was conducted, and 267 questionnaires completed by youngsters from Gyeongsangnamdo, Busan, and Seoul were analyzed. Results: Participants with a high level of weight loss-related knowledge were highly interested in weight loss. They reported that they received information regarding weight loss through mass media and noted a lack of willpower and wrong dietary habits as the reasons for failing to achieve weight loss. Participants from the group that exhibited a statistically significant weight-loss attitude and motivation spent at least 100,000 KRW per month on weight loss, showed a high interest in weight loss, and received weight-loss-related information through mass media. In terms of dietary habits, the group that obtained information regarding weight loss through mass media, acquaintances, and weightrelated organizations displayed good dietary habits with a statistical significance. In addition, positive correlations were observed between weight loss attitude and motivation (p<0.01). With regard to impact on dietary habits favoring weight loss, weight loss attitude was more relevant and inflential than weight loss motivation and weight loss knowledge (p<0.01). Conclusion: Weight-loss knowledge had no inflence on dietary habits. As weight-loss attitude and motivation increased, better dietary habits were observed. 목적: 본 연구에서는 20대 남녀 대학생의 다이어트 지식, 태도 및 동기가 식습관에 미치는 영향을 살펴보고자 한다. 이를 통해 대학생들의 올바른 식습관 형성과 건강한 생활을 유지할 수 있도록 도움을 주는데 목적이 있다. 또한 영양 관련 교육 프로그램의 기초자료로 제공하고자 한다. 방법: 경상남도, 부산, 서울 지역의 20대 남녀 대학생을 대상으로 다이어트 지식, 태도, 동기 및 식습관을 알아보기 위하여 자기 기입식 설문지를 사용하였다. 회수된 설문지 최종 267부를 분석하였다. 결과: 다이어트 지식 수준이 높은 그룹은 다이어트 관심도가 높았고 미디어를 통해 정보를 얻으며, 실패원인을 의지력 부족과 잘못된 식습관이라고 응답하였다. 공통적으로 다이어트 태도 수준과 동기가 통계적으로 유의하게 높은 그룹은 다이어트 지출비용을 10만원 이상 사용하며, 관심도가 높고 미디어를 통해 정보를 얻는 그룹이었다. 식습관에서는 다이어트 정보를 미디어, 주변 사람들, 다이어트 관련 전문기관이라고 응답한그룹이 유의하게 식습관이 좋은 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 다이어트 태도와 다이어트 동기는 정(+)의 상관관계를 보였다(p<0.01). 식습관에는 다이어트 태도가 다이어트 동기, 지식보다 더 유의한 관련성을 보였다(p<0.01). 결론: 다이어트 지식은 식습관에 영향을미치지 않았으며 다이어트에 대한 태도 수준과 다이어트 동기가 높을수록 좋은 식습관을 가진다고 조사되었다.

여자 태권도 선수들의 체중감량 시 철분 섭취가 혈액 성분, 면역세포 및 유산소성 운동능력에 미치는 영향

홍용 ( Yong Hong ) 한국운동영양학회 2005 Physical Activity and Nutrition (Phys Act Nutr) Vol.9 No.1

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a 3 weeks weight loss programs and iron supplementation on serum parameters, immune cells and exercise performance in female athletics. Nineteen women, who had exercise regularly in university, volunteered to parti aged. The subjects of this study were 19 college female athletics (taekwondo). They were divided into three groups(no weight loss group; NWL, weight loss group; WL, weight loss+ iron supplement group; WL+IS). The way of Weight loss was exercise and diet restriction which was composed limit of ordinary eating (having) amount. Results of this study runs as follows: Weight, % body fat, lean body mass (LBM), total body water (TBW) in weight loss groups (WL, WL+IS group) was lower than NWL group after weight loss. Red blood cell count (RBC), Hematocrit (Het) level increased significantly- after weight loss in WL+IS group, but in WL group, RBC, Hct, Hb level not significantly after weight loss. And Ferritin, Transferyin level not significantly after weight loss in the all groups. WBC level decreased significantly after weight loss in WL+IS group. T-helper, T-suppressor, Monocyte level not significant different pre and post weight loss in the all groups. NK cell level increased significantly after weight loss in the WL group but no significant different pre and post weight loss in the NWL, WL+IS groups. VO₂max were decreased not significantly after weight loss in the NWL, WL groups. Endurance time decreased significantly after weight loss in the WL groups. The data indicated that female athletics had affected serum parameters and immune cells, exercise capacity by gradual weight loss. But iron supplementation during gradual weight loss affected on the maintenance of serum parameters and immune cells, exercise capacity in the female.

가미태음조위탕의 체중감량 효과에 영향을 미치는 요인 연구

강은영,박영재,박영배,김민용 한방비만학회 2017 한방비만학회지 Vol.17 No.2

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors affecting weight loss effect ofGamitaeumjowee-tang and to see if weight loss could be predicted using influence factors andweight loss progress. Methods: From September 2016 to March 2017, we retrospectively reviewed the medical recordsof 139 patients who were visited to the Korean Oriental Clinic for 3 months. We conducted aregression analysis to determine whether age, gender, initial weight, patient healthquestionnaire-9, heart rate variability (HRV), sleep quality, drinking habit and the medicationhistory of weight loss affect weight loss. We found weight loss prediction equations using multipleregression analysis applying significant factors and weight loss progress. Results: Gender and initial weight had a significant effect on weight loss in all periods (P<0.001). HRV had a significant effect on primary weight loss (P<0.01). Other factors did not have anysignificant effect on weight loss. Using the significant factors, weight loss of each period could bepredicted from 23.9% to 44.6%, and tertiary weight loss could be predicted with 76.6% usingfactors, primary weight loss and secondary weight loss (P<0.001). Conclusions: This study suggests that weight loss effect of Gamitaeumjowee-tang maybe beaffected by influence factors and that weight loss prediction equations using them can be used forobesity treatment.

체급경기선수의 급속 및 점증감량기간이 혈장량 및 체수분 조절호르몬에 미치는 영향

권영우(YoungWooKwon),박승한(SeungHanPark),류호상(HoSangRye),박영명(YoungMyungPark),김진형(JinHeungKim),권광선(KwangSunKwon),이종삼(JongSamLee),이종형(JongHyoungLee) 한국체육학회 2009 한국체육학회지 Vol.48 No.3

이 연구의 목적은 복싱선수의 급속체중감량과 점증체중감량이 혈장량과 체수분조절 호르몬(renin, aldosterone)에 미치는 영향을 규명하기 위한 것이다. 복싱선수 16명을 대상으로 급속감량집단(n=8명)과 점증감량집단(n=8명)으로 나누어 체중의 5%를 감량하였다. 급속체중감량은 3일간 이루어졌으며 1일째 2-3%, 2일째 3-4%, 3일째 5%의 체중을 감량하였다. 식이제한의 양은 하루 칼로리 섭취량의 50%로 하였다. 점증체중감량은 16일 동안 이루어졌으며 4일째 1-2%, 8일째 2-3%, 12일째 3-4%, 16일째 5%의 체중을 감량하였다. 식이제한은 하루섭취 칼로리의 40%로 하였다. 결과 체중감량은 혈장량을 감소시켰으며 급속감량집단의 감소율이 높은 것으로 나타났다(p=.007). 체중감량은 renin과 aldosterone을 증가시켰으며(p=.000), 급속감량집단의 renin 증가율이 높았다(p=.016). 이상의 결과를 종합하면 체중의 감량은 체수분은 감소시키고 체수분 조절호르몬은 증가시키며 급속감량이 점증감량보다 혈중 체수분의 감소가 높고 체수분 조절호르몬의 증가는 높은 것으로 나타났다. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of rapid and gradual weight loss on plasma volume and fluid regulatory hormone(renin, aldosterone). Sixteen male boxers participated in this study and were divided to rapid(n=8, RW) and gradual weight loss group(n=8, GW). All subjects reduced approximately 5% of their body weight. In the RW, weight loss was achieved in 3day by fluid and energy restriction and forced sweating, In the GW, weight loss was lost in 16day by energy restriction and exercise. Blood samples were extracted to analyze all variables from pre and post body weight loss. Blood plasma volume showed decrease with weight reduction in both groups and the rate of decrease was higher in rapid weight loss group than that of gradual weight loss group(p=.007). Blood renin concentration increased significantly after weight loss in both group and the rate of increase was higher in rapid weight loss group than that of gradual weight loss group(p=.016). In conclusion, weight loss resulted decreased plasma volume and increased fluid regulatory hormones suggesting negative trends during weight loss. Rapid weight exaggerated such negative changes. Further study needed to elucidate the exact mechanism related to exercise performance, VO2max, capillary density with rapid and gradual weight loss.

The Effects of Short-Term Weight Loss on Body Composition, Blood Electrolytes, and Immunoglobulin Concentrations among Ordinary Judo Athletes and Excellent Judo Athletes

Yanghee Jung(Yanghee Jung) J-INSTITUTE 2022 International Journal of Martial Arts Vol.7 No.2

Purpose: While electrolytes and immunity are highlighted as important in terms of the relationship between health and physical activity, immunoglobulin plays such a decisive role in the immune function that defends the human body, and it occurs in multiple tissues, such as the skin, lungs, blood, muscle, etc., affecting an increased risk of infection, including sleep deprivation, mental stress, malnutrition, and weight loss. Hence, this study was conducted to examine the effect of short-term weight loss on body composition and blood electrolyte and immu-noglobulin concentrations among non-excellent and excellent Judo athletes. Method: The subjects of this study were 14 male athletes who were currently active as Judo athletes at uni-versity and had over 5 years of athlete experience and weight loss experience. For the statistical processing of this study, the mean and standard deviation for each item were calculated using the SPSS 12.0 statistical program, and the Two-way repeated ANOVA was performed according to group(non-excellent athlete and excellent ath-lete) and time (before the weight loss, 6 days after the weight loss, immediately after the competition, 30 minutes recovery period), and in the case of an interaction effect, the post-test was conducted by contrast test for each period and paired t-test for each period. Results: The changes in body weight(A), total weight without fat(B), and body fat percentage(C) are demon-strated before and after the weight loss(6 days), immediately after the competition, and 30 minutes in the re-covery period(A). In terms of the change of body weight over time by group(A), both groups significantly de-creased(p<.001) at the weight loss(6 days after) compared to before the weight loss. The changes in Ca(A), Na(B), K(C) and Mg(D) before and after the weight loss(6 days after), immediately after the competition, and 30 minutes of recovery are demonstrated. Comparing the change(A) of Ca between groups by group, both groups signifi-cantly decreased during the reduction period compared to before the weight loss(p<.001). The changes in IgA (A), changes in IgG(B), changes in IgM(C) and changes in IgD(D) are demonstrated before and after the weight loss(6 days), immediately after the competition, and after 30 minutes of recovery. Comparing the change in IgA be-tween the periods by group, there was a significant increase in the excessive weight loss(after 6 days) in the excellent athlete group compared to before the weight loss(p<.001). Conclusion: Weight loss is considered to have a negative impact on performance improvement and affect the pre-match condition and performance. Based on the results of this study, the scientific weight loss methods and appropriate short- and long-term weight loss will serve as the important basic data for further research to im-prove the athletic performance among the athletes of weight class.

보디빌딩선수의 장기간 체중감량이 호르몬 및 전해질에 미치는 영향

이상호(Lee Sang-Ho),한상철(Han Sang- Chul),강경원(Kang Kyung-Won) 한국체육과학회 2008 한국체육과학회지 Vol.17 No.3

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of long-term weight loss on Hormone and electrolysis in Bodybuilders. Subject were selected 9 Bodybuilders of competition experience. Various variables related Hormone(catecholamine, cortisol, aldosterone) and electrolysis(K, Ca, P, Mg) were measured before and after each the weight loss . The statistical analysis of the results is carried out paired sample t-test. The result were follows ; 1. In Epinephrine of catecholamine was significantly increased weight loss after compaired with before weight loss(p<.05). Norepinephrine was significantly increased weight loss after compaired with before weight loss(p<.05). testosterone and cortisol was not significantly after weight loss compaired with before weight loss(p>.05). also aldosterone was not significantly after weight loss compaired with before weight loss(p>.05) 2. In Ca of electrolysis was significantly decreased after weight loss compaired with before weight loss(p>.05). Mg and P was not significantly after weight loss compaired with before weight loss(p>.05). But K was significantly decreased after weight loss compaired with before weight loss(p<.05).

남녀 대학생의 감량 희망 체중에 따른 식이조절 다이어트 실태 및 영양교육 요구도

김미현 ( Mi-hyun Kim ),연지영 ( Jee-young Yeon ) 한국식품영양학회 2017 韓國食品營養學會誌 Vol.30 No.3

The purpose of this study was to investigate the fad dieting status and needs of nutrition education on healthy dieting in male and female collegians according to the desired loss weight. The subjects were 611 students (287 males, 324 females) from universities in Gyeonggi and Gangwon provinces in Korea. The subjects were divided into the following four groups based on the difference between their current body weight and their desired body weight: no desired weight loss (WL0), desired weight loss less than 5 kg (WL5), desired weight loss 6 to 10 kg (WL10), and desired weight loss more than 11 kg (WL11). The fad dieting status was surveyed using a questionnaire about 11 selected trendy dieting methods. The higher desired weight loss group showed higher current weight and BMI in both males and females. Self weight overestimation was higher in the females than in the males, and in the WL10 group than in the other groups of males. As desired loss weight increased, weight loss trials and experienced trendy dieting types increased in both males and females. In the male subjects, the experience of the half meal diet and the chicken breast diet was significantly associated with the desired loss weight. In females, trials of more trendy diet types including the half meal diet, cereal diet, fasting, and Atkins diet were significantly associated with the higher desired loss weight. The need for nutrition education on healthy dieting was high among all the different desired weight loss groups, showing that a minimum of 60% of subjects in each group answered ‘necessary and strongly necessary’, with the highest in the WL11 group in both males and females. From these results, desired loss weight is associated with higher current weight status, unhealthy weight control practices, and needs for nutrition education in both male and female subjects. Therefore, in the future, nutrition education programs should give greater attention to providing healthy dieting methods for young collegians who desire more weight loss.

한국 성인에서 체형인식과 체중감량 노력 및 체중감량 행동의 14년간 추세: 2001년에서 2014년까지 국민건강영양조사 자료

임경은,강선영,김양근,김혜원,박태진,김진승,이가영 대한임상건강증진학회 2017 Korean Journal of Health Promotion Vol.17 No.1

Background:The objective of study was to investigate secular trends for body-shape perception, weight-loss efforts, and weight-loss behaviors from 2001 to 2014 in Korean adults and factors related to those weight-related attitude. Methods:Self-reported body-shape perception, weight-loss efforts, and weight-loss behaviors were used in 26,480 men and 35,051 women aged 19 or older using the Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey from 2001 to 2014 (from 2005 to 2014 for weight-loss behaviors). Multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted using complex sampling design in each sex. Results:Body-shape misperception tended to decrease from 2001 to 2014 and weight-loss efforts tended to increase over the period in all subjects, whereas unhealthy weight-loss behaviors tended to increase over the period in women. In multivariable logistic regression model, body-shape misperception in men was inversely associated with survey year, while positively associated with age and weight status. In women, body-shape misperception was inversely associated with survey year, education, and income, while positively associated with age and weight status. Weight-loss efforts in both sexes were inversely associated with age, while positively associated with survey year, education, income, and weight status. Healthy weight-loss behaviors were positively associated with education but inversely associated with age in men. In women, those behaviors were positively associated with education and weight status, while inversely associated with survey year. Conclusions:We found decreased body-shape misperception and increased weight-loss efforts in Korean men and women from 2001 to 2014, and decreased healthy weight-loss behaviors in women from 2005 to 2014. 연구배경:2001년에서 2014년간 한국 성인의 체형인식, 체중감량 노력과 체중감량 행위 및 체중 관련 태도에 대한추세를 알아보고자 하였다. 방법:2001년에서 2014년까지 시행된 국민건강영양조사를 이용해 자가보고 설문지를 통한 체형인식, 체중감량 노력 및 체중감량 행위(2005-2014년)에 대해 19세 이상의 남성 26,480명과 여성 35,051명을 연구하였다. 성별에 따른 복합표본분석을 감안하여 다변량로지스틱회귀분석을 시행되었다. 결과:2001년에서 2014년 조사 기간 동안 연구 대상자 전체에서 부정확한 체형인식은 감소하고 체중감량 노력은 증가하는 경향을 보였으나 2005년에서 2014년 조사 기간 동안 여성에서 건강하지 못한 체중감량 행위가 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 다변량로지스틱회귀분석 결과, 남성에서 조사연도가 최근일수록 체형을 부정확하게 인식하는 경향이감소한 반면, 나이와 체중상태가 증가할수록 체형을 부정확하게 인식하는 경향이 증가하였다. 여성에서는 조사연도가 최근일수록, 학력과 소득수준이 높을수록 체형을 부정확하게 인식하는 경향이 감소한 반면, 나이와 체중상태가증가할수록 체형을 부정확하게 인식하는 경향이 증가하였다. 남녀 모두에서 나이가 증가할수록 체중감량 노력은 감소하는 경향이 있지만 조사연도가 최근일수록, 학력과 소득이 높을수록, 체중상태가 증가할수록 체중감량 노력도증가하는 경향을 보였다. 남성에서 학력이 높을수록 나이가 적을수록 건강한 체중감량 행위를 하는 경향이 있었고, 여성에서는 학력이 높을수록 체중이 증가할수록 건강한 체중감량 행위를 하는 경향이 있지만 조사연도가 최근일수록건강한 체중감량 행위가 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 결론: 국민건강영양조사 2001-2014년 자료에서 남녀 모두에서 부정확한 체형인식은 감소하고 체중감량 노력은 증가하는 추세이나, 2005-2014년 조사 기간 동안 여성에서 건강한 체중감량 행위는 감소하는 추세를 보였다.

단기간 체중감량이 아마추어 복싱 선수들의체성분 및 무산소성 운동능력에 미치는 영향

김광준 ( Kwang Jun Kim ),허기주 ( Ki Joo Hur ) 한국스포츠정책과학원(구 한국스포츠개발원) 2014 체육과학연구 Vol.25 No.2

이 연구의 목적은 아마추어 복싱 선수들을 대상으로 단기간 체중감량이 선수들의 체성분 및 무산소성 운동능력에 미치는 영향을 알아보는 것으로써 10명의 대학 복싱선수들을 두 가지 형태의(5-7일 5kg 이상 감량 vs 2주간 3kg 이내 감량) 체중감량 방법에 참여시킨 후 체중감량 전후에 각각 체성분 및 무산소성 운동능력을 평가하였다. 무산소성 운동능력은 1회 최대로 들어 올릴 수 있는 벤치프레스와 스쿼트 무게를 측정하였으며, 자전거에르고미터를 이용한 윙게이트 테스트 통해 근파워와 파워지구력을 평가하였다. 체성분 분석을 위해서는 기상 후 공복 시 중간소변과 타액을 채취하여 비교분석하였으며, 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 첫째, 무산소성 운동능력은 1차 체중감량기에서는 스쿼트에 대한 최대근력(p=.003)과 윙게이트 테스트에 의한 최고파워(p=.023), 평균파워(p=.015) 모두 유의하게 감소한 결과를 보였으며, 2차 체중감량기에서는 전과 후 측정에서 유의한 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 둘째, 체성분 분석 요인 중에서는 1차 체중감량기에는 단백질 이용도(p=.015) 에너지 생성력(p=.017), 전기전도율(p=.003), 비타민 이용도(p=.005)에서 유의한 차이를 보이며 감소한 결과를 보였으며, 2차 체중감량기에서는 전기전도율(p=.038)과 산화스트레스(p=.028)만 유의하게 증가한 결과를 나타냈다. 결론적으로 단기간 무리한 체중감량은 아마추어 복싱선수들의 체성분과 무산소성 운동능력에 부정적인 영향을 미치게 되며, 최적의 컨디셔닝을 발휘하기 위해서는 적정량의 체계적인 체중감량이 필요하다고 사료된다. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect on Electro-chemical screen and anaerobic exercise capacity caused by short-term weight loss in amateur boxing players. Subjects of this study were 10 male university boxing player who conducted to weight loss methods. In 1st weight loss, boxing players took rapid weight loss during 5-7days, In 2nd weight loss, boxing players took weight loss 3kg during 2 weeks. The change of ECS and anaerobic exercise capacity were measured before and after weight loss period. Anaerobic exercise capacity was measured by 1RM of bench press and squat. In addition, using the wing-gate test muscle power and power endurance was evaluated. To find out the changes in ECS, urine and saliva was collected after waking up were analyzed. The results were as follow. First, 1RM of squat(p=.003), peak power(p=.023) and mean power(p=.015) showed significant decrease after 1st weight loss method. However in 2nd weight loss method, no factor of ECS and anaerobic exercise capacity were significantly decreased. Second, total urea(p=.015), urine rH2(p=.017), urine conductivity(p=.003), and utilization of vitamin(p=.005) showed significant decrease after 1st weight loss method. However in 2nd weight loss method, urine conductivity(p=.038) and saliva rH2(p=.028) showed significant increase after weight loss. In conclusion, amateur boxing players need a systematic weight loss to maintain optimal conditioning.

The Effect of Iron Supplementation on Blood Components, Immune Cells and Aerobic Capacity during Gradual Weight Loss

( Yong Hong ),( Eue Soo Ahn ) 한국스포츠정책과학원(구 한국스포츠개발원) 2000 International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences Vol.12 No.1

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of iron supplementation on blood components (serum iron, ferritin, transferrin, and RBC, Hb, Hct) and immune cells (WBC, T-helper cell, T-suppressor cell, NK cells, monocyte), and aerobic capacity (VO2max endurance time) during gradual (3 weeks) weight loss. The subjects of this study were 12 high school wrestlers and 1 judo athlete (n=13) whose athletic career ranged from one year to six years. They were divided into 3 groups; non-weight loss group (NW; 4), weight loss group (WL; 4), weight loss and iron supplementation group (WL+IS; 5). In the gradual procedure, weight loss was achieved in 3 weeks by a diet restriction and enforcement of wearing suit for sweating during the last week. Caloric intake (900, 1800, 2700 kcal/day) of both weight loss groups was restricted gradually (3 stage/week) for weeks. Iron, ferritin, transferrin, RBC, Hb, Hct, WBC, T-suppressor cell, T-helper cell, NK cell and monocyte values were analyzed through blood samples drawn before and after weight loss at rest. And VO2max and endurance time were measured the weight blood sampling. Through loss of the WL and WL+IS groups were decreased each by 4.2kg, 4.3kg. Serum iron and transferrin levels decreased after weight loss in the WL, NW groups but in the WL+IS group they increased after weight loss. Feffitin level increased significantly after weight loss in the NW, WL+IS groups but was not significant in the WL group. RBC level increased in all the groups but was not significant. RBC, Hb and Hct levels increased after weight loss in all the groups but RBC and Hb increased significantly in the NW and WL+IS groups. WBC level decreased in the NW and WL groups after weight loss but increased in the WL+IS group after weight loss. T-suppressor cell level decreased significantly after weight loss in the WL+IS group but was not significant in the NW and WL groups. T-helper cell level decreased after weight loss in all the groups. NK cell level increased after weight loss in all the groups. Monocyte level increased after weight loss in the NW and WL+IS groups but decreased after weight loss in the WL group. VO2max increased after weight loss in the NW and WL+IS groups but decreased after weight loss in the WL group. Endurance time increased after weight loss in the WL, WL+IS groups but decreased in the NW group. The data indicate that iron supplementation during gradual weight loss affected serum iron, ferritin and transferin but did not affect RBC, Hb, Hct. Also, immune cells except monocyte seemed to be affected by exercise and gradual weight loss but were not affected by iron supplementation. but, iron supplementation during gradual weight loss affected monocyte. VO2max and endurance time were not affected by gradual weight loss and iron supplementation.