오규원 초기시의 시간의식 연구

윤의섭(Youn, Eui-Seoup) 한국시학회 2016 한국시학연구 Vol.- No.45

본 연구는 오규원의 초기시에 나타난 시간의식을 살펴보았다. 특히 오규원 초기시의 시간의식을 현상학의 ‘현상’과 여타의 시간론과 관련하여 파악했는데, 그것은 오규원이 주관적 경험의식으로 시간을 인식하고 있기 때문이다. 오규원의 초기시는 우선 구체적인 시간 표지를 통해, 객관적으로 주어진 시간적 통념이 아닌 주관적 경험의식으로 인식한 내적 시간의 본질적 ‘현상’을 드러내려는 시간의식을 보이고 있다. 구체적으로 시간 표지를 명시하는 것은 시적 의미망과 관련된 주관적인 경험의식에 의해 파악된 시간의 ‘현상’을 표출하기 위한 의식적인 행위이다. 이러한 시간 표지에 의해 본질적인 시간 ‘현상’이 지시되고 있다. 또한 시간을 의인화하여 과거, 현재, 미래의 시간상을 가시적으로 드러내는 방법을 통해, 시간이 동시에 배치될 수 있다는 시간의식에 의한 시간의 ‘현상’을 보이기도 한다. 즉, 과거와 현재, 미래와 현재, 또는 과거, 현재, 미래가 동시에 공존하는 상태인 시간의 동시성 ‘현상’을 시에서 가시화 하여 실제로서 재현하기 위해 시간을 의인화하고 있는 것이다. 이 역시 시간의 ‘현상’을 주관적 경험의식으로 파악한 시간의식에 의한 것이다. 오규원의 초기시에 나타나는 시간의식은 시적 주체가 인식하는 죽음에 대한 의식과 관계를 맺고 있다. ‘죽음’을 실존적 인간에게 있어서 다가올 미래 시간에 상정된 결정적 사건으로 볼 때, 그것은 시간의식과 관련된다. 오규원은 가능성으로서의 미래를 결정적인 것으로 보이기도 하고, 과거와 현재와 미래를 동시적으로 파악하기도 하고, 회상의 시간과 상상의 현재를 겹쳐 보이기도 하는 등의 주관적으로 파악한 시간의식으로 ‘죽음’의 한 속성인 실존적 한계를 무화시키는 죽음의식을 보여주고 있다. This study examines perception of time in Oh, Gyu-Won"s early poems. Especially "phenomenon" in phenomenology and other time theories are adopted to identify the perception of time in Oh, Gyu-Won"s early work; these concepts are adopted since Oh, Gyu-Won perceives time in terms of subjective perception of experience. Oh, Gyu-Won"s early work shows the perception of time which reveals essential "phenomenon" of inner time perceived as subjective perception of experience rather than objective perception of time, through specific time marks. Specifying the time marks is a perceived act to express "phenomenon" of time identified by subjective perception of experience related to the net of poetic significance. These time marks instruct essential time "phenomenon". Also, time is personified and arranged in a way that the times of the past, present and future are visible simultaneously, which is seen as a time "phenomenon". In other words, time is personified to realize the "phenomenon" of temporality of time in which the past, present and future co-exist simultaneously. This is also by the perception of time by identifying the time "phenomenon" as subjective perception of experience. Perception of time in Oh, Gyu-Won"s early poems is related to perception of death that the poetic subject perceives. Considering "death" as a decisive event which is introduced to the time of future, it is related to the perception of time. Oh, Gyu-Won"s early work presents the past, present and future in various ways in which events related to death are closely link to the time. Perception of death in the poems includes the perception of time identified by Oh, Gyu-Won"s perception of experience.

ADHD 아동의 시간 지각 결함

김경아,신민섭 한국임상심리학회 2012 Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology Vol.31 No.2

This study investigated time perception in ADHD children. Twenty-seven ADHD children and twenty-five controls participated, and four tasks were administered to both groups, as follows: 1) A computerized time reproduction task (intervals of 3, 8, 13, 18, and 25 seconds, with or without distraction) to estimate time perception accuracy. 2) Neurocognitive ability tasks 3) A questionnaire for the parents to rate the time- oriented behavior of their children, including preparation and planning ahead for deadlines. 4) A questionnaire for the children to answer, which was to measure their time notion, including time orientation, sequence of time, ability to estimate duration of their daily activities, and ability to look back on their past or to anticipate their future. As the results of using 2(group)×2(distraction)×5(intervals) factorial design ANOVA, distraction effect was not different between the two groups. However, as intervals became longer, ADHD children became less accurate in time perception compared to controls. Time notion was not different between the two groups. However, time perception accuracy was related to their ability to estimate the duration of daily activities, as well as their ability to look back on their past or to anticipate their future. And ADHD children showed more difficulty in time-oriented behavior. These results indicates that temporal span in ADHD children is shorter than controls, which means they are temporal myopic. Deficit of time perception in ADHD children makes them have difficulty in preparing and planning ahead. The time perception accuracy is related to executive functions(divided attention, inhibition), working memory, and sustained attention. Time perception is not automatic process, but requires cognitive effort.

조증 환자의 시간 지각 : 급성기와 관해기 비교

임재영,손인기,서정석,김명선,장경미 대한우울조울병학회 2012 우울조울병 Vol.10 No.2

Objectives : We investigated the time perception of bipolar manic patients in acute state and euthymic state to examine the difference of time perception between two states. And we investigated whether there would be significant correlation between the time perception in acute state and the severity of manic symptoms. Methods : 15 bipolar manic patients were participated. Time reproduction tasks were performed to measure time perception in acute manic state and euthymic state. Participants were asked to observe stimulus presented on a computer screen for a certain length of time, and subsequently asked to reproduce the stimulus for a same length of time by pressing the space bar. Stimuli were presented for 1, 11, 36 seconds. The severity of mood symptoms was assessed with Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS). Results : On average, time reproductions for 1 second, 11 seconds in acute manic state were significantly shorter than those in euthymic state (p values : 0.02, <.001, <.001 for each). And time reproductions in acute manic state were correlated with the YMRS score. Conclusion : Reproducing time stimuli shorter in manic state than in euthymic state suggests that bipolar patients in manic state perceive flow of time faster than in euthymic state. The results also suggest that the severity of manic symptoms is correlated with time perception.

신체적 작업 부하가 시간 인지에 미치는 영향

양대용,정의승 대한인간공학회 2022 大韓人間工學會誌 Vol.41 No.5

Objective: This study investigated an effect of a level of physical workload on individual's ability of time perception. Background: Having a low discrepancy between a clock time and perceived time indicates a good health condition. While previous studies have found an effect of mental workload on perceived time, no study had yet revealed a relationship between physical workload and time perception. Method: Thirty participants evaluated to assess the subjective physical workload of four different tasks using Borg Category Rating 10. They were, then, asked a perceived time spent on each task to calculate a time perception ratio to a clock time. Heart rate was also measured before and after each task to calculated change in heart rate. Results: A level of subjective workload, measured by Borg Category Rating 10 (CR 10), was highly correlated with a change in heart rate. Using the two measures of physical workload, we found a strong correlation between a level of physical workload and change in time perception ratio. Also, a level of physical workload, in terms of a change in heart rate and Borg CR 10, could significantly predict a change in time perception ratio with value of 0.552 and 0.534, respectively. Conclusion: When participants performed a task with a higher level of physical workload, they tended to think that "time flew". Application: The result of this study can be applied to determine an appropriate amount of physical workload of a task to lower a discrepancy between a clock time and perceived time.

“근대적 시간”과 블레이크의 밀턴

조희정 21세기영어영문학회 2023 영어영문학21 Vol.36 No.3

“근대적 시간”과 블레이크의 밀This paper attempts to illuminate William Blake’s concepts of time developed in Milton, in relation to Jacques Rancière’s discussion of “modern times.” Blake posits that human beings’ sensual perception of the empirical world is always intricately involved with temporality. He believes that multiple temporalities can co-exist and that one can discover a particular moment, which can transform the mechanical view of time, ultimately leading to a vision of eternity. Blake’s famous “vortex” passage emphasizes the possibility of interrupting the one-dimensional movement of time and thereby transcending a given particular time frame through the transformation of the ego. Rancière also argues for the simultaneity of different temporalities and focuses on “the time of revolt” that can cause a rupture in the stream of routinely organized time. Especially, Rancière highlights “the time of interruption,” which is exemplified in laborers’ diverse liberating activities during the nighttime. Both Blake and Rancière display a highly critical view of mathematical time that controls every aspect of human existence in modern society. Their industrious search for a way to resist the domination of mechanical time flow merits close attention, especially in the context of the contemporary world in which artificial intelligence and the fourth industrial revolution pose yet another challenge to our perception of time. 턴 This paper attempts to illuminate William Blake’s concepts of time developed in Milton, in relation to Jacques Rancière’s discussion of “modern times.” Blake posits that human beings’ sensual perception of the empirical world is always intricately involved with temporality. He believes that multiple temporalities can co-exist and that one can discover a particular moment, which can transform the mechanical view of time, ultimately leading to a vision of eternity. Blake’s famous “vortex” passage emphasizes the possibility of interrupting the one-dimensional movement of time and thereby transcending a given particular time frame through the transformation of the ego. Rancière also argues for the simultaneity of different temporalities and focuses on “the time of revolt” that can cause a rupture in the stream of routinely organized time. Especially, Rancière highlights “the time of interruption,” which is exemplified in laborers’ diverse liberating activities during the nighttime. Both Blake and Rancière display a highly critical view of mathematical time that controls every aspect of human existence in modern society. Their industrious search for a way to resist the domination of mechanical time flow merits close attention, especially in the context of the contemporary world in which artificial intelligence and the fourth industrial revolution pose yet another challenge to our perception of time.

Dysfunction of Time Perception in Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Dong-Won Shin,Se-Won Lim,Young-Chul Shin,Kang-Seob Oh,Eun-Jin Kim,Yun-Young Kwon 대한소아청소년정신의학회 2016 소아청소년정신의학 Vol.27 No.1

Objectives: Children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may have deficits in time perception, as assessed by the time estimation task and the time reproduction task, however its age-related trajectory is not yet determined. Therefore we examined the correlation between accuracy of time perception tasks and age, and the association between accuracy of estimation tasks and reproduction tasks. Methods: Sixty-three patients with ADHD, aged 8 to 18 years tested the tasks for five time durations (2, 4, 12, 45, and 60 seconds). Accuracy of tasks was assumed differences (absolute values) between raw results of tasks and original time durations. Spearman’s correlation analysis was performed to determine correlation between accuracy of time perception tasks and age. Multivariate regression was used to determine the association of accuracy of estimation tasks with accuracy of reproduction tasks. Results: Age showed correlation with accuracy of estimation tasks, but not with that of reproduction tasks. We observed that the higher the accuracy in 12, 45, and 60 seconds duration time reproduction, the higher the accuracy in longer seconds duration time estimation. Conclusion: Age was correlated with time estimation accuracy whereas there was no impact on time reproduction accuracy. Association of each of the two time perception tasks, particularly in longer time duration, suggested specific impairments in time perception.

‘시간여행’과 ‘나비효과’를 통해 나타난 90년대의 새로운 시간의식 -『시간 속의 도적』과 「나비전쟁」을 중심으로-

최승태 ( Choi Seungtae ) 한국어문학국제학술포럼 2024 Journal of Korean Culture Vol.65 No.-

1990년대는 ‘역사의 종말’이 선언된 시대였다. 이와 관련하여 90년대 문화에서는 더 이상 바뀔 수 없는 현재-미래에 대한 감수성이 표현되곤 하였는데, 이는 단지 역사의 진보에 대한 회의감을 드러낸 것이 아니라, 자본주의와 사회주의 어느 쪽을 택하더라도 그것이 단계론적이고 선형적인 역사-시간관 위에 놓인 한 그러한 결정론적 미래를 피할 수 없다는 결론으로 인한 것이었다고 이해할 수 있다. 한편 90년대의 대중문화 속에서는 ‘시간여행’과 ‘나비효과’가 종종 나타났는데, 이와 같은 요소들은 시간의 비선형성 및 미래의 변화 가능성을 함축한다는 점에서 헤겔의 단계론적인 역사관 너머의 시간의식을 환기한다. 채영주의 『시간 속의 도적』과 듀나(DJUNA)의 나비전쟁 은 이처럼 새로운 시간의식을 제시하고자 한 작품으로 읽을 수 있다. 이 두 작품은 ‘시간여행’과 ‘나비효과’를 소재로 하는 한편, 당대 담론장과 대중문화 시장 양편을 통해 상당한 영향을 끼쳤던 카오스 이론을 서사의 기본 틀로 삼고 있다 이때 미시적 요소로 인한 미래의 예측 불가능성과 비선형의 문제에 대한 초점화라는 카오스 이론의 문제의식은 ‘시간여행’과 ‘나비효과’를 경유하여 서사화되며, 그를 통해 과거-현재-미래라는 단선적이고 선형적인 흐름에서 벗어난 새로운 시간의식이 창출된다. 그럼으로써 이 두 작품은 ‘역사의 종언’에 대한 응답으로서 비-헤겔적 시간의식을 90년대에 제출하고 있다. The 1990s were declared the end of history era. In 90s literary related to this, a sense of apocalyptic sensibility towards unchangeable present and future was often expressed. It can be understood that this was not just due to skepticism about the progress of history, but to the conclusion that such a deterministic future cannot be avoided as long as it was placed on a step-by-step and linear historical-time view. Meanwhile, 'time travel' and 'butterfly effect' often appeared in popular culture in the 1990s. These factors evoke new time perception beyond Hegel in that they imply nonlinearity of time and the possibility of future change. Chae Young-ju's Thief in Time and DJUNA's Butterfly War can be interpreted an attempt to escape from this trap and present a non-linear time perception. These two novels are based on 'time travel', 'butterfly effect' and the chaos theory. The issues raised by chaos theory regarding nonlinearity and unpredictability are narrated through ‘time travel’ and ‘butterfly effects’ in these novels. This creates a new time perception away from the linear time flow. As a result, these two works submit a non-Hegelian time perception in the 1990s as a response to the 'end of history'.

양극성장애 환자의 조증 증상과 시간 지각

정충수,손인기,박성용,서정석 대한우울조울병학회 2015 우울조울병 Vol.13 No.3

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate 1) whether there would be significant changes in time perception between acute manic and euthymic states and 2) whether changes in time perception with auditory stimulus in patients with bipolar disorder would be consistent with changes in time perception with visual stimulus. Methods : The thirty-eight patients who were diagnosed as manic episode of bipolar disorder participated in this study. They were presented with a time reproduction task at two states - acute manic state and euthymic state. Participants were asked to listen for “beep” sound for a certain length of time. After that, they were asked to reproduce the same length of time. The severity of mood symptom was assessed with Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS). Results : Time reproduction for 11 seconds, 36 seconds in acute manic state were shorter than in euthymic state and time reproduction in acute manic state were correlated with YMRS score. Conclusion : Time reproduction is shorter in acute manic state than in euthymic state. And the severity of manic symptom is correlated with time perception. This result is consistent with previous studies with visual stimulus and suggests that the difference between cognitive process of visual stimulus and auditory stimulus does not affect time perception.

분절간 각도에 따른 시간 타이밍의 지각과 동작 제어 특성

한동욱 ( Dong Wook Han ),박승하 ( Seung Ha Park ) 한국스포츠심리학회 2009 한국스포츠심리학회지 Vol.20 No.3

본 연구는 다섯 개의 분절간 각도가 다른 시각 정보에 대한 시간 타이밍의 지각과 동작의 제어 특성을 밝히는데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 18명의 여자 성인을 대상으로 컴퓨터 모니터에 제시되는 시각정보를 보면서 J키와 F키를 이용하여 각 분절의 길이에 맞는 시간 타이밍 과제를 수행하였다. 분절간 각도는 10°, 30°, 60°인 실험 조건에서 각 분절의 길이에 맞는 시간 타이밍의 지각적 특성과 실제 타이밍 반응의 결과를 살펴보았다. 지각적 특성은 제시되는 시각 정보를 어떻게 지각하였는지를 실제 반응 이후 설문을 통해 알아보았으며, 실제 타이밍 반응은 실제 반응 타이밍 시간과 분절의 길이에 따라 정해진 시간 값 간의 상대적 타이밍 오차와 절대적 타이밍 오차를 계산하여 분석하였다. 그 결과, 각도 조건에 따라 각도 조건에 따른 시간 타이밍에 대한 지각이 전반적으로 다르게 나타나 시각적 착시가 일어났음을 확인하였다. 그러나 실제 동작은 각도 조건에 관계없이 동일한 타이밍 반응을 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 지각과 동작의 처리과정의 분리적인 특성을 제시한 Milner와 Goodale(1995)의 지각-동작 가설과 동작 제어시 계획 단계와 다른 온라인 제어에 의한 동작 수정이 이루어진다는 Glover(2002)의 계획-제어 가설과의 관련 가능성을 찾을 수 있다. The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of perception and action on temporal timing across different segment`s angles. Participants were 18 female adults who performed a sequential timing task. The experimental task is to press two computer keyboards, J or F key on sequential movement task with 5 segments/trial, which consisted of 9 trials on an angle: 10, 30, or 60 degree respectively. For examining the effects of temporal timing control on a perceptual characteristics by angle, we analyzed a perceptual velocity characteristics in pressing keyboard by a questionnaire and two timing errors measured by Eye Hand Timing Coordination Program (EHTCP), which consisted of relative timing error and absolute timing error. The results represented that even though they had a different perceptual velocity characteristics on angles: 10, 30, or 60 degrees, participants pressed keyboard with no significant difference in both relative timing error and absolute timing error. We conclude that this results may have relevance to the perception-action hypothesis (Milner & Goodale, 1995) explaining the segregation of perception and action, and the planning-control hypothesis (Glover, 2002) showing some behavioral correction by on-line control in performance.

고객의 개인적 요소가 대기시간 경험에 미치는 영향에 대한 탐색적 연구

김주영,유보미 한국마케팅학회 2010 ASIA MARKETING JOURNAL Vol.12 No.1

서비스를 구매하기 위해 고객들은 자주 대기를 경험하게 된다. 고객은 대기로 인해 불만족을 느끼고 서비스 장소를 이탈할 수도 있기 때문에 서비스 제공자가 대기시간을 관리하는 것은 중요하다. 이를 위해 대기시간에 관한 연구가 다양하게 진행되어 왔다. 그 결과, 서비스 제공 단계별 대기시간 연구, 실제와 지각된 대기시간에 대한 연구, 대기를 경험하는데 영향을 미치는 대기환경과 대기정보 등 매개변수에 대한 연구, 고객의 특성에 따른 대기경험의 차이 연구 등을 통해 고객의 대기경험을 개선시키고자 하였다. 본 연구에서는 Hui and Tse(1996)가 제시한 고객의 행동적 메커니즘의 평가적 요소, 즉 지각된 대기시간, 대기수용정도, 대기에 대한 감정적 반응을 고객이 대기할 때 경험한다는 것을 바탕으로 서비스 제공자가 대기 시점에서 통제하기 어려운 고객의 개인적 요소들(고객충성도, 거래중요도, 대기기대수준)이 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 실제 대기상황(패밀리 레스토랑, 놀이공원)에서 탐색적 연구를 하였다. 두 번의 실험을 진행한 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 레스토랑에서 조사한 결과, 고객의 거래중요도가 대기경험에 긍정적으로 미치는 영향이 큰 것으로 나타났다. 이는 레스토랑의 서비스 제공자가 고객의 거래중요도를 높일 수 있는 전략을 통해 고객의 이탈을 효과적으로 방지할 수 있음을 시사한다. 둘째, 놀이공원에서 조사한 결과는 거래중요도뿐만 아니라 고객충성도가 대기경험에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이를 통해, 놀이공원의 서비스 제공자는 지속적으로 고객충성도를 높일 수 있는 전략을 통해 필연적으로 발생하는 대기에 대한 고객의 불만을 최소화할 수 있음을 시사한다. 위의 연구결과는 서비스 장소의 특성에 따라 고객이 대기를 다르게 경험하기 때문에 서비스 제공자는 해당 서비스 장소에 따라 고객특성을 파악하여 이를 강화, 개선해 대기시간을 관리하는 것이 효과적일 수 있음을 시사한다. 셋째, 지금까지 대부분의 연구에서 조절적인 변수로 취급되었던 거래중요도, 대기기대수준 등의 고객 특성이 대기경험에 영향을 미치는 주요 독립 변수로 연구됨으로써 대기경험에 직접적인 영향을 미칠 수 있다는 것을 밝혔다. 즉, 획일화된 서비스전략이 모든 고객을 만족시키지 못하기 때문에, 고객의 개인적 요소들에 따라 대기경험에도 차이가 생길 수 있음을 감안한 마케팅 전략이 필요하다. 또한, 대기시간 연구에서 다루어지지 않았던 고객충성도가 대기경험에 미친다는 것도 알아내었다. 고객충성도는 중·장기의 긍정적인 서비스 경험에 의해 형성되는 것이기 때문에 누적되는 고객만족의 중요성을 위해 대기시간 관리에서 중요한 개념이라고 할 수 있다. 넷째, 실제 대기시간과 대기경험 간의 관계에서 지금까지 대기시간 연구들이 지각된 대기시간을 위주로 연구해왔으나, 실제 대기시간이 대기경험에 미치는 영향도 주목할 필요가 있다는 것을 밝혔다. 특히, 본 연구에서는 한계 대기시간과 함께 실제 대기시간의 영향력을 알아봄으로써, 동일한 실제 대기시간에도 개인이 느끼는 한계 대기시간에 따라 대기경험에 다양한 반응이 있음을 알 수 있었다. 마지막으로, 대기경험 간의 관계에 있어서도 Hui and Tse(1996)의 연구와 달리 고객은 대기시간을 지각하면, 이에 대한 수용여부를 결정하고, 대기상황에 대한 감정적 반응을 한다는 어느 정도의 ... Customers often experience waiting for buying service. Managing customers’ waiting time is im- portant for service providers since customers who are dissatisfied with waiting, secede from a service place at last. Not a few studies have been done to solve waiting time problem and improve customers' waiting experience. Hui & Tse(1996) identify evaluation factors in customers' behavioral mechanism as customers wait. That is, customers experience perceived waiting time, waiting acceptability and emotional response to the wait when they wait. Since customers evaluate the wait using these factors, service provider should manage these factors in order to minimize customers' dissatisfaction. Therefore, this study explores that evaluation factors of waiting are influenced by customers' situational and experiential characteristics, which include customer loyalty, transaction importance for customer and waiting expectation level. Those situational and experiential characteristics are usually given to service providers so they can’t control these at waiting point. The major findings derived from two exploratory studies can be summarized as follows. First, according to the result from the study 1 (restaurant setting), customers' transaction impor- tance has the greatest positive influence on waiting experience. The results show restaurant service provider could prevent customers' separation effectively through strategies which raise customers' transaction importance, like giving special coupons for important events. Second, in study 2 (amusement part setting) customer loyalty has large positive impact on waiting experience as well as transaction importance. This results show that service provider could minimize customers' dissatisfaction using strategies which raise customer loyalty continuously. This results show customer perceives waiting experience differently according to characteristics of service place and service itself. Therefore, service provider should grasp the unique customers' situational and experiential characters for each service and service place. It could provide an effective strategy for waiting time management. Third, the study finds transaction importance and waiting expectation level have direct influence customers' waiting experience as independent variables, while existing studies treated them as moderators. Customer loyalty which has not been incorporated in previous waiting time research is known to affect waiting experience. It suggests that marketing strategy which builds up customer loyalty for long period of time is also quite effective, compared to short term tactics to help customers endure waiting time. Fourth, this study reveals the importance of actual waiting time along with perceived waiting time. So far most studies only focus on customers' perceived waiting time. Especially, this study incorporates the concept of patient limit on waiting time to investigate effect of actual waiting time. The results show that there were various responses to the wait depending on how actual waiting time exceeds individual's patent limit on waiting time or not, even though customers wait about the same period of time. Finally, using structural equation model, conceptual path between behavioral responses is verified. As customer perceives waiting time, then she decides whether she can endure it or not, and then her emotional response occurs. This result are somewhat different from Hui & Tse(1996)'s study. The study also includes theoretical contributions as well as practical implications.