아시아 국가의 지속가능발전 전략: 물-에너지-식량 안보 넥서스를 중심으로

김진욱 ( Gene Uhc Kim ) 아시아.유럽미래학회 2021 유라시아연구 Vol.18 No.3

In a world undergoing dangerous climate change and other serious environmental ills, there is widespread understanding that worldwide environmental objectives need a higher profile. The member countries of the UN General Assembly in 2015 adopted the ‘Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development’. At its heart are the 5 categories(people, planet, prosperity, peace, partnership), the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the associated 169 targets(outcome targets and means of implementation targets) and 232 indicators. This paper proposes sustainable development strategies considering the status of three sectors’ Goals (Water-Energy-Food) in Asian developing countries. The sustainable development strategy will be obtained from the Evaluation Index(EI). The establishment of the Evaluation Index can be characterized in three stages. The first stage is selection of the indicators of Water sector (SDG-6), Energy sector(SDG-7) and Food sector(SDG-2) separately. The lists of targets and indicators for each of the 17 SDGs was published in a UN resolution in 2017. Considering the availability of data in Asian countries, the indicators have been selected. The second is characterized as formula for standardize all indicators. In this analysis, the old HDI method(before 2010) has been adopted to transform a raw variable(value) into a unit-free index between 0 and 1. The third stage will be the choice of weight for each indicator. Even though optimal weights would be obtained from the users’ survey as well as experts’ survey, arithmetic mean will be used in the analysis due to lack of survey data. This analysis considers recent status(values) of water-energy-food sectors in Asian developing countries (including ASEAN) applying the indicators presented by international organizations including the UN. Water-EI, Energy-EI, Food-EI can be obtained separately by the formula which adopted the old HDI method from the indicators’ values of all countries. The Nexus-EI is calculated from the Water-EI, Energy-EI, Food-EI using the arithmetic mean and it determines the ranking of countries. According to the Nexus-EI, the least advantaged country has been Lao PDR whose best development strategies should be water efficiency in Water sector and crop production and food supply variability in food sector. Mongolia, second worst country in Asia, should adopt the sustainable development strategies for increase the renewable energy consumption in energy sector, improve undernourishment and reduce food supply variability in food sector. Myanmar needs to adopt strategies to improve three sectors simultaneously, especially development strategies for higher water efficiency(water sector), higher electricity accessibility(energy sector), lower prevalence of anemia(food sector). Cambodia should focus on its water resources strategy(extended basic water drinking services, lower defecation). Pakistan government determines investment plan for higher water efficiency, easier access to electricity, lower prevalence of anemia simultaneously. Nepal’s best strategy would be water sector investment for improve the water efficiency and for protect and restore water-related ecosystems. In energy sector, China should increase percentage of renewable energy and Butane should invest the energy intensity level of primary energy. Even though all indicators could not be analysed in this paper, sustainable development policies of several countries are proposed using the 11 indicators. For the calculation of the Water-EI, Energy-EI, Food-EI and Nexus-EI, the optimal weights obtained from the survey of users and experts should be employed instead of simple weights(arithmetic mean) using in this paper.

지속가능한 개발을 위한 재생에너지 관련법에 관한 연구

장진숙 제주대학교 법과정책연구원 2019 法과 政策 Vol.25 No.3

This research is aimed at offering legal improvements for the related laws with renewable energy that is one of the essential technology for the sustainable development. This analysis is to evaluate whether these laws are well designed toward implementing the sustainable development. Thus, this article firstly analyzes the concept and philosophy of the sustainable development. Second, three important domestic laws that are in a close connection with renewable energy are briefly studied in terms of implementing the philosophy of sustainable development. Most specially among these three laws, this article focuses on 「The Law to Improve The Use・Development・Supply of Renewable Energy」 in large part. Lastly, International regional economic agreements are compared for their included articles of sustainable development and renewable energy. And two legal suggestions are introduced for 「The Law to Improve The Use・Development ・Supply of Renewable Energy」 after analyzing the concept and philosophical values of sustainable development as well as the sustainable development and renewable energy clauses contained in international regional economic integration agreements. One is to reemphasizing the importance of the already recommended suggestion that is about restoring a fundamental legal foundation to implement the sustainable development practically. The other is a newly recommended suggestion gained from the analysis on the clauses of the sustainable development and renewable energy on international regional economic agreements. It is to include the main contents and principles of 「Transparency Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative」 into the Renewable Energy Law. 21세기 현재 지속가능한 개발의 원칙은 국가운영의 모든 측면에서 실행되어야 하는 중요한 국제관습법의 원칙으로 자리 잡았다. 따라서 국내에서도 지속가능한 개발의 원칙이 잘 이행될 수 있는 실질적 법적장치가 마련되어 있는지에 관해서 계속적으로 점검하는 것은 중요한 일이다. 본 글에서는 지속가능한 개발을 위한 가장 중요한 기술로 평가받고 있는 재생에너지와 관련된 국내법제의 운영 실태를 고찰한다. 이를 바탕으로 재생에너지 관련 국내법들이 지속가능한 개발을 실질적으로 실현할 수 있는 법적 환경을 제공하고 있는 지를 분석한다. 특별히 본 글에서는 지속가능한 개발의 원칙이 내표하고 있는 철학적 가치도 검토하여 지속가능한 개발의 실천이 추구하는 지향점과 중요성을 다시 한 번 강조하는데 의의를 두고 있다. 이러한 고찰은 신·재생에너지 보급 및 사용의 촉진을 위한 절차적 법적요건이 비단 재생에너지를 위한 정책뿐만 아니라 21세기의 시대적 변화에 맞춰 국가 모든 분야의 전반적인 운영을 위해서도 가장 기본적인 중요한 법적토양을 마련하는 일이라는 것을 강조하는 것이다. 따라서 첫째 지속가능한 개발의 개념 및 철학에 관한 고찰을 한다. 이러한 철학적 분석을 통해서 현재 지속가능한 개발의 중요성과 필요성을 재강조하며 실질적인 이행을 위해서 가장 필요한 법적장치를 함께 도출한다. 둘째, 재생에너지와 관련된 국내법제가 지속가능한 개발을 실현하는 방향으로 정비되어 있는지에 대한 검토를 위해서 「지속가능한 발전법」과 「저탄소녹색성장법」을 간략적으로 검토한다. 그리고 「신재생에너지 개발・이용・보급・촉진법」의 운영실태 및 문제점을 주로 분석한다. 특별히 본 글에서는 국제경제지역협정들에 규정된 ‘지속가능한 개발과 신·재생에너지 조항’을 분석한다. 이러한 비교검토를 통해서 현 「신・재생에너지의 개발・이용・보급 촉진법」이 지속가능한 개발을 실천하는 방향으로 이행되기 위해서 제시된 기존 절차적 요건의 재강조 및 개선점을 고찰한다.

1차 국가에너지기본계획의 문제점 분석 : 지속가능한 에너지체제전환의 관점에서

임성진 ( Sung Jin Leem ) 조선대학교 사회과학연구원 2009 서석사회과학논총 Vol.2 No.2

에너지기본계획은 녹색성장기본법의 주요 부분을 구성하고 있을 뿐 아니라 정부의 온실가스감축목표와 신재생에너지개발, 그리고 원자력정책 등에 결정적인 영향을 미치는 중차대한 국가계획이다. 1차 국가에너지계획은 이와 같은 중요성과 정부의 에너지효율 개선의지에도 불구하고 지속가능한 에너지체제전환의 측면에서 볼 때 크게 미흡하다. 이 계획은 기후변화대책과 통합되지 못하고 수립되었으며 신재생에너지 정책도 지속가능성의 요구에 미치지 못한다. 특히 원자력에 대한 의존도를 크게 높인 것은 정책적 논란을 더욱 증폭시키며 지속가능한 에너지전환을 한층 어렵게 만든 결정으로 지적된다. 에너지기본계획이 미래지향적인 지속가능성을 추구하기 위해서는 성장에 초점을 둔 녹색성장의 개념을 뛰어넘어 생태적 현대화와 환경혁신을 정책의 목표로 삼아야 한다. 그리고 이 기본계획이 추구해야할 에너지체제전환은 단순한 에너지원 Mix의 변화나 기술개발이 아니라 산업사회시스템 전반의 지속가능한 전환으로 이어져야한다. 아울러 수요측에 존재하는 절약잠재량을 정확히 파악하기 위한 bottom-up방식의 잠재량측정과 데이터축적도 필요하다. 또한 정책의 민주성과 효율성을 얻기 위해서 다양한 행위자들의 합의구도가 정착되어야 한다. The National Energy Plan is one of the most crucial national plans that not only constitutes an important part of the Greeen Growth Act, but also has substantial effect on Korea`s greenhouse gas emissions cut, renewable energy development and its nuclear policy. Despite this importance granted on it and the Korean government`s constant effort to improve the energy efficiency, the first Energy Plan is criticized to be largely insufficient to achieve the transition to a sustainable energy system. The National Energy plan is established without integration with the nation`s climate policy and the renewable energy policy in this plan does not meet the expectation regarding sustainability. Especially the greatly increased dependence on nuclear energy in the plan is causing a lot of controversy and is regarded as a decision that makes sustainable energy conversion system even harder to be achieved. To pursue the future-oriented sustainability ecological modernization and environmental innovation have to be the goals of the Energy Plan. The sustainable transition of energy system that this plan has to aim at should mean a transition of the whole industrial system into a sustainable one.

중국 에너지 정책에 대한 연구: 지속가능한 발전과 환경보호를 중심으로

필엽개,정해조 동북아시아문화학회 2016 동북아 문화연구 Vol.1 No.46

China’s energy industry has developed very well in the past 50 years following the establishment of new economic policies. With the evolution of China’s energy policy, there have also been tremendous problems that are worthy of research. Along with the reinforcement of the status of China’s energy industry over these years, there have been several studies on the history of the development of China’s energy industry. However, while most of them have emphasized the development and construction of the energy industry, research that focuses on the relations between energy and environment and sustainable development is still lacking. This paper focuses on this innovative topic, which has gained much attention recently, and discusses the relations between energy policy and sustainable development and environment protection. In addition, it provides some constructive advice that will contribute to future energy policymaking based on environment protection and sustainable development. The general trend of China’s energy policy development will be focused on renewable energy. However, at the same time, China will still make efforts to make fossil fuels cleaner because China cannot get rid of them owing to the high-speed development of its economy. Coal is irreplaceable in the next few decades, if China wants to maintain its leading position in the world according to economic growth rate. Thus, in the last chapter, I gave some recommendations that China should develop the relative LCE dominated by coal and complete energy market mechanisms, increase green energy consumption. Despite strong political and financial commitments to energy-efficiency improvement by the government, several issues are still present in China indicating that the country needs to develop more effective policy mechanisms and sufficient institutional capacity necessary to create long-lasting impacts on energy-efficiency investments.

How do nuclear energy and stringent environmental policies contribute to achieving sustainable development targets?

Zheng ShiYong,Liu Hua,Guan Weili,Li Biqing,Ullah Sana 한국원자력학회 2024 Nuclear Engineering and Technology Vol.56 No.10

In order to achieve sustainable development that balances economic growth, environmental protection, and social well-being and ensures a sustainable future, strict environmental regulations and sustainable nuclear energy production may play a vital role. Empirical works are insufficient when measuring the effects of strict environmental policies and nuclear energy production on sustainable development. This research aims to close this gap by examining how environmental policy stringency and nuclear energy production contribute to sustainable development in the top 17 nuclear energy-generating countries between 1995 and 2021. The research uses the linear and nonlinear CS-ARDL and PMG-ARDL models to achieve this goal. The linear model suggests that environmental policy stringency and nuclear energy production contribute to long-term sustainable development. In the nonlinear model, a positive change in environmental policy stringency and nuclear energy production causes long-run sustainable development to grow, while a negative change in environmental policy stringency and nuclear energy production hinders long-run sustainable development. Furthermore, environmental technologies, human capital, financial development, trade liberalization, and research and development expenditures are crucial for fostering long-run sustainable development. In contrast, the natural resource rents hurt sustainable development. These findings suggest that policymakers should consider combining strict environmental regulations and nuclear energy in devising policies for sustainable development.

친환경건축인증 공공건축물의 지속가능성 개념에 따른 표현 특성 연구 -국내 친환경건축인증 공공청사를 대상으로-

정은희 ( Jung Eunhee ) 한국공간디자인학회 2021 한국공간디자인학회논문집 Vol.16 No.3

(Background and Purpose) To spread Green buildings, the government established the “Guidelines for Rationalizing Energy Use” to obtain Green building certification and energy efficiency grades for public buildings. In particular, the public building sector needs green buildings. In response, this study aims to examine the concept of sustainable architecture, which is a fundamental attribute of Green architecture, in various aspects and diagnose the expressionist architectural characteristics of public buildings. (Method) This study examines sustainability concepts in public buildings and buildings certified as Green buildings and draws expressions of sustainable concepts through prior research to identify expressionist architectural characteristics on sustainability concepts in domestic Green buildings. The analysis method rearranges such characteristics derived from prior research and analyzes them with regards to public buildings based on architectural contents and elements supported by detailed concepts of ecological and energy perspectives. The targets of the analysis are limited to public buildings among domestic public buildings with excellent Green building certification grades, which were established after 2002 when the certification system was implemented in domestic buildings. (Results) According to the analysis, Seongnam City Hall satisfied 13 out of 15 points with 4/5 points in ecological view and circulation, respectively, 5/5 points for constancy, 4/4 points for thermal energy, 4/6 points for light energy, and 3/5 points for wind energy. The Seoul City Hall scored 13 out of 15 points with 4/5 points in ecological view and circulation, respectively, 5/5 points for constancy, 4/4 points for thermal energy, 4/6 points for light energy, and 2/5 points for wind energy. Finally, Chungcheongnam-do Office obtained 12 out of 15 points with 5/5 points for ecological view, satisfying 27 out of 30 points of expressionist architectural characteristics of the concept of sustainability. (Conclusions) Seongnam City Hall scored 80% with 87% in ecology and 73% in energy, Seoul City Hall scored 77% with 87% in ecology and 67% in energy, Chungcheongnam-do Province scored 90% with 100% in ecology and 80% in energy. When all items were combined, 91% of ecological perspectives and 73% of energy perspectives showed stronger expressive characteristics reflecting ecological concepts, instead of expressive elements, containing energy concepts. In addition, 82% of the total was found to have excellent sustainable Green characteristics. Moreover, the buildings with the highest level of sustainability concept were Chungcheongnam-do Office (90%), followed by Seongnam City Hall (80%) and Seoul City Hall (77%). Through this study, it was confirmed that domestic Green public buildings have Green characteristics that are excellent ecologically and energetically because of the high-level architectural expression of the sustainability concept. In addition, among domestic public buildings, Green building certified public buildings showed excellent design expression with ecological concepts compared to certified general buildings.

연구논문 : 지방분권화 시대 대구광역시의 신재생에너지 보급 확대방안

최용호 ( Yuong Ho Choi ),조성덕 ( Sung Duk Cho ) 한국환경정책평가연구원 2004 환경정책연구 Vol.3 No.1

The purpose of this study is to propose a way to develop and disseminate the renewable energy technologies and industries in the local community. Fundamentally, the renewable energy is able to reduce environmental pollution and diminish a use of fossil-fuel energy in the local area. And it will lead to promoting regional sustainable energy in the future, as well as making contributions to local economic development. Above all, based on the environmental conservation project, including greening of the city and improving water quality, Daegu metropolitan city has launched a series of renewable energy projects, such as solar city programs and local energy plan. But, some problems still exist, due to the technological, economic and socio-political barriers. Thus, to encourage and disseminate a renewable energy in Daegu city, we need to examine a present condition on renewable energy and analyze constraint elements to prevent its distribution. Based on the results, we have to set the feasible strategy to develop and disseminate renewable energy in Daegu city and help it systematically integrate renewable energy technologies and industries into environmental economics and city planning. Ultimately, to achieve this purpose, we need to adopt the following policy measures: (1) establishment of a master plan for renewable energy; (2) interconnection between local development project and energy industry; (3) promotion of technological development; (4) inducement of and assistance to renewable energy industry; (5) fostering venture companies; (6) specializing Daegu`s public office by energy-specific education programs. In particular, local entities including local company, consumers, policy-makers and citizen`s groups have to pay attention to local energy plan for the regional sustainable energy future. These measures will lead to establishing an environmentally friendly and sustainable city.

생태 감사를 이용한 지속가능한 학교 에너지 관리 방안 연구

남영숙 한국환경교육학회 2006 環境 敎育 Vol.19 No.3

The purpose of this study is to devise proper plans for sustainable energy management in schools through applying school eco-audit to energy field. This study is performed by literature review and the analysis of case study.This study analyzes the energy-saving model school according to the three cores of eco- audit such as school administration system, teaching-learning method, and ecological policy, and the result of the study is as followings.First, according to the analysis of school administration system for energy education programs, the participation of all the school staff is very low, and the democratic decision-making system is unsatisfactory. Second, according to the analysis of teaching-learning method, the program is mainly managed by teacher-oriented method not by learner-oriented one. The effect on the education of energy-saving program is a little improved in cognitive area, but is insufficient in affective area.Third, in the aspect of the ecological policy, the practical energy-saving effect in schools is unsatisfactory, and shows the difficulty of continuing application of the program.Consequently, it is desirable to integrate the energy-saving program with the eco-audit for sustainable energy management in schools. Implementation of the energy eco-audit in schools

A review on sustainable construction management strategies for monitoring, diagnosing, and retrofitting the building’s dynamic energy performance: Focused on the operation and maintenance phase

Hong, Taehoon,Koo, Choongwan,Kim, Jimin,Lee, Minhyun,Jeong, Kwangbok Elsevier 2015 APPLIED ENERGY Vol.155 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>According to a press release, the building sector accounts for about 40% of the global primary energy consumption. Energy savings can be achieved in the building sector by improving the building’s dynamic energy performance in terms of sustainable construction management in the urban-based built environments (referred to as an “<I>Urban Organism</I>”). This study implements the concept of “<I>dynamic approach</I>” to reflect the unexpected changes in the climate and energy environments as well as in the energy policies and technologies. Research in this area is very significant for the future of the building, energy, and environmental industries around the world. However, there is a lack of studies from the perspective of the dynamic approach and the system integration, and thus, this study is designed to fill the research gap. This study highlights the state-of-the-art in the major phases for a building’s dynamic energy performance (i.e., monitoring, diagnosing, and retrofitting phases), focusing on the operation and maintenance phase. This study covers a wide range of research works and provides various illustrative examples of the monitoring, diagnosing, and retrofitting of a building’s dynamic energy performance. Finally, this study proposes the specific future developments and challenges by phase and suggests the future direction of system integration for the development of a carbon-integrated management system as a large complex system. It is expected that researchers and practitioners can understand and adopt the holistic approach in the monitoring, diagnosing, and retrofitting of a building’s dynamic energy performance under the new paradigm of an “<I>Urban Organism</I>”.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> This study reviews the state-of-the-art in “energy” as well as “building”. </LI> <LI> Building’s dynamic energy performance should be managed in the built environments. </LI> <LI> This study summarizes recent progress in the building’s dynamic energy performance. </LI> <LI> The major phases can be categorized into monitoring, diagnosing, and retrofitting. </LI> <LI> This study proposes the specific future development directions and challenges by phase. </LI> </UL> </P>

태양광발전시설 설치지역 주민의 에너지에 대한 환경·사회적 가치 인식 비교 : 제주 동광 태양광 그린빌리지와 홍성군 홍동면 사례를 중심으로

이승지(Seung Ji Lee) 제주학회 2011 濟州島硏究 Vol.35 No.-

재생가능에너지에 대한 정부와 시민들의 관심이 높아지면서, 재생가능에너지의 이용을 통한 지역 단위 에너지자립에 대한 시도는 다양한 형태로 진행되고 있다. 먼저, 제도적으로 실시한 대표적인 사례가 그린빌리지 (Green Village) 사업이라고 할 수 있다. 이는 행정이 주도가 되어 주민들을 정책사업에 참여하도록 하는 행정주도형 에너지자립마을이라 할 수 있다. 반면, 주민들이 자발적으로 재생가능에너지 시설을 설치하고, 이를 통해 각 가정 뿐 아니라 마을 단위에서 자원이 순환되는 지역 생태 시스템을 구축하려고 노력하고 있는 사례도 있다. 이는 행정주도형과 상반된 개념으로 주민주도형 에너지자립마을이라고 할 수 있다. 이 두 형태의 에너지자립마을은 에너지전환 혹은 자립이라는 측면에서 표면적으로 그 목적이 같아 보이지만 재생가능에너지를 이용하게 된 역사적 배경과 동기, 주민들의 참여정도 등 에너지 자립마을 조성 동기가 다르므로 재생가능 에너지 사용 이후의 주민들의 에너지에 대한 의식과 마을공동체의 지속가능성에 대한 관심과 삶의 태도가 다르게 나타날 것이다. 본 연구에서는 재생가능에너지 시설을 이용하고 있는 에너지자립마을 주민들의 환경과 사회적 가치 인식에 관한 비교연구를 위해 지속가능한 에너지 체제 를 분석의 틀로 이용하였다. 연구의 대상은 먼저 정부주도형 에너지자립마을은 그린빌리지 사업이 최초로 진행된 제주특별자치도 서귀포시 안덕면 동광리의 태양광 그린빌리지를 선정하였다. 그리고 주민주도형 에너지자립마을은 충청남도 홍성군 홍동면의 태양광발전 시설 이용지역을 대상지로 선정하였다. 설문조사를 통한 양적분석의 결과 먼저, 재생가능에너지를 대표하는 태양광발전시설의 환경적 가치 와 사회적 형평성 , 그리고 민주적 절차 의 요소에서 주민주도형 에너지자립마을의 주민들이 정부주도형 에너지자립마을의 주민들보다 더욱 긍정적으로 평가하고 있는 것으로 확인되었으며, 이는 통계적으로 유의미한 차이를 보였다. 또한 지역의 공동체성 확보 요소에 대해서는 대상지별로 각각 다른 결과가 도출되었다. 이와 같은 결과를 통해 재생가능에너지 시설보급 사업에 앞서 지역주민들의 인식수준을 향상 시키는 것이 지역의 공동체성과 지속가능성 확보라는 측면에 더욱 효과적인 방법이 될 수 있다는 것을 알 수 있다. 한편, 심층면접을 통해 태양광발전 시설을 이용한다 할지라도 시설에 대한 바른 이해가 없다면 정책사업의 목적에 맞지 않는 왜곡된 결과가 도출 될 수 있다는 것을 확인 할 수 있었다. 본 연구를 통해 재생가능에너지 시설을 이용하는 데 있어 시설 설치의 주체에 상관없이 에너지체제의 전환과 지속가능한 마을 만들기에는 한계가 있음을 확인할 수 있었으며, 지속가능한 에너지체제의 전환을 위해 주민들은 재생가능에너지의 환경과 사회적 가치를 바르게 이해하는 동시에 각 마을의 특징과 제반여건에 맞는 정책을 수립하고 시행함으로써 지속적으로 재생가능에너지의 이용을 확대해 나아가야 할 것이다. This study aims to compare and analyze the awareness level of environmental and social values, using the PV System(Photovoltaic Systems) of the Green Village locals and the Community Based Village locals. The theoretical foundation of the study is based on a sustainable energy system . The research was based on a numerous surveys and various serious interviews with two local members. The collected data from the surveys have been analyzed with the Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS). The criteria set-up and various factors considered for the entire analysis were environmental value, energy conservation, social equality, democratic procedure, and local community spirit about using the PV systems. The locations of the research were Green Village , Donggwang-ri, Anduck-myon, Soegipo-si, Jeju-do and Hongdong-myon, Hongsung-Gun, Choongchungnam-Do. Jeju Green Village is a government-based, solar-energy-using site and Hongdong-myon is a community-based, solar-energy-using site. Local people in both sites use the PV systems however, they have different motives and methods in using and applying the solar energy. The surveys were intended to study the awareness level of the two locals environmental and social values. Multiple times of serious interviews were held to identify different motives and changes in their lives through using the PV systems. The outcome of the research indicates the followings: First, different views on using the PV systems between the people from the government-based village and community-based village in environmental values, social equality and democratic procedure factors were found. Second, the result of local community spirit factor was different at two research sites. Community-based village people considered using PV systems help create a good local community spirit regardless of the actual application of the system. At Government-based village, on the other hand, people believed that it was necessary to actually use the PV systems to build-up the local community spirit. Overall, the result has shown the needs for some environmental education in advance, for the people who will be using the system. Several serious interviews held with the locals also indicate that there was no visible difference between the two sites from the statistic point of view. They both confirmed that the energy consumption pattern has not changed after all, in spite of using the PV systems. If anything, the study showed that, the government-based village people tend to spend more electricity as the electricity bills with the solar energy system are usually lower and the community-based village people did not care much about the bills anyway as they think highly of the environmental value of the PV systems. The interview results have also demonstrated how crucial it is to spread the correct information and knowledge on renewable energy to the locals. In conclusion, there still is a limit to building a village solely based on sustainable energy and changing the current energy system. The locals should be informed with correct knowledge on renewable energy and the government has to suggest and plan better policies. Such policies need to meet the requirements of the locals as they are trying to overcome the obstacles of the current conditions and moreover, the government should continue on searching for better energy system and relevant policies that could benefit the whole as a society in a long-run.