동질도 평가를 통한 실버세대 세분군 분류 및 평가

배재호 한국유통과학회 2010 유통과학연구 Vol.8 No.3

As the population, buying power, and intensity of self-expression of the elderly generation increase, its importance as a market segment is also growing. Therefore, the mass marketing strategy for the elderly generation must be changed to a micro-marketing strategy based on the results of sub-segmentation that suitably captures the characteristics of this generation. Furthermore, as a customer access strategy is decided by sub-segmentation, proper segmentation is one of the key success factors for micro-marketing. Segments or sub-segments are different from sectors, because segmentation or sub-segmentation for micro-marketing is based on the homogeneity of customer needs. Theoretically, complete segmentation would reveal a single voice. However, it is impossible to achieve complete segmentation because of economic factors, factors that affect effectiveness, etc. To obtain a single voice from a segment, we sometimes need to divide it into many individual cases. In such a case, there would be a many segments to deal with. On the other hand, to maximize market access performance, fewer segments are preferred. In this paper, we use the term "sub-segmentation" instead of "segmentation," because we divide a specific segment into more detailed segments. To sub-segment the elderly generation, this paper takes their lifestyles and life stages into consideration. In order to reflect these aspects, various surveys and several rounds of expert interviews and focused group interviews (FGIs) were performed. Using the results of these qualitative surveys, we can define six sub-segments of the elderly generation. This paper uses five rules to divide the elderly generation. The five rules are (1) mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive (MECE) sub-segmentation, (2) important life stages, (3) notable lifestyles, (4) minimum number of and easy classifiable sub-segments, and (5) significant difference in voices among the sub-segments. The most critical point for dividing the elderly market is whether children are married. The other points are source of income, gender, and occupation. In this paper, the elderly market is divided into six sub-segments. As mentioned, the number of sub-segments is a very key point for a successful marketing approach. Too many sub-segments would lead to narrow substantiality or lack of actionability. On the other hand, too few sub-segments would have no effects. Therefore, the creation of the optimum number of sub-segments is a critical problem faced by marketers. This paper presents a method of evaluating the fitness of sub-segments that was deduced from the preceding surveys. The presented method uses the degree of homogeneity (DoH) to measure the adequacy of sub-segments. This measure uses quantitative survey questions to calculate adequacy. The ratio of significantly homogeneous questions to the total numbers of survey questions indicates the DoH. A significantly homogeneous question is defined as a question in which one case is selected significantly more often than others. To show whether a case is selected significantly more often than others, we use a hypothesis test. In this case, the null hypothesis (H0) would be that there is no significant difference between the selection of one case and that of the others. Thus, the total number of significantly homogeneous questions is the total number of cases in which the null hypothesis is rejected. To calculate the DoH, we conducted a quantitative survey (total sample size was 400, 60 questions, 4~5 cases for each question). The sample size of the first sub-segment-has no unmarried offspring and earns a living independently-is 113. The sample size of the second sub-segment-has no unmarried offspring and is economically supported by its offspring-is 57. The sample size of the third sub-segment-has unmarried offspring and is employed and male-is 70. The sample size of the fourth sub-segment-has unmarried offspring and is not employed and male-is 45. The s...

Increasing Consistent Condom Use in sub-Saharan Africa

Nasser B. Ebrahim 계명대학교 국제학연구소 2014 국제학논총 Vol.22 No.-

Despite reports of availability of condoms in many African countries, the spread of HIV infection remains unabated and is a major public health problem as consistent condom use has all, but become a theoretical possibility. In sub-Saharan Africa, consistent condom use is constrained by a myriad of social, structural, and cultural factors. Programs of condom use social marketing in sub-Saharan Africa have either failed or appeared to have only a modest impact in reducing the spread of HIV. This article reviews determinants of condom use in sub-Saharan Africa; provides the impact of condom social marketing in sub-Saharan Africa thus far; and synthesizes the case for utility of community?based social marketing approach that augments and integrates community knowledge, skills, and resources to increase condom use for preventing the spread of HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa.

세계대공황과 서브프라임 금융위기에 대한 정책학적 고찰 : 정부와 시장의 주도권 다툼의 관점에서

정정목 청주대학교사회과학연구소 2010 한국사회과학연구 Vol.31 No.2

Usually, a government tend to increase market intervention and the market tries to evade from or reduce it. Market intervention by government is widely accepted due to the defects in the market mechanism. The Great Depression was the typical proof for the intervention. Indeed, certain imperfections in the market result in inefficient resource allocation. So, a market failure. The market, however, doesn't wants government intervention since it causes costs to make profit. Students of public choice think the government or market never make decision. In other words, organization cannot make any decision. People in organizations whether it is the government or the market mechanismn actually make decision. Public choice theorists treat public figure and private person in the same manner in the sense that they are all maximizer of self-interest. It is not an easy job to verify how the government improve the inefficient resource allocation by market intervention. However, there is never short of criticism on the government activities. It may be more accurate to say that such criticism on government activities gain more supports from the rank-and-file voters ever before. Therefore, there has been a strong and a world-wide trend to reduce regulations and an effort to make a government small. The leadership contest between the government and the market may be considered as a political phenomena. The result of the contest will decide the allocation of power between them. This paper aims to evaluate impacts of the Great Depression and recent sub-prime mortgage crisis on the leadership contest between the government and the market. More specifically, an assesment of the impacts of the recent sub-prime mortgage crisis on the contest and on a strong and a world-wide trend to reduce regulations and an effort to make a government small. 정부는 시장을 규제하고자 하고, 시장은 정부의 규제를 피하려 한다. 정부가 시장을 규제하는 정당성은 시장이 여러 가지 이유로 비효율적인 자원배분을 초래한다고 데 있다. 그 대표적 실례는 세계대공황이었다. 대공황뿐만 아니라 다른 이유들 때문에도 비효율적인 자원배분이 초래되는데, 이를 시장의 실패라 한다. 시장은 보다 쉬운 이윤추구를 위해 정부 규제를 피하려 한다. 공공선택론은 정부나 혹은 시장이라는 조직 또는 집단이 의사를 결정한다고 생각하지 않는다. 정부나 시장에 종사하는 개인이 의사결정의 주체라고 전제한다. 그리고 이들 개인을 공인과 사인으로 구분하지도 않는다. 정부에 종사하는 공무원, (국회)의원, 군인 등을 공인이라 할 수 있겠지만, 이들도 사익을 추구한다고 전제한다. 정부가 규제를 통해 시장의 비효율적 자원배분을 어떻게 개선했는지를 객관적으로 입증하기는 어렵다. 그러나 정부에 대한 비판이 줄어들고 있지는 않다. 오히려 정부의 실패에 대한 비판이 힘을 얻고 있다. 대의민주제에 내재된 원인도 있지만, 정부에서 의사결정권을 행사하는 공인들의 사익 추구 역시 중요한 원인이다. 그리하여 규제철폐와 함께 작은 정부를 지향하는 노력은 세계적인 현상이었다. 정부와 시장이 벌이는 주도권 경쟁은 정치현상의 일부이다. 그리고 이 경쟁의 결과가 양자간 권력배분에 영향을 미친다. 이 논문은 최근 일어난 서브프라임금융위기가 이 경쟁에 어떤 영향을 미칠 것인지, 보다 구체적으로, 규제축소와 함께 작은 정부를 지향해 온 세계적 경향에 어떤 변화를 초래할 것인지를 살펴보는데 그 목표가 있다.

글로벌 현대미술과 ‘글로벌 경제위기’의 상관성과 그 의미

심상용(Sim SangYong) 현대미술학회 2009 현대미술학 논문집 Vol.13 No.-

Recent global economic crisis is a very complicated problem to deal with in this paper. Conjecturing the today's art market situation we have to talk about the correlation between present mechanism of art market and sub-prime avalanche. It is included herein such as a problem which regards art works as a mean of asset increment as real estate that art work trades as a speculation behavior in present mechanism of art market accelerate the ascension tendency of them and consider the maturity of art fair itself, which is an optical illusion caused by fluidic market tendency In this work we studied not the economic crisis itself but the influence of the economic crisis for art market and art itself. Namely it is a confirmation work of serial linkage facing the same crisis in art market, in which the successive crisis made of collaboration of greed, madness, and bubble have flowed into the art market. According to this study we verified that the trail of global economic crisis has been transferred to the crisis of art market without moderation. The inductive confirmation that a prosperous art market was a conclusion of global bubble economy before sub-prime crisis is also included therein. We tried to extend our discussion to find the overcoming way of art market crisis by understanding the characteristics of present economic crisis in the relational context of art market. In this context we examined the implication of the microscopic proposals which are aroused the reconstruction of art market and the problem for extension and recovery of a public discussion of art that we considers this discussion as a fundamental solution. We also mention the ideologically ambiguous phase and position which the excessively marketized and market oriented art occupied socially. We reported an index of universal enthusiasm toward human being and better world and today's situation of contemporary art market which is getting unrelated. Crisis reaches the climax when the reality is alienated and suppressed. Those are today's art crisis symptom and crisis itself when the value of an art work is alienated without the internal meaning and controlled by economic conditions. Therefore facing the crisis and by evocation of the original art value we aim to introspect the recovery of unique values.

서울 강북지역 아파트의 하위시장 분석

이호병 ( Lee Ho Byung ),채미영 ( Chae Mi Young ) 한국부동산학회 2004 不動産學報 Vol.22 No.-

1. CONTENTS (1) RESEARCH OBJECTIVES This paper is concerned as to how many apartment sub-markets the Gangbuk region can be spatially divided into by using Hedonic regression model. cluster analysis and Chow-test. Hedonic model is a statistical technique which can be applied to a series of property values, together with their associated characteristics, to identify and quantify the significant determinants of property value. The Chow-test is used to test the equality of parameters between two Hedonic regression models to subdivide sub-markets. (2) RESEARCH METHOD Hedonic model, Chow-test, cluster analysis and discriminant analysis are used in the research. (3) RESEARCH RESULTS The research results showed that it, at 0.05 significance level, was not statistically significant to consider Gangbuk region as a single apartment market according to Hedonic regression analysis and Chow-test, Therefore, there was a need to subdivide Gangbuk region into some spatial sub-markets. 2. RESULT The results for the analysis are summarized as follows. First, they showed that Gangbuk region can be subdivided into 7 apartment sub-markets as the results of the Hedonic regression analysis and Chow-test. The seven sub-markets are composed of Dongdaemungu-Gangbukgu-Seongbukgu-Jungnanggu, Seodamungu-Seongdonggu-Junggu-Mapogu, Nowongu-Eunpyeonggu, Dobonggu, Jongrogu, Gwangjingu, and Yongsangu. Second, the result of discriminant analysis showed that the classification of the seven sub-markets was much more influenced by apartment-to-CBD distance variable than by any other independent variable.

글로벌 현대미술과 ‘글로벌 경제위기’의 상관성과 그 의미

심상용 현대미술학회 2009 현대미술학 논문집 Vol.1 No.13

Recent global economic crisis is a very complicated problem to deal with in this paper. Conjecturing the today's art market situation we have to talk about the correlation between present mechanism of art market and sub-prime avalanche. It is included herein such as a problem which regards art works as a mean of asset increment as real estate that art work trades as a speculation behavior in present mechanism of art market accelerate the ascension tendency of them and consider the maturity of art fair itself, which is an optical illusion caused by fluidic market tendency In this work we studied not the economic crisis itself but the influence of the economic crisis for art market and art itself. Namely it is a confirmation work of serial linkage facing the same crisis in art market, in which the successive crisis made of collaboration of greed, madness, and bubble have flowed into the art market. According to this study we verified that the trail of global economic crisis has been transferred to the crisis of art market without moderation. The inductive confirmation that a prosperous art market was a conclusion of global bubble economy before sub-prime crisis is also included therein. We tried to extend our discussion to find the overcoming way of art market crisis by understanding the characteristics of present economic crisis in the relational context of art market. In this context we examined the implication of the microscopic proposals which are aroused the reconstruction of art market and the problem for extension and recovery of a public discussion of art that we considers this discussion as a fundamental solution. We also mention the ideologically ambiguous phase and position which the excessively marketized and market oriented art occupied socially. We reported an index of universal enthusiasm toward human being and better world and today's situation of contemporary art market which is getting unrelated. Crisis reaches the climax when the reality is alienated and suppressed. Those are today's art crisis symptom and crisis itself when the value of an art work is alienated without the internal meaning and controlled by economic conditions. Therefore facing the crisis and by evocation of the original art value we aim to introspect the recovery of unique values. Recent global economic crisis is a very complicated problem to deal with in this paper. Conjecturing the today's art market situation we have to talk about the correlation between present mechanism of art market and sub-prime avalanche. It is included herein such as a problem which regards art works as a mean of asset increment as real estate that art work trades as a speculation behavior in present mechanism of art market accelerate the ascension tendency of them and consider the maturity of art fair itself, which is an optical illusion caused by fluidic market tendency In this work we studied not the economic crisis itself but the influence of the economic crisis for art market and art itself. Namely it is a confirmation work of serial linkage facing the same crisis in art market, in which the successive crisis made of collaboration of greed, madness, and bubble have flowed into the art market. According to this study we verified that the trail of global economic crisis has been transferred to the crisis of art market without moderation. The inductive confirmation that a prosperous art market was a conclusion of global bubble economy before sub-prime crisis is also included therein. We tried to extend our discussion to find the overcoming way of art market crisis by understanding the characteristics of present economic crisis in the relational context of art market. In this context we examined the implication of the microscopic proposals which are aroused the reconstruction of art market and the problem for extension and recovery of a public discussion of art that we considers this discussion as a fundamental solution. We also mention the ideologically ambiguous phase and position which the excessively marketized and market oriented art occupied socially. We reported an index of universal enthusiasm toward human being and better world and today's situation of contemporary art market which is getting unrelated. Crisis reaches the climax when the reality is alienated and suppressed. Those are today's art crisis symptom and crisis itself when the value of an art work is alienated without the internal meaning and controlled by economic conditions. Therefore facing the crisis and by evocation of the original art value we aim to introspect the recovery of unique values.

공동주택가격에 영향을 미치는 주거환경 요소의 중요도 평가에 관한 연구

최윤아,송병하 대한건축학회 2006 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.22 No.11

The structure of today's housing market focuses on how to fulfill not only the physical characteristics of living environment, but also the social and economic desires. As one of the goods provided to consumers in the housing market, the price of house can be the barometer of resident's satisfaction. By evaluating the economic values of factors in housing environment, this paper aims to deduce the factors which are recognized and evaluated as important by consumers, and to capture the importance of each factor. There are four steps involved as analysis method: 1. Analyze the correlation between the factor composing living environments and the housing price. 2. Segment the housing market in Seoul by the price, and compare and analyze the differences between sub-markets. 3. By using Hedonic Price Model, deduce the economic importance of each factor in each sub-market. 4. Capture the recent trend of housing environment factors for the sub-markets segmented by the time of completion. In conclusion, there are critical differences of living environment factors between sub-markets in Seoul housing market, and the factors affecting the price appears differently between groups. The proportion of the environmental factors to the physical factors, composing the comfortable living environment, is increasing in recent housing complexes.

아파트 분양 및 청약시장 특성 분석 -경북ㆍ경남ㆍ부산ㆍ대구ㆍ울산광역시를 중심으로-

강요명 ( Yo-myeong Kang ),강현주 ( Hyeon-ju Kang ),서정렬 ( Jeong-yeal Suh ) 주택도시보증공사 2016 주택도시금융연구 Vol.1 No.2

본 연구는 최근까지 과열 양상을 보이고 있는 지방 시장(부산ㆍ대구ㆍ울산ㆍ경상권)을 중심으로 아파트 청약 시장의 특성을 파악 하고자 하는데 있다. 현재 아파트 분양시장은 청약 경쟁률이 지역 하위 시장마다 양극화와 탈동조화가 심화되고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 과열 양상을 보인 지방 시장인 부산, 대구, 울산, 경상권을 포함한 44개 시, 군 지역을 중심으로 아파트 청약 시장의 청약 경쟁률을 종속 변수로 하여 회귀 분석을 실시하여 지역 아파트 청약 시장의 특성들을 분석하고자 하였다. 분석 결과. 통계적으로 유의한 변수는 청약 저축 가입자 수, 순이동, 주택 보급률, 1인가구 증가율 등으로 나타났다. 이를 통한 연구 결과는 지역 하위 시장마다 청약 경쟁률이 차이를 보이며 이러한 청약 경쟁률이 투기세력을 양산하고 지역의 실수요자들에게 피해를 줄 가능성이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 문제점을 해소하기 위해서는 정부의 지역 하위시장(sub-market)별 선별적ㆍ단계적 대책의 수립을 위한 정부 대책 및 지자체가 함께 참여할 수 있는 주택 거버넌스(housing governance)의 필요성이 요구된다. This paper aims to figure out on characteristic of apartment subscription focused on local market (BusanㆍDae-guㆍUlsan Geung-sang area) showed overheating aspect recently. So far, Apartment subscription rate has been deepened polarization and de-coupling by each regional sub-market in new apartment distribution market. So this paper performed multiple regression to analyze characteristics of regional Apartment subscription market, set up Apartment subscription rate as dependant variable and focused on 44 cities and county local market (BusanㆍDae-guㆍUlsanㆍGeung-sang area) showed overheating aspect. The result of analysis as follows : statistical significant variables are Subscription deposit, Immigration, Housing supply rate, Single person household rate. This result implies possibility to damage to end users and to rise speculators because of excessive Apartment subscription rate each sub-market. Conclusion, to solve this problem, necessity of Housing governance to apply with government policy and local government and to establish policy of government on each sub-market of selectively and phase-in policy is demanded

부동산 과소거래시장의 하위시장 가격지수 작성을 위한 계층 모형의 활용 방안

송영선,최성경,이창무 대한국토·도시계획학회 2024 國土計劃 Vol.59 No.1

The scale of investment in the real estate market in Korea continues to grow every year, and accordingly, the demand for market information for diagnosing market conditions and making investment decisions increases. Unlike the housing market, commercial real estate market has an exclusive information system that lacks information available to investors. In particular, it is not easy to estimate a stable index, even if various information is available for the office market, with a low frequency of transactions. Various attempts have been made to estimate the index in Korea, but there is a limit to showing more detailed sub-market information. Therefore, this study estimated the price index based on the transaction-based data of the office sub-market with a low transaction frequency. A model combining a hierarchical structure with a repeat-sales model was used, and various indicators such as statistical reliability, stability, index revision, and predictive performance of the model were compared. It was confirmed that the index estimation performance was improved, and it is expected that the performance will be better, especially in situations where transactions are less frequent. In addition, the possibility of expanding and utilizing the research model was suggested by estimating the subdivided regional indices instead of the district, by utilizing the advantage of flexible model modification. 본 연구에서는 과소거래시장에서의 세분화된 하위시장지수를 산정하는 방법론을 검토하고 제안하고자 한다. 이를 위해다음과 같은 세 가지 연구 모형을 결합하여 활용하였다. 먼저, 실거래 자료를 이용하여 가격지수를 산정할 때 크게 헤도닉 모형(Lancaster, 1966; Rosen, 1974)과 반복매매 모형(Bailey et al., 1963)의 두 가지 형태의 모형을 이용할 수 있는데 이 둘은 서로 상반되는 장·단점을 가지고 있다. 그러나, 무엇보다도 반복매매 모형은 도시공간구조 변화에 따른 부동산의 입지가 가지는 가치의 변화를 지수에 담아낼 수 있고(이창무 외, 2007), 각 부동산의 매수와 매도 사이의 가격변화율을 기반으로 하고 있어 투자자들의 직접적인 경험을 반영할 수 있다는 이점(Geltner et al., 2014, p.658)이 있기 때문에 반복매매모형을 기본 모형으로 이용하였다. 두 번째로 확률적 구조를 가정한 시계열 모형을 이용하였다. 이를 이용하게 되면 실제보다 지수가 평활화될 가능성이있지만, 정확도가 향상되고, 과소거래시장에서 잘 작동한다는 장점이 있다(Schwann, 1998; Francke, 2010; 송영선 외, 2021). 마지막으로 상·하위 시장 간 계층적(hierarchical) 구조를 가정한 계층 모형을 이용하였다. 부동산 시장은 크게 공간과 자본시장으로 나누어질 수 있는데, 개별 자산이나 특정 하위시장의 특이한 가격 움직임은 공간시장을 반영하고 있다. 그러나 시간의흐름에 따른 할인율의 변화에서 야기된 자본의 기회비용 변화는자산의 가격 변동성을 만들어내며(van de Minne et al., 2020), 이로 인해 서로 다른 공간시장 간에도 자본시장에 기반한 가격 움직임을 공통적으로 가지게 된다(Geltner et al., 2014, p.556). 따라서 하나의 범주로 묶일 수 있는 하위시장들의 공통적인 가격변동 추세를 공유한다는 개념을 기초로 계층적 구조를 가정할 수있다. 이러한 가정에 기초하여 지수를 산정하면 각각의 하위시장의 지수를 산정하기 위해 다른 모든 시장의 가격변동 정보를 모두이용하며 각각의 정보를 효과적으로 공유하여 효율적인 추정이가능해진다. 본 연구는 다음과 같이 구성되어 있다. Ⅱ장에서는 관련 선행연구를 고찰하고 본 연구에서 활용할 방법론을 선택한 후, Ⅲ장에서 연구 구성과 자료, 지수 추정 방법을 소개하였다. 이를 바탕으로 이후에는 크게 두 가지 방향으로 연구를 진행하였다. 먼저, Ⅳ장의 1절에서는 최소한의 거래자료 확보가 가능하면서도 거래빈도가 적어 안정적인 지수 산정에 어려움이 있는 국내 오피스 시장을 대상으로 하여 권역별 가격지수를 산정하였으며, 2절에서는추가적인 모형의 설정을 통해 보다 세분화된 세부 지역별 지수를추정하였다. 이때 각각의 지수 산정 결과에 대한 평가를 위해 지표를 통해 모형의 추정성능을 평가하였다. 이후 Ⅴ장에서는 연구결과를 요약하고 시사점을 제시하였다.

하위시장별 전세시장 구조특성에 관한 연구

김태경,권대한,최준영 경기연구원 2012 경기개발연구원 기본연구 Vol.2012 No.6

The Purpose of this study is to find reasons of jeonse stock shortage exploring determinants of the housing sale price to jeonse price rations in housing sub-markets of the Seoul metropolitan area. In addition to this, the factors affecting rental contract types are analyzed. Based on the theoretical relationships among housing sale price, jeonse price, and monthly rental price, the spatial structures of housing sub-markets, and a survey questionnaire, the various factors affecting housing sale price to jeonse price ratios are analyzed. This research could be differentiated to the existing studies in terms that the spatial characteristics of more fractionized housing sub-markets, and the individualities and their thinking about housing policy of people living in them, are synthetically analyzed using a more structural approach. Inclusion of market demand changes in this research is also could be regarded as a uniqueness. It is found that spatial dependency to the regional job market of housing sub-markets is very serious, so it must be reconsidered. The cities having dependency to the adjacent regional job market must survive independently bringing up their unique strengths and their own cultural features. It is also found that the exiting features of rental housing market cannot be fit for the current varying demands, so the types of rental housing policy must be reestablished considering the changing demands of the housing markets.