스포츠 경기장의 활성화를 위한 역할 및 기능 변화에 관한 연구

강준경 ( Kang Junekyung ) 한국공간디자인학회 2021 한국공간디자인학회논문집 Vol.16 No.5

(Background and Purpose) Although positive impacts, such as improvement of city image and economic effects due to the construction of sports stadiums are expected, in some cases, stadiums act as a burden on the community. In addition, new plans to utilize existing stadiums are occasionally demanded due to various reasons. However, despite the fact that it is necessary to suggest a reuse plan for sports stadiums, research on this field is currently insufficient. Therefore this study proposes a design method suitable for the characteristics of sports stadiums by examining cases in which the role and function of sports stadiums have changed. (Method) A theoretical study was conducted to establish a framework for studying cases of sports stadiums. Based on theoretical studies, cases of sports stadiums that changed functions and roles were collected and analyzed. In these cases, stadiums were used differently compared to initial plans. Through this process, the trend of changing roles and functions of sports stadiums was investigated. Types of methods that were applied to utilize stadiums in studied cases were examined. Methods were understood based on the site conditions of the stadium and other factors that changed the role and function of the stadium. (Results) Through this study, it was found that there were three trends in the change in role and function of sports stadiums. In some cases, they additionally functioned as public facilities while continuing to be used as sports stadiums. Stadiums were remodeled as buildings to which the public had more access. In other cases, stadiums were remodeled to different types of sport facilities or to other types of buildings. Besides, they were sometimes temporarily used for other purposes. Factors influencing these changes were not only social factors, such as club relocation, finished international sports events, changes in sports trends, and economic problems, but also urban factors, such as the context of cities around the stadium. According to these factors, the physical changes of the stadium appearing differently in terms of locality, symbolism, publicity, and usability was investigated. (Conclusions) The purpose of this study was to build a foundation for revitalizing sports stadiums. The results of this study are expected to help in devising a way to effectively utilize stadiums, and this requires changes in their roles and functions due to social and urban factors. In addition, it can be used as a reference material for establishing a long-term plan to flexibly utilize the sports stadiums to be built in the future.

Exploring the Nature of Genius Loci in SPORT Stadiums Based on Collective Memory in CHINA

Zhao Xuemei,Bai Xuefeng,Shin Hong-bum J-INSTITUTE 2020 Kinesiology Vol.5 No.1

The genius loci of sport stadium is the main element for the public to feel the sport atmosphere and experience its function as the city architecture, and it is also the foothold and significance of sport stadium. However, with the change of architectural concept, advanced technology and new building materials gradually become the architectural theme of sport stadium, and the nature of sports carried by it is gradually covered by these phe-nomena, leading to the weakening of the public s cognition of sport stadium. If this phenomenon exists for a long time, it will not only affect the function of sport stadium and its role in urban development, but also eliminate the nature of it. Therefore, to reconstruct and maintain the genius loci, this paper analyzes the genius loci of sport stadium in China with the main elements of the collective memory, explores the nature of genius loci, and provides suggestions for its spread and continuation in the future. This paper explores the construction of genius loci of Chinese sport stadium based on collective memory through literature review. It fosters to spread and con-solidate genius loci of Chinese sport stadium through reconstruction of memory. According to the results from this study, there are three factors of collective memory. 1)Sport fans as the subjects of memory in the construction of collective memory. 2)Sport events and activities as the carrier in the construction of collective. 3)Stadium carrying Genius Loci as the object in the construction of collective memory. However, there are still some existing problems of genius loci of sport stadiums for the construction of collective memory. Lacking chance to enter into sport stadium hinders interaction between people and stadium. The for-mation of Genius Loci of stadium needs people deeply interact with stadium. The feeling of subject is the first step to identify Genius Loci of stadium. At present stage, the openness of the stadium is low, and the opportunity for people to feel sports and have emotional resonance is reduced, so it is difficult to interact with Genius Loci of stadium. In addition, low continuity of sport events and activities which causes sport stadium idling impedes the spread of Genius Loci of sport stadium. The number of stadiums has been increasing with the rapid development of sport industry in China but the number of sport event generated is relatively limited. Moreover, location trend from city to suburb blocks the spread of Genius Loci of sport stadium. Most stadiums in China are located in the suburbs of the cities. Although they can be satisfied with the harmony of the surrounding natural environment, the interaction between stadiums and people is severely restricted by the inconvenient traffic and other condi-tions. Based on the results from this study, there are several suggestions to keep collective memory of Genius Loci perceive from the stadiums by sport fans. 1)As the subject of the memory, the public s intuitive feeling and expe-rience of sport stadium is the key to the spread genius loci. 2)Sport events are the main ways for the public to interact with Genius Loci. 3)The construction of sport stadium should focus on the integration of the surroundings and become an integral part of urban construction.

A Study on the Perceptions and Needs of e-Sports and e-Sports Stadiums

유호 사단법인 미래융합기술연구학회 2021 아시아태평양융합연구교류논문지 Vol.7 No.7

The purpose of this study is to investigate on the experience and awareness of e-sports among university students majoring in sports and to identify the facility-related needs of e-sports stadiums. For this purpose, 74 students majoring in sports at a four-year university were surveyed. According to the survey, most students had experience in e-sports and thought that the prospects for e-sports were bright. On the other hand, the average of items related to general sports, willingness to take courses and the desire to engage in relevant professions was not high. In the case of correlation between perceptions of e-sports, there was a significant positive correlation, such as interest in e-sports, prospects, willingness to engage in relevant work, willingness to take relevant courses, and awareness of the connection between e-sports and general sports. In the case of the demand for the stadium for e-sports, the demand for the degree of visibility of the stadium from the seats and the size of the electronic signboard was the greatest, and the demand for sound facilities was generally high. Meanwhile, the demand for the time required to reach the stadium and the degree of traffic congestion was relatively low for other items.

치맥, 응원 그리고 홈런 : 자유연상단어 기법을 통한 스포츠소비자 관람경험 모델제시

김가영(KimKayoung),권웅(KwonWoong) 한국체육학회 2018 한국체육학회지 Vol.57 No.5

스포츠경기장 관람에서 스포츠소비자는 무엇에 열광하는가? 스포츠소비자는 어떤 경험을 기대하는가? 스포츠경기장에서의 진정성 있는 경험은 스포츠산업에서 중요한 요소이다. 과연, 어떤 요소들이 스포츠소비자의 진정한 경험을 이끌어 내는지 이해해야 할 것이다. 이러한 시대적 요구에 발맞춰, 경험 중심의 스포츠소비자 행동연구의 이론적 토대를 마련하고자 한다. 본 연구는 프로야구 관람경험이 있는 소비자(n=186)를 대상으로 자유롭게 연상한 단어를 기입하는 자유연상단어 기법을 통해 관람경험을 개념화하고자 했다. 이론적 개념화를 위해 질적 연구에 사용되는 컴퓨터 소프트웨어 프로그램인 NVivo 11.0을 이용하여 지속적인 비교분석방법으로 연구 자료를 분석하였다. 이와 더불어, 자유연상단어 기법의 실증적 분석 자료를 토대로 체험경제이론(Pine & Gilmore, 1998)의 검증을 통해, 스포츠소비자 관람경험 모델을 제시하고자 하였다. 연구의 결과, 스포츠소비자의 기억은 관람환경, 관람내용, 관람영향에 관한 주제로 범주화되었다. 그 중에서도 관람환경이 차지하는 비중은 관람경험의 많은 부분을 차지하고 있었다. 체험경제이론의 이론적 검증을 통해, 오락적 경험, 심미적 경험이 스포츠관람 객에게 가장 많이 언급된 단어들과 관련성이 높았다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 본 연구 결과는 향후 관람스포츠 연구분야에서 주요 마케팅 전략으로 체험경제이론의 4가지 요인이 적용뿐 아니라 이론의 발전 가능성 및 새로운 모델의 필요성을 시사한다. We investigate what consumers remember consciously and unconsciously at sport stadium. The first purpose of this study is to conceptualize consumers’ experiences at the sport stadium. The second purpose of this study is to test experience-focused theory in the sports context. We use a free association technique to collect qualitative data from sport spectators (n=186) who visited the professional baseball stadium. By using and extending Pine and Gilmore’s (1998) experience economic theory, we conceptualize consumer experiences at the sport stadium. By Systematically examining the meanings of memories from spectators who visited professional baseball game stadium, we found that entertainment elements such as cheerleading culture and foods were the most memorable experiences rather than educational and escapist experiences at the sport stadium. Thus, we concluded that enhancing the stadium service qualities related to entertainment elements at the stadium are essentials for consumers’ memorable experiences. We finally develop the consumer experience model at the sport stadium.

국내 프로축구경기장의 서비스스케이프에 대한 중요도-성취도 분석

진대근,조송현 한국스포츠산업경영학회 2020 한국스포츠산업경영학회지 Vol.25 No.1

This study aimed to assess, to compare, and to analyze importance and performance about K-league football stadium service-scape using IPA technique. For this purpose a group consisting of 320 individuals who live in Changwon, Pohang, Ulsan, or Busan and who had visited a professional sporting event at Changwon football center, Pohang steel yard, Ulsan sports complex, or Gudeok stadium, was selected and sampled using the convenience sampling method. After removing the responses of 15 of the original 320 individuals due to unreliability the remaining 305 were used for analysis. Exploratory factor analysis was administrated and cronbach’s α was produced for the measurement instrument validity and reliability with SPSS 25.0, and for research purpose, frequency analysis, paired-t test, and IPA were conducted. The findings shows as follows. First, the results of the comparison of importance according to the domestic professional soccer stadiums showed that a professional soccer stadium were in order of cleanliness, match information, convenience, accessibility, operation staff and design, while a general sports stadium were in order of cleanliness, accessibility, game information, operation staff, convenience and design. Second, the results of the comparison of performance according to the domestic professional soccer stadiums showed that a professional soccer stadium were in order of match information, cleanliness, convenience, operation staff, accessibility and design, while a general sports stadium were in order of match information, convenience, operation staff, accessibility, cleanliness and design. Third, as the result of IPA on service-scape of a professional soccer stadium, quadrant Ⅰ included 11 attributes including ‘convenience checking ticket’ and ‘convenience finding chair by signboard’. Quadrant Ⅱ included 3 attributes such as ‘sanitary toilet’ and ‘parking amenity of stadium’. Quadrant Ⅲ indicated 6 attributes of ‘accessibility of stadium’ and ‘interior and exterior attraction’. Quadrant Ⅳ indicated 5 attributes of ‘convenience for ticketing’ and ‘convenience using snack bar’. Fourth, as the result of IPA on service-scape of a general sports stadium, quadrant Ⅰ included 7 attributes such as ‘accessibility of stadium’ and ‘passing of passage and gateway’. Quadrant Ⅱ included 6 attributes having ‘convenience for ticketing’ and ‘convenience checking ticket’. Quadrant Ⅲ indicated 5 attributes including ‘convenience using snack bar’, quadrant Ⅳ indicated 7 attributes including ‘convenience for toilet and information usage’ and ‘cleanliness for stadium’. 이 연구는 IPA기법을 활용하여 국내 프로축구경기장 서비스스케이프에 대한 중요도와 성취도를 평가하고 비교, 분석하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 이를 위해 창원시, 포항시, 울산시, 부산시에 거주하는 국내 프로축구 관람객 가운데 창원축구센터와 포항스틸야드, 울산종합운동장, 구덕운동장을 방문한 경험이 있는 관중들을 모집단으로 설정한 후 편의표본추출법을 이용하여 총 320명을 표집하였으며, 불성실한 답변으로 판단되는 15부를 제외한 305명의 자료를 실제 분석에 사용하였다. 자료분석은 SPSS 25.0 프로그램을 이용하였으며, 설문지 검정을 위해 탐색적 요인분석, Cronbach’s α를 실시하였고, 연구결과를 도출하기 위하여 빈도분석, 대응표본 t-test, IPA를 실시하였다. 이러한 절차를 통해 얻은 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 국내 프로축구 경기장에 따른 중요도 비교 결과, 축구전용구장은 청결성, 경기정보, 편의성, 접근성, 운영요원, 디자인 순으로 나타났으며, 비전용구장은 청결성, 접근성, 경기정보, 운영요원, 편의성, 디자인 순으로 나타났다. 둘째, 국내 프로축구 경기장에 따른 성취도 비교 결과, 축구전용구장은 경기정보, 청결성, 편의성, 운영요원, 접근성, 디자인 순으로 나타났으며, 비전용구장은 경기정보, 편의성, 운영요원, 접근성, 청결성, 디자인 순으로 나타났다. 셋째, 프로축구 전용경기장의 서비스스케이프에 대한 IPA 결과, Ⅰ사분면은 ‘입장권 확인절차 편리’, ‘안내판을 통해 좌석 찾기 편리’ 등 11가지 속성이 포함되는 것으로 나타났으며, Ⅱ사분면은 ‘화장실의 청결성’, ‘경기장의 주차시설’ 등 3가지 속성이 포함되는 것으로 나타났다. Ⅲ사분면은 ‘경기장의 접근성’, ‘인테리어 및 외관의 매력’ 등 6가지 속성이 포함되었으며, Ⅳ사분면은 ‘입장권 구입시 편리’, ‘매점 이용 편리’ 등 5가지 속성이 포함되는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 프로축구 비전용구장의 서비스스케이프에 대한 IPA 결과, Ⅰ사분면은 ‘경기장의 접근성’, ‘출입구와 통로의 통행’ 등 7가지 속성이 포함되는 것으로 나타났으며, Ⅱ사분면은 ‘입장권 구입시 편리’, ‘입장권 확인절차 편리’ 등 6가지 속성이 포함되는 것으로 나타났다. Ⅲ사분면은 ‘매점 이용 편리’, ‘인테리어 및 외관의 매력’ 등 5가지의 속성이 포함되는 것으로 나타났으며, Ⅳ사분면은 ‘화장실, 안내센터 이용 편리’, ‘경기장의 청결성’ 등 7가지 속성이 포함되는 것으로 나타났다.

COVID-19 확산 예방을 위한 프로스포츠 경기장의 집합금지·제한명령으로 발생한 손실에 대한 국가의 배상책임

정태린 한국사회체육학회 2022 한국사회체육학회지 Vol.- No.88

Purpose: This study aims to prove the national compensation responsibliity of the Korean government on the national liability for damages caused by the government’se lgal ban and restriction of assembly orders in professional sports stadiums to prevent the spread of COVID-19. Method: The literature review method was selected as the research mehtod to achieve the purpose of thi s study. The research was conducted to analyze the structure of ownership of professional sports clubs as first, the applicable law was collected as second, and the results weer applied to a case of the government’s lega l ban and restriction orders of assembly in professional sports stadiums. Results: First, the ownership structure of professional sports stadiums in Korea is composed of a lease contract between the government or local governments and the compnaies that own a professional sports team on the premise of paying the usage fee. Second, the government’s legal ban and restriction orders of gatherings in professional sports stadiums to prevent the spread of COVID-19 have secured sufficient legitimacy. Third, the Korean government is responsible for compensating for the economic losses of professional sports teams caused by the order to prohibit or restrict gatherings in professional sports stadiums to prevent the spread of COVID-19. Conclusion: If a ban and restriction of gatherings in a facility are ordered by its owner, the Korean government, it is unreasonable that only the club takes responsibilyit for the damage caused by it. However, sinc e there is no legal system related to this in Korea, the possibility of clai ming compensation for damages of professional sports clubs is not high. Based on this study, it is expected to be helpful for the development of professional sports teams in Korea.

지방자치단체와 프로스포츠단 간 협약의 공법적 검토 - 경기장 등 시설의 사용·수익 및 관리·운영권과 명칭사용권을 중심으로 -

이승민(Lee, Seung-Min) 한국비교공법학회 2020 공법학연구 Vol.21 No.3

우리나라에서 프로스포츠는 1968년에 한국프로골프협회(KPGA)가 발족하면서 시작되었으며, 1982년에 프로야구가 출범하면서부터 비약적으로 발전하여 국민적 인기를 누리고 있다. 프로스포츠에 대해 정의하고 있는 명문규정은 없지만, 이는 ① 일정한 조직이(조직성) ② 합리적인 규칙에 의해(규칙성) 운영하고, ③ 경쟁의 외형ㆍ방식(경쟁성) 및 ④ 사회의 상규, 풍속, 기강, 통념 등에 위배되지 않는 도덕적 측면을 갖추어(윤리성), ⑤ 불특정 다수인의 여가활동을 위해(목적성), ⑥ 공개적으로 제공되는 것으로서(공개성), ⑦ 영업 또는 직업으로 영위하는(영리성) ⑧ 신체활동으로 일응 정의할 수 있으며, 이와 같은 개념징표들을 충족하는 프로스포츠는 지원과 장려의 대상이 된다. 프로스포츠는 대개 지역연고를 바탕으로 이루어지기 때문에 주민의 문화생활과 지역발전에 기여할 수 있고, 따라서 지방자치단체가 경기장 등 시설의 확충을 지원할 필요가 있지만, 다른 한편으로 프로스포츠는 사인의 경제적 이익을 위한 것이기 때문에 그 지원과 장려정책에 있어 공익과 사익 사이의 합리적 균형이 요구된다. 특히, 최근 들어 지방자치단체와 프로스포츠단 사이에 경기장 시설에 대한 사용ㆍ수익허가, 포괄적인 관리ㆍ운영권 및 명칭사용권(Naming Right)을 부여하는 협약, 이른바 ‘시설사용ㆍ운영협약’이 늘어나고 있는데, 이는 지방자치단체의 공유재산을 대상으로 하는 것이기 때문에 그에 대한 공법적 검토가 필요하다. 이러한 ‘시설사용ㆍ운영협약’은 공법상 계약에 해당하는 것으로 경기장 신축 등에 지방자치단체의 재정이 투입될 경우 지방의회의 동의가 필요할 수 있고, 협약 내용에 따라 주민감사청구 및 주민소송의 대상이 될 수도 있다. 협약을 통해 프로스포츠단에 부여된 경기장 등 시설의 사용ㆍ수익권, 관리ㆍ운영권, 명칭사용권은 사후에 제ㆍ개정된 조례 등 사후 입법에 의해 함부로 침해되어서는 안 되며, 공익을 이유로 한 협약의 일방적 변경ㆍ해지는 정당한 손실보상을 전제로 예외적으로만 허용될 수 있다. 협약의 불이행에 대해서는 원칙적으로 협약 내용에 따라 해결하고, 협약 관련 분쟁은 원칙적으로 공법상 당사자소송의 대상으로 하되 지방자치단체의 협약에 기한 행위가 실질적으로 행정처분의 성격을 지님에 따라 항고소송의 대상이 되는 경우도 있을 것이다. In Korea, professional sports began with the establishment of the Korea Professional Golf Association (KPGA) in 1968. Especially after the first Korean professional baseball league launched in 1982, professional sports in Korea gained nationwide popularity with their rapid development. Although there are no provision that officially defines “professional sports,” the term may be defined as (i) physical activities (ii) offered to and accessible by the public, (iii) operated by an established organization (iv) with objective and reasonable rules (v) as a business or profession, (vi) conducted by way of competition (vii) in accordance with social norms and customs, and (viii) for the purpose of general public’s leisure or entertainment. Professional sports that satisfy these requirements would be eligible for governmental supports. Professional sports teams are often based on local franchises, and can contribute to the improvement of cultural life of local residents and regional development. Therefore, it is necessary for local governments to support construction and management of public sports facilities, such as stadiums or sports complex. However, given that professional sports aim for economic benefit of private businesses, it is important to strike a proper balance between public and private interests and establishing well-balanced programs and polices that support, incentivize and promote the development of professional sports. In recent years, there has been an increasing number of agreements executed between local governments and professional sports teams regarding the right to use and profit from public stadium and related facilities, comprehensive management and operation rights, and naming right. Such agreement is a contract formed under the public law, and when local governments make investments to construct a stadium or sports complex, the consent of local councils may be required. The rights granted to professional sports teams through such agreement must be respected and not be subject to changes according to the amendment or revision of relevant regulations. The disputes related to the agreement may be resolved through administrative law litigation procedures instead of civil law litigation procedures.

1930年、競技場の中の身体を描くということ - 阿部知二「スポーツ小説」の可能性を問う -

장유리 일본어문학회 2017 일본어문학 Vol.76 No.-

Sports, indispensible for talking about the modern Japanese society, were introduced in Japan with other Western civilizations in the process of the modernization as part of the Meiji Restoration. During the Meiji period, sports were utilized as part of the education to cultivate ‘the people’ suitable for the modern nation. From the Taisho period to the Showa period, however, sports gained popularity as a cultural object. With the rise of the public and the development of the media, people enjoyed sports not only through direct experience with them but also in the form of entertainment, and sports played an important role in the construction of the Japanese modern culture. This shift in the meaning of the sports has something to do with a place, the stadium. First of all, I tried to figure out the meaning of the sports in the Japanese cultural history by studying the modern Japanese sports changed with the period according to the passage of the time. Furthermore, on the basis of this result, I tried to study the potential that ‘the sports novel’ had as a new literary genre during the early Showa period by analyzing the stadium and the body represented in the stadium depicted in Tomoji Abe’s sports novel. 近代日本社会について言及する際に欠かせない存在であるといえるスポーツは、明治維新によって近代化が進められる中、他の西欧文明と共に日本へ入ってきた。明治時代には近代国家に相応しい「国民」を養成するための教育の一環として活用されたスポーツは、大正から昭和にかけて大衆文化として位置づけられるようになる。大衆の台頭とメディアの発達が相俟って、直接的な体験によってのみならず観る․聞く行為によっても営為されるようになったことで、スポーツは昭和初期に大衆の娯楽として流行し、日本のモダン文化において重要な役割を果たしたといえる。そして、そのようなスポーツの意味合いにおける変化の中心には競技場という場所があった。 本稿では、まず近代日本において時代と共に変化していったスポーツの様相について時間軸に沿って考察し、日本文化史におけるスポーツの意味合いを捉えることを試みる。そしてその結果を踏まえた上で、阿部知二の「スポーツ小説」に現れている競技場という空間と競技場の中に表れている身体について分析することで、昭和初期の新たな文学ジャンルとして「スポーツ小説」が保持していた可能性を究明することを本稿の目的とする。

프로스포츠구단에 대한 재정지원 - 미국의 보조금지급역사와 최근의 논의를 중심으로 -

김성배 한국스포츠엔터테인먼트법학회 2009 스포츠와 법 Vol.12 No.3

In Korea, there would be a growing demand for new stadiums which might require government to spend public fund. It, however, is not good idea to follow foreign country models without close examination. Professional sports started in U.S.A around 1869 and professional sports became part of American life and have developed unique culture of American. American communities have not always subsidized the professional sports industry. To the contrary, for the first seventy-five years of professional sports, most team owners built their own facilities and covered their own costs. By the end of World War II, however, changing demographics led to the start of communities subsidizing professional sports teams. Since 1950s, many local communities continue to engage in inequitable "partnerships" because professional sports leagues have monopoly power over the number of franchises in their sport. This monopoly power gives teams the control to switch host communities almost at will, as well as the clout to credibly threaten to switch host communities if a current host fails to meet that team's subsidy demand. The current relationship between professional sports teams and American communities needs to change. The unique structure of professional sports leagues, as well as the American government's historic hands-off approach to regulating the sports industry, has allowed America's four premier professional sports leagues to exploit their monopoly power in the market for sports franchises. As a result, professional sports teams have garnered billions of dollars in local subsidies. Governments would otherwise spend these dollars to improve public welfare. Professional sports leagues have enjoyed a long-standing positive relationship with the American community. Sports subsidies, however, are a relatively new phenomenon that is detracting from this relationship. Because subsidized professional sports teams hurt public welfare, as well as encourage the inefficient operation of sports teams, a bill preventing sports teams from accepting public subsidies is an important step toward curbing professional sports' bargaining power vis-à-vis the American community. Placing the professional sports industry back on equal footing with America's local communities would restore an important balance between professional sports and American society. By restoring this balance, American communities would once again become able to enjoy the benefits of professional sports without needing to subsidize the costs of an already profitable industry. In Korea, there are not so many sports fans who eager to spend their mony in professional sports and all professional sports teams are part of giant business conglomerate. Because of this reason, professional sports team have to make effort to improve their financial condition through new marketing strategy which have used by American professional teams without public subsidy and professional teams have to pay attention to mother company's social responsibility. 미국의 프로스포츠는 1870년 전후에 태동하기 시작하였으며 미국인의 관심과 사랑을 받으며 성장하여 독특한 문화로서 자리 잡고 있다. 하지만 현재 미국에서 지방자치단체가 프로구단에 대한 각종 제정지원에 대해서는 많은 의문점이 제기되며, 종종 주민들의 반대에 직면하고 있다. 프로스포츠구단에 대한 보조금은 1950년대 등장하였고, 도시의 명성과 각종 부대효과를 올리기 위해 프로구단을 유치하려는 지방자치단체가 등장하면서, 프로구단은 지방자치단체를 상대로 홈구장쇼핑에 나섰고, 지방자치단체는 경기장보조금을 지급하게 되었다. 이러한 역사에는 수요와 공급의 불균형으로 인한 경제학적 법칙이 적용되었으며, 프로구단은 협상력을 강화하는 구조로 편성되었다. 하지만 실증적 연구결과에 의하면, 프로구단은 이익을 창출하기 위해서 보조금이 반드시 필요하지도 않으며, 프로구단이 지역경제에 미치는 효과도 프로구단이나 유치희망도시 관계자가 공언하는 정도의 효과에 크게 미치지 못하는 것으로 조사되고 있다. 미국의 프로스포츠는 독점규제법의 적용의 예외라는 혜택을 보고 있으며, 미국 사법부도 프로스포츠구단에 대한 재정지원에 대해서는 조세이론 (공적사용원칙, 신용대출원칙)을 적용하는 데 있어서 소극적이었다. 또한 팀확장과 관련하여 독점금지법을 적용하지도 않았으며, 일련에 입법정책적 시도도 무위로 끝나고 말았다. 하지만 최근에 엄청난 공적자금이 투여되는 최신돔구장의 건설붐과 관련하여 이를 제한하려는 시도들이 일어나고 있으며, 최근에는 프로구단차체에서 수익성강화를 위한 각종 판매기법과 경영방법이 개발되어서 프로구단의 수익성이 크게 개선되어서 공적자금의 보조필요성이 많이 경감되었다는 연구 자료들이 나오고 있다. 프로스포츠의 역사가 짧고 대기업이 프로구단을 소유하는 등 스포츠저변, 문화, 경영구조가 미국가 다른 우리나라이지만, 앞으로 프로구단을 위한 전용구장건설에 많은 정부와 지자체의 보조금이 직간접적으로 지원될 수도 있는 우리나라도 미국의 프로스포츠구단의 자체적 경영개선노력과 수익성재고의 모델은 큰 시사점을 가지며, 경기장건설에 공적자금을 투여하기 위해, 간접세와 로토의 방식으로 재정을 마련한다면 미국에서 논의되었던 조세형평성문제 등이 제기될 것이므로 단순히 외국모델을 가지고 오는 것이 아니라, 기업의 사회대한 책임의 문제로 접근할 필요성도 제기된다.

1930年、競技場の中の身体を描くということ

張ユリ(Jang You Lee) 일본어문학회 2017 일본어문학 Vol.76 No.-

近代日本社会について言及する際に欠かせない存在であるといえるスポーツは、明治維新によって近代化が進められる中、他の西欧文明と共に日本へ入ってきた。明治時代には近代国家に相応しい「国民」を養成するための教育の一環として活用されたスポーツは、大正から昭和にかけて大衆文化として位置づけられるようになる。大衆の台頭とメディアの発達が相俟って、直接的な体験によってのみならず観る·聞く行為によっても営為されるようになったことで、スポーツは昭和初期に大衆の娯楽として流行し、日本のモダン文化において重要な役割を果たしたといえる。そして、そのようなスポーツの意味合いにおける変化の中心には競技場という場所があった。 本稿では、まず近代日本において時代と共に変化していったスポーツの様相について時間軸に沿って考察し、日本文化史におけるスポーツの意味合いを捉えることを試みる。そしてその結果を踏まえた上で、阿部知二の「スポーツ小説」に現れている競技場という空間と競技場の中に表れている身体について分析することで、昭和初期の新たな文学ジャンルとして「スポーツ小説」が保持していた可能性を究明することを本稿の目的とする。 Sports, indispensible for talking about the modern Japanese society, were introduced in Japan with other Western civilizations in the process of the modernization as part of the Meiji Restoration. During the Meiji period, sports were utilized as part of the education to cultivate ‘the people’ suitable for the modern nation. From the Taisho period to the Showa period, however, sports gained popularity as a cultural object. With the rise of the public and the development of the media, people enjoyed sports not only through direct experience with them but also in the form of entertainment, and sports played an important role in the construction of the Japanese modern culture. This shift in the meaning of the sports has something to do with a place, the stadium. First of all, I tried to figure out the meaning of the sports in the Japanese cultural history by studying the modern Japanese sports changed with the period according to the passage of the time. Furthermore, on the basis of this result, I tried to study the potential that ‘the sports novel’ had as a new literary genre during the early Showa period by analyzing the stadium and the body represented in the stadium depicted in Tomoji Abe’s sports novel.