스크립트(script) 기반 언어ㆍ문화 통합 수업 방안

김경한(Kyong-Hahn Kim) 한국영미문학교육학회 2014 영미문학교육 Vol.18 No.1

This study provides an instructional model based on daily script, rather than drama canon, as one of the ways of revitalizing drama education. So as to build up the theoretical background of the model, the study reviews the concept and theory of script as compared to those of schema and drives the use of script-based English learning by examining the relevance of script to language acquisition. And the study creates both the Korean and the English script of “going to a restaurant” for an example and extracts script actions and sub-actions revealing intercultural differences by comparing and analyzing both scripts. Then, the study makes dialogues for each scene by dramatizing the restaurant script according to the script actions that show the cultural differences, thereby providing an instructional model for the integration of language and culture education based on script acquisition. The study suggests the need for extending drama text to the concept of script, or dramatic text, including all kinds of text having a dramatic form, to overcome the problems of the current drama education. According to the definition of script, script includes not only drama or movie script but also listening and speaking script in school textbooks and English conversation materials. More importantly, it involves everyday script, such as going to the movies and going to see a doctor, which is very useful for improving English competence from the perspective of language acquisition. Daily script is considered procedural knowledge in terms of cognitive psychology, which is to function as social schema. It is internalized in human beings and works as a frame of memory, thereby making daily communication possible. For example, the restaurant script consists of the procedures of entering a restaurant, ordering the food, eating the food, and paying the bill, and these procedures are socially standardized ritual, without which communication in the restaurant is not possible. Daily script is also closely connected to cultural value. It is different cultural value that makes the script of “going to see a doctor,” for instance, differ from country to country. Naturally, learning the difference between the source culture and the target culture using script contributes to the improvement of students’ intercultural communicative competence. The script-based instruction can enhance students’ understanding of drama as a genre and at the same time students’ English communicative and intercultural competence. In this model drama canon directly from English literature is not treated, but everyday script, like drama, has dramatic dialogues and actions and events that are developed in time sequence, so that it is possible to use dramatic techniques, such as role play, in class. The concept of script as dramatic text in daily life will be the alternative to drama education in EFL contexts like Korea.

從隸變看部首記號化現象

李綉玲 경성대학교 한국한자연구소 2016 한자연구 Vol.0 No.15

Chinese characters underwent the process of conversion of seal script to clerical script, transitioning from lines to strokes in composition. the degree of tokenization components increased markedly. Some characters could no longer be classified by radicals as explained under the “unified by form and meaning” principle described in Shuowen Jiezi (《說文解字》). Thus in the Ming Dynasty, Zihui (《字彙》) eliminated and combined many of the radicals in Shuowen Jiezi (《說文解字》), and adopted the principle of “classification under form and not meaning” for classification purposes. The Kangxi Dictionary (《康熙字典》) from the Qing Dynasty continued the tradition of 214 radicals included in Zihui (《字彙》). Though radicals were established and classified according to two principles: convenient perusal and being true to the meaning of characters created by ancients, the form and meaning of characters become disassociated after conversion of seal script to clerical script, though the original theory of character creation which linked external composition of character with internal meaning was passed on. As the two radical classification principles of classification through form and classification through meaning conflicted with one another, the book adopted the principle of radical classification through form to facilitate convenient perusal. Thus, some radicals were iconized, losing their function to convey meaning or sound in characters. From the perspective of the development of clerical script, clerical script from the Qin Dynasty (qinli) is also referred to as “ancient clerical script” (guli), an early form of clerical script during this transition period between ancient and modern characters. Development of clerical script reached maturation in the Han Dynasty, with the Eight Points (bafen) script. This paper attempted to organize the mark process that Chinese characters underwent during the conversion of seal script to clerical script, through utilizing ancient texts which have been unearthed, Han Dynasty steles, and texts from Qin and Han Dynasty bamboo and wooden slips unearthed in the past few decades as research material. The hope was to uncover the evolutionary process and original form of iconized radicals as they formed.

위키 협력학습 지원 스크립트 개발을 위한 설계기반연구

김민정 ( Min Jeong Kim ) 한국교육정보미디어학회 2009 교육정보미디어연구 Vol.15 No.4

개방, 참여, 공유를 주목적으로 하는 web2.0 기반의 협력학습 환경이 교육현장에 많이 소개되면서 위키기반 협력학습 환경이 많은 관심을 받고 있다. 본 연구는 이러한 사회적인 요구 속에서 위키 학습 환경에서 협력학습을 증진시킬 수 있는 스크립트를 개발하는 것을 그 주요 목적으로 한다. 이를 위하여 본 연구는 설계기반 연구 기법을 적용하였다. 제일 먼저 선행연구를 바탕으로 스크립트 원리(구체적 활동의 제공, 역할배분, 시퀀스의 지정)를 뽑아 이를 중심으로 1차 스크립트를 개발하였으며 이를 1차 현장 적용, 1차 현장 적용 결과를 토대로 한 2차 설계 원리의 도출과 개발, 2차 현장 적용, 2차 현장 적용 결과를 토대로 한 3차 설계 원리의 도출과 개발, 3차 현장 적용과 결과 정리 등을 순차적으로 실시하여 위키 협력학습 지원 스크립트를 개발하였다. 최종 개발된 스크립트의 특징은 다음과 같다. 최종 스크립트는 1) 스크립트의 원리 중 역할을 제외한 구체적인 활동과 시퀀스만을 활용하여 개발되었다. 2) 구체적인 활동을 설계하기 위해서는 구조화된 과제(내용정리 과제)와 비구조화 된 과제(문제해결과제)를 모두 절차적 학습으로 간주하고 이를 절차화하여 학습 시퀀스를 뽑았다. 3) 학습 시퀀스를 명시화하기 위하여 컴퓨터 인터페이스에 시퀀스를 적용하였다. 연구의 마지막에서는 스크립트 개발 연구를 위한 논의와 제언를 정리하였다. As The purpose of this study was to design and develop the script to support wiki-based collaborative learning. For the purpose, this study employed design-based research method. First of all, researcher developed the first-round design principles based on three principles of script: specifying activities, assigning roles and allocating sequence. The first script with the first-round design principles was developed and implemented in an actual classroom. After the first field study, researcher found a few drawbacks of the script. Based on the results, the researcher derived a few design & development principles for the next-round script. Then, she developed and implemented the next-round script in the classroom again. The researcher iterated the precesses three times. After three times revisions, the final version of script was developed. The final script supporting wiki-based collaborative learning is unique in that 1)the script was developed based on two components (activities and sequence) of general script, 2)the script was developed a special sequence on the basis of the process of task activities, and 3)the script was developed based on interface design to visualize collaborative learning processes. At the end of this study, several issues of developing collaboration script were discussed.

朝鮮時代 草書觀과 그 樣相

심영환 翰林大學校 泰東古典硏究所 2003 泰東古典硏究 Vol.19 No.-

It is notable that there have not been published specific studies concerning cursive script (草書) in Korea. Practicing and studying of cursive script require many times because it is the most abbreviated type in Sino-Korean characters. For this reason, it is only calligraphers and scholars of classics who can read and write this script. Generally, traditional calligraphers copied several Chinese famous models for the purpose of practicing calligraphy. Scholars of classics had a responsibility to read, understand, and teach it for their students on the base of teachings of masters' Therefore, cursive script has been thought to be the secret and it caused to make difficult in building any theories on it. In today's Asian countries sharing Chinese characters, cursive script dictionaries containing famous calligraphers' works have been compiled. In this context, this paper attempts to explore some aspects as follows. In the first place, the writer investigates what stage of cursive script in the successive changes of Chinese characters is. Running script (行書) was devised in order to write clerical script easily as well as rapidly in Chin dynasty China. The writer attempts to erudite that cursive script was derived from clerical script(隸書), and running script was derived from standard script(楷書) in the development of cursive script from Han till Tang dynasties China. Secondly, the development of cursive script of the Joseon dynasty was broadly fallen to the first and second stages. In the first stage, early Joweon period, cursive script was written without regulation while it was controlled by disciplines in the late Joseon period. Yi-Ik(李瀷) and Yi Kyu-hyeong(李圭景), scholars of the late Joweon period, remained their writings concerning cursive script. Finally, this paper explores characteristics of cursive script showed in calligraphic works, letters, and historical manuscripts. Aspects on social status of calligraphers, size of each character, and documents are also considered. As mentioned above, this paper only is an attempt, but it covers all formative stages of cursive script throughout the Joweon dynasty. For the further research, other undertakings such as an analysis of calligraphic details and materials are waiting.

14世紀~17世紀女眞の外交文書について

河內 良弘 한국알타이학회 2003 알타이학보 Vol.0 No.13

The Jurchen script required a great deal of effort and time to learn and since learning it brought no practical benefit, it was hardly used at all among the Jurchen. The Jurchen people only use Jurchen script in sending memorials accompanying tribute to the Ming dynasty, seeing its use as formality which was unavoidable. Extant examples include the "Letter Sent on Arrival a t the Jurchen Lodge" (女眞館來文) After the Hsu¨an-te (1426-1436) 宣德 period, however, no record is to be found of edicts in Jurchen script being sent to the Jurchen, for it seems the Ming state settled on a change of policy towards the Jurchen to accord with the actual situation that Jurchen script was not intelligible to them. Ming China and Korean Kingdom sent edicts and diplomatic letters to the Jurchen written in Chinese, without a translation into Jurchen script, and it may be supposed that on delivery at site, they were interpreted and read aloud in the Jurchen vernacular. There is no reliable evidence that there were items noted in Jurchen script in documents so from the Jurchen to Korean Kingdom except only one script. There is evidence that documents in Mongolian script and in Chinese script were sent, but there are examples of clumsy composition in the documents written in Chinese. The documents sent from Korean Kingdom to the Jurchen are in Mongolian script or written Chinese or, rarely, in Jurchen script, but it appears that apart from those in Mongolian script, they could not be understood. During the fourteenth and the seventeenth century, setting aside the question of Jurchen script the Jurchen people had not mastered written Korean or Chinese, but many of them knew the Mongolian writing system. The decision in 1444 to discontinue the despatch of edicts in Jurchen script to Hsuan-ch'eng 玄城 and the other forty garrisons and to use Mongolian script in edicts thereafter was probably because it was narrated that among the Jurchen of this period, the Chinese and Jurchen script had become practically useless and the Mongolian language and script were widely understood.

거란대자(契丹大字) 동사 연결어미(動詞連結語尾)의 초보적 연구

이성규 한국몽골학회 2020 몽골학 Vol.0 No.61

The connecting suffixes of the Khitan large script,  and  confirmed in the previous study were found to be as the connecting suffixes by adding examples. It is estimated that the connecting suffixes of the Khitan large script  and  will need to check more data. In addition, the Khitan large script  looks like the connecting suffixes of the Khitan large script, but it is thought to need to be compared with other examples. Khitan large script  was classified as the terminating suffixes in previous studies, but it was estimated that the connecting suffixes functioned among the various examples. On the other hand, based on the previous study of the connecting suffixes of the Khitan large script, the Khitan large script was confirmed that it was used as the connecting suffixes and the examples are given. In addition, it was analyzed that the sound of the Khitan large script  was [ai] and matched with the Khitan small script (ai) mentioned in 清格尔泰(2010). In addition to the connecting suffixes of the Khitan large script mentioned in this article, there are a few letters that are presumed to be the connecting suffixes of the Khitan large script, but the entire sentence has not yet been interpreted as a complete, so we decide to postpone it as the next opportunity. In addition, it is believed that there was a distinction between the gender, such as the terminating suffixes of the Khitan large script, but it was not confirmed in detail.

조선시대 글꼴의 변화 양상(1) -한글 판본을 중심으로-

김명준 ( Myung Joon Kim ) 한림대학교 인문학연구소 2013 인문학 연구 Vol.18 No.-

한글 판본에서 글꼴의 변화 양상을 살펴보면 다음과 같다. 15세기에 글꼴이 정사각형의 글들 안에서 획의 굵기, 운필 방향 등이 일정한 고딕체, 전서체의 형태를 따다가 15세기 말부터 점차 필사체의 느낌이 나는 해서체의 글꼴로 변화했음을 알 수 있다. 그리고 18세기 궁체와 19세기 방각본에서는 일부 행서체와 유사한 글꼴까지 나타났던 것이다. 이런 동인(勤因)에는 훈민정음 창제 당시 글꼴의 제약에서 벗어나려는 판각의 편리성과 한글 자체가 가지고 있는 변화의 가능성이 놓여 있다고 할 수 있다. 하지만 판본의 글꼴이 다양한 시도와 변화의 움직임이 있었다 할지라도 18세기 이전까지 정형의 틀 안에 머문 감이 있고 18세기 정리자본 몇몇을 제외하고는 미적 완성도가 높은 글꼴을 기대만큼 찾기 힘들었다. 그리고 19세기에 이르면 18세기 가 보여준 글꼴을 발전적 계승을 보여주기는커녕 오히려 퇴보한 감마저 주었다. 이에 비해 한글 필사본들은 초기에 판본체에 영향을 받기도 했지만 곧 다양한 시도와 왕성한 필사 화동을 통해 궁체를 완성했고, 판본에까지 영향을 주게 돤다. 그리고 19세기 판본의 글꼴이 침체인 것에 반해 필사의 현장에서는 한글의 아름다움을 유감없이 보여주었다. The aspect of script style change in Hangeul print was examined as follows; In the 15th century, the script style indicated gothic, seal script style that has regular thickness of stroke, direction of stroke within the square script frame, but changes were taken place in the latter 15th century to the regular script which provides the feeling of calligraphic script style. And there appeared in part the script style similar to the running script in the court script style in the 18th century and the wood print in the 19th century. The motivations of such change lies in the conveniences of the wood engraving to escape the limitation of script style that was invented upon creation of Hunminjeongeum as well as the possibility of change in the Hangeul itself. However, there was a feeling that the script style remained in the existing framework prior to 18th century enven of various attempts and the movement of changes were taken place in the style of print script furthermore, the script style with high aesthetic perfection was very rare to find except a few jeungrija scripts in the 18th century. When it comes to the 19th century, there showed even a feeling of regression rather than indicating developmental succession of the script style shown in the 18th century. Compare to this, the Hangeul calligraphic script was affected by the square script initially, buy subsequently completed the court script style based on various attempts and active calligraphic activities which affected even to print script. And contrary to the slump of print script style in the 19th century, at the site of calligraphy the beauty of Hangeul was demonstrated most satisfactorily.

≪甲骨文虛詞詞典≫ 중 ‘用’과 ‘以’자의 虛詞 용법 분석에 대한 고찰

최남규 중국인문학회 2015 中國人文科學 Vol.0 No.60

Researching on empty words such as oracle bone script and bronze inscription is one of the most important researches. ≪Empty words dictionary of oracle bone script≫, which ZHANG YUJIN wrote is one of the significant reference materials to understand the sentence written in oracle bone script. Not only there are some matters of form such as wrongly written characters, not presenting characters with official script,but there also are other problems on grammar analysis. On the matter of form, even though it is an empty words dictionary of oracle bone script, but it gave some examples of bronze inscription. So it would be better to change the title from ≪Empty words dictionary of oracle bone script≫to ≪Chinese empty words dictionary of YinShang dynasty≫. Therefore, it would be a good material to understand language of YinShang dynasty with ZHANG YUJIN’s ≪A study on Chinese grammar of the Western Zhou dynasty≫. There is great controversy regarding pronoun and adverb as empty words, and in the grammar analysis, ≪Empty words dictionary of oracle bone script≫ regards time and place phrase following the verb as an object, so it needs a full explanation of these. ≪Empty words dictionary of oracle bone script≫ considers that oracle bone script ‘以’ is not used as empty words. However, as the oracle bone script ‘以’ already semantically represents empty words’ properties, there could be a possibility that it is used as empty words in oracle bone script. Especially for the (following) character ‘用’, it could take an object that cannot do any subjective behavior and modify ‘用’, so there is high possibility that it is used as empty words. The oracle bone script of ‘用’ would be misunderstood as empty words for ≪Empty words dictionary of oracle bone script≫ gave an example of empty words usage of the character ‘用’ . But the six examples ≪Empty words dictionary of oracle bone script≫ would give are not the examples of oracle bone script but the examples of Bronze inscription in YinShang dynasty, in which the writer just used this explaining the empty words usage of ‘用’. Because every scholar uses different methods of analysis, so it could bring out different results. Therefore, the grammar analysis of Ancient Chinese is necessary for more comprehensive approach and more detailed analysis. We hope that ≪Empty words dictionary of oracle bone script≫ would be one of good reference materials for understanding ancient Chinese with complementing those few things.

Role of Devnagari and Persian Script in Hindi-Urdu Controversy

Chauhan Karan Singh 한국인도학회 2011 印度硏究 Vol.16 No.2

Controversy regarding the language of the so-called ‘Hindustani’ area has been an important issue throughout British period which engulfed the Indian freedom movement. Hindi or ‘Hindui’ was the original form adopted and mentioned as such by the earliest of writers of Hindi. Later, word Urdu came into use to denote the same language called Hindi or Hindui, but with a Persian tilt. The common people continued to regard both forms as one language. Due to Moghal rule, Hindi and later Urdu written in Persian script became the official language of governance. When Britishers came to India they found a very interesting phenomena with regard to language and scripts pravelent in northern Hindi belt. Although the spoken language of the people was one, but it was written in a script, imposed from outside. They tried to confirm the real position by doing various language and script surveys and came to the conclusion that it would be better for communication and understanding if beside Persian script, ‘Nagari’ script is introduced in Government offices and courts etc. This angered the Muslim community who used to be in an advantageous position with Persian script. Although, language question was never a controversial issue among the common people of this area but due to the two different scripts, it got associated with communal feelings. The emergence of Sanskritized Hindi and Persianized Urdu was the direct outcome of this communal divide. Britishers tried to not only placate this but took full advantage of the issue for dividing people on communal lines. To create communal unity within freedom struggle, Gandhi Ji tried to bring ‘Hindustani’ into focus which represent the mix of both spoken Hindi and Urdu. He advocated one common language for both the communities which can be written either in Nagari or Persian script. It attracted lot of criticism from both sides. In such a charged atmosphere the question of National language or a National script became more and more controversial. Progressive cultural movement, being the most important literary movement in all Indian Languages, where both Hindi and Urdu writers worked together, tried to understand and solve the language and script problem. On the basis of its analysis and conclusions it mendated that Hindi written in Devnagari script should be the national language of the country and Urdu written in Persian should be regarded as close associate of it. Later, when Indian constitution was framed and implemented, in article 343 regarding the Official language of the Union it was written that ‘the official language of the Union shall be Hindi in Devnagari script.’

CSCL 환경에서 협력학습 지원 도구의 유형이 협력적 지식 구축에 미치는 영향

한정선 ( Jung Sun Han ),김동식 ( Dong Sik Kim ) 한국교육정보미디어학회 2009 교육정보미디어연구 Vol.15 No.4

본 연구는 CSCL 환경에서 협력적 지식 구축의 과정을 지원하는 도구의 효과를 분석하기 위한 연구이다. 이를 위해 도구 제시 방법은 조정 지원 스크립트, 인지 지원 스크립트, 스크립트 지원 기능으로 나누고, 조정 지원 스크립트를 제공한 집단, 조정 지원 스크립트와 인지 지원 스크립트를 제공한 집단, 조정 지원 스크립트와 인지 지원 스크립트, 스크립트 지원 기능을 제공한 집단을 설정하고, 그 도구의 효과를 협력적 지식 구축의 과정(참여도)과 결과(팀과 과제에 대한 공유 정신 모형, 지식 획득 정도, 팀의 학습 성과)로 알아보았다. 연구 결과, CSCL 환경에 조정 및 인지 지원 스크립트의 동시적 제공은 협력적 지식 구축의 과정에서 개별적 과제 수행에 대한 학습자들의 참여에 상보적인 효과를 미치고, 인지 지원 스크립트에 추가된 스크립트 지원 기능은 조정 및 인지 지원 스크립트의 상보적 효과를 강화하여 협력적 지식 구축의 과정에서 개별적 과제 수행에 대한 학습자들의 참여와 협력적 지식 구축의 결과에서 학습자들의 지식 획득에 긍정적인 효과를 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 스크립트를 이용한 지원 도구에 대한 연구 및 효과적인 협력학습 방법을 모색하는 교육 현장에 의미 있는 시사점을 제공할 것이다. Most of learners don`t build a collaborative knowledge effectively in CSCL environment. They have some difficulties in collaborative knowledge construction activities for coordination and communication. Thus, we may need to provide learners with scaffolds that could support coordination or communication activities by coordination supporting script and communication supporting script. These scripts are complementary (Dillenbourg & Betrancourt, 2006), and could have synergetic effects on collaborative knowledge construction in CSCL environment(Reiser, 2002). In particular, it needs to complement the weak points of the communication supporting script by means of script affordance. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of three types of collaboration supporting tools(coordination & communication supporting script with script affordance, coordination and communication supporting script, and coordination supporting script) on process and outcomes of collaborative knowledge construction in CSCL environment. The results of this study showed that the coordination & communication supporting script with script affordance generated significantly more learners` participations and higher scores of domain-specific knowledge than coordination supporting script. Some learners under the condition of coordination & communication supporting script with script affordance produced higher quality of learning outcomes than learners under the condition of coordination supporting script. These could be a partial evidence of what coordination & communication supporting script with script affordance could support a collaboration knowledge construction effectively.