A Study on the Adjustment of Temporary Equipment and Material Items for Compulsory Safety Certification and Autonomous Safety Confirmation Report

Jung, Ji-Hyun,Lee, Hak-Ki,Yoo, Hyun-Dong,Jeong, Seong-Chun 대한건축학회지회연합회 2018 대한건축학회연합논문집 Vol.20 No.3

안전인증 및 자율안전확인의 신고 제도를 통하여 가설기자재에 대한 안전성을 확보하도록 되어 있으나 관련 기준의 형식과 다름으로 인하여 안전성 적용기준이 모호하고, 신소재 및 신제품의 출현으로 인한 안전인증심의위원회 및 민원사항이 다양한 형태로 증가하고 있다. 또한, 안전인증 표시가 마찰 등 손상으로 인하여 확인의 어려움이 있다는 문제점이 제기되어 안전인증제도 전반에 대한 재검토의 필요성이 대두되고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 가설기자재의 안전인증제도의 안전성 확보를 위하여 국내외 가설기자재 관련 기준, 안전인증심의 위원회 및 민원사항, 가설기자재별 인증마크 표시 실태 등의 조사 분석을 통하여 현행 가설기자재 안전인증 및 자율안전확인의 신고 제도에 대한 문제점 및 개선방안을 도출하고자 하였다. 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 국내의 기준은 일본과 유사하며, 반면 유럽과 미국의 제도는 권장사항으로서 강제성이 없으며, 신소재 및 신소재에 대한 적용이 유연한 것으로 나타났다. 안전인증심의위원회의 심의내용 및 민원제기내용이 다양하며, 계속적으로 증가추세에 있었고, 표시방법에서는 음각을 선호하였으며, 일부 인쇄를 통하여 표시하는 것으로 나타났다. 향후 전반적인 가설기자재 안전인증제도의 안전성 정착을 위해서는 가설기자재 품목조정을 위한 법제화 및 연계화, 자율점검기준 및 시험방법, 반영구적인 안전인증 표시 및 위치 지정방안을 도출하는 연구가 선행되어야 할 것이다. This study minimizes the number of items subject to compulsory safety certificate by switching them to autonomous safety confirmation when they have low risks and frequency of application for certificates. It is also intended to add items to compulsory safety certification based on the certification performance, frequency of use, high risks of accidents, and poor management standards. As a result of examining the preceding studies, it was concluded that quantitative assessment criteria are required to discuss the needs to adjust the standards and the level of safety control restrictions. The items of feasibility assessment were derived to reflect the temporary equipment and materials' manufacture, rental, and awareness of users. The objective standards to secure safety were established based on the properties of each item based on the risk assessment using past history of accidents. As a result of reclassification, the items subject to compulsory safety certification were reduced from 33 items of 12 types to 12 items of 4 kinds and the items subject to autonomous safety confirmation were increased from 8 kinds to 16 items of 9 kinds.

건축물 화재안전등급 인증제도의 도입방안

이종영(Yi Jong Yeong) 중앙대학교 법학연구원 2014 法學論文集 Vol.38 No.1

The form and structure of building connected with human life inextricably are different according to the nations and regions, have changed and developed. The building may enhance the spatial value for human being in using the fire in it. However, if a fire breaks out, it can threaten human life and body and cause damage to property. The state has a duty to prevent outbreak of fire previously, to prepare for extinguishing fire rapidly and to respond to minimize damage in the process of fire fighting. For this purpose, laws relevant to fire-fighting have made and operated, such as "Framework Act on Fire Services", "Installation, Maintenance and Safety Control of Fire-Fighting System Act", "Safety Control of Dangerous Substances Act", "Fire-Fighting System Installation Business Act", and "Special Act on the Safety Control of Publicly Used Establishments" etc. Nevertheless, the fire of building and loss of life and property caused by fire have not decreased. Even though fire safety is not a task for government and local government alone, it may be an important task given to state. Therefore, the state should make and modify system in order to strengthen fire management of building protecting life, body and property from the building fire and encourage the building's owner to make efforts to fire safety voluntarily etc. In this aspect, this paper is focused to review the fire safety rating certification system on building which can decrease damage caused by building fire, and to analyze compliance of introducing this system in laws relevant to fire-fighting. It is practically difficult that the installation and maintenance standards of building fire safety facilities can be established stronger than requirements of current fire-fighting laws. Asking building's owners to install fire safety equipment excessively high level could restrict his freedom of business. It needs validity and necessity to introduce building fire safety rating certification system, because this is arbitrary system to encourage building's owners and managers to install fire-fighting equipments more than the level required by the fire relevant laws. Building fire safety rating certification requires the legal basis at the request of unified and specialized ability. This study examined the specific introduction plan of Building's fire safety rating certification. Specifically, in this study, the issues on designation of certification authority, certification standards, links between new building certification system and existing system, and relationship with building safety certification in the private sector have been showed.

공산품 안전인증에 대한 소비자 태도, 공산품 안전인증 효과에 대한 소비자인식, 공산품안전인증에 대한 소비자 신뢰 분석

홍상진,여정희,허경옥,한승수 표준인증안전학회 2019 표준인증안전학회지 Vol.9 No.1

The major purpose of this study is to search how consumers 'attitudes toward the necessity of safety certification of industrial products, consumers' perception of the effects of industrial safety certification, and consumer confidence of industrial safety certification vary according to demographic characteristics of consumers. Respectively. The results of this study are summarized as follows. First, consumer attitudes toward the necessity of industrial safety certification were positive when the male, 40s, married, and his income exceeded 2 million won. Second, consumers in their forties and residents in the Seoul metropolitan area showed a high level of awareness of the effectiveness of the industrial safety certification system. Third, consumer confidence in industrial safety certification was relatively high for men, graduates, highly educated workers, employed persons, 20s and 50s, and the group with the highest monthly average income. When the results of this study are summarized and synthesized, it can be seen that men, elderly consumers, and those with a high income level are positive about industrial product safety certification. In other words, women, younger people, and consumers with low income levels are required to improve awareness, publicity, and education on industrial product safety certification. 본 연구에서는 소비자의 공산품안전인증 필요성에 대한 태도, 공산품안전인증 효과에 대한 소비자인식, 공산품안전인증에 대한 소비자신뢰도가 소비자의 인구통계학적 특성에 따라 어떠한 차이가 있는지를 분산분석과 t검증을 통해 확인하였다. t검증과 분산분석 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 공산품안전인증의 필요성에 대한 소비자태도는 남성, 40대, 기혼, 본인 소득이 200만원을 초과하는 경우 긍정적인 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 40대 소비자, 서울수도권 거주 소비자의 경우 공산품 안전인증제도의 효과에 대한 인식 수준이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 공산품안전인증에 대한 소비자 신뢰도는 남성, 대학원이상 고학력자, 취업자, 20대와 50대, 본인 월평균소득이 가장 높은 집단의 경우 상대적으로 높은 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구 결과를 정리․종합할 때 대체로 남성, 고연령층 소비자, 소득수준이 높은 경우 공산품 안전인증에 대해 대체로 긍정적임을 알 수 있었다. 다시 말해, 여성, 젊은층, 소득 수준이 낮은 소비자들은 대상으로 공산품 안전인증에 대한 인식 개선, 홍보, 각종 교육 등이 필요하다고 하겠다.

소비자의 소비행동유형, 안전인식이공산품 안전인증마크 제품구매에 미치는 영향

여정희,임연희 표준인증안전학회 2018 표준인증안전학회지 Vol.8 No.1

This study investigated the effects of purchase of goods with industrial products safety certification mark to consumer’s consuming behavior, safety awareness. The purpose of this study is first, investigate the differences of consumers purchase style and characteristics, safety consciousness, and purchase of goods with industrial products safety certification mark by socio-demographic feature. Second, set the variables by consumers purchase style characteristics to independent variable, safety consciousness to parameter, purchase of goods with industrial products safety certification mark to dependent variable, and tested the relationship of these variables by using covariance structure analysis. First, the results of difference verification of distrust of product safety, consumers awareness for safety, purchase product with certification mark as in the following. Consumer’s distrust of product safety showed high level by woman, and university graduated consumers, By the other hand, woman, age of 50s, unemployed, not a capital area dweller, having income of 2,010,000- 4,000,000won, having house income of 2,010,000-4,000,000won. Last, purchase of goods with industrial products safety certification mark was higher by old ages, married, having monthly income of more than 3,010,000won. Second, this study used covariance structure analysis to test the effects of the purchase of goods with industrial products safety certification mark to consumer behavior characteristics such as ethical consumption, new product seeking behavior, brand seeking behavior, impulse buying, information searching behavior, and distrust of safety, safety consciousness. Information searching behavior effects positively to distrust of safety. In the other hand, ethical consumption effect positively to safety consciousness. Lastly, distrust of safety effected positively to purchase of goods with industrial products safety certification mark statistically. 본 연구에서는 소비자의 소비행동유형과 안전인식이 공산품 안전인증마크 제품구매에의 영향력을 검증하였다. 구체적으로 본 연구의 목적은 소비자의 소비행동유형 및 특성, 안전의식, 공산품 안전인증마크제품 구매가 소비자의 여러 특성에 따라 어떤 차이가 있는가를 조사하는 것이었다. 또한 소비행동유형 특성은 독립변수로, 안전의식은 매개변수로, 공산품 안전인증마크제품 구매는 종속변수로 간주하여 변수들 간의 영향력 관계를 공변량구조분석을 통해 분석하였다. 첫째, 소비자의 사회․인구학적 특성에 따른 제품안전불신, 소비자안전의식, 인증마크제품구매의 차이 검증 분석결과를 살펴보면 다음과 같다. 소비자의 제품안전불신은 여성, 대졸자가 상대적으로 높게 나타났다. 한편, 여성, 50대 이상, 미취업자, 비수도권 거주자, 본인 월평균 소득이 201∼400만원인 경우, 가계 월평균소득이 201∼400만원인 경우 상대적으로 높은 수준의 안전의식을 갖고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 끝으로, 인증마크제품 구매는 대체로 연령이 높을수록, 기혼자, 본인 월소득이 301만원 이상인 경우 더 적극적으로 구매하는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 소비자의 소비행동유형 특성 즉 윤리적 소비, 신제품추구, 브랜드추구, 충동구매, 정보탐색추구 그리고 안전불신 및 안전의식이 소비자의 공산품 안전인증마크제품 구매량에 미치는 영향력을 조사하기 위해 공변량구조 분석을 실시하였다. 정보탐색추구는 제품안전불신에 정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 한편, 윤리적 소비는 소비자안전의식에 정적 영향을 미쳤다. 끝으로, 제품안전불신은 공산품 안전인증마크제품의 소비자구매에 통계적으로 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

전기용품의 안전관리제도

이종영(Yi Jong-Yeong) 한국비교공법학회 2010 公法學硏究 Vol.11 No.3

「전기용품 안전관리법」은 전기용품의 안전관리를 실현하기 위하여 전기용품 사업자에 대한 자유를 제한하고 있다. 시장경제를 바탕으로 하는 민주사회에서 전기용품 사업자의 자유는 최대한으로 보장될 것을 헌법은 요구하고 있다. 그러나 전기용품 사업자의 자유도 소비자의 생명 · 신체를 침해할 우려가 있는 곳에서 그 한계를 가진다. 전기용품 사업자는 헌법상 보장된 직업의 자유를 향유하는 기본권의 주체이다. 전기용품 사업자의 영업자유도 다른 소비자의 생명 · 건강을 침해할 우려가 있으면, 국가는 전기용품 소비자를 보호하기 위하여 국가에게 부여된 권력을 행사하여 전기용품 사업자의 기본권을 제한하여야 한다. 이는 국가에게 부여된 전기용품소비자의 안전을 보호할 의무에서 도출된다. 전기용품 소비자의 안전보호를 위하여 국가가 전기용품 사업자의 자유를 제한할 수 있는 헌법적 정당성은 바로 전기용품 소비자에 대한 국가의 안전보호의무에서 도출된다. 그러나 전기용품의 소비자보호를 위하여 국가는 전기용품 사업자의 기본권을 제한을 할 수 있으나 소비자의 안전에 필요한 최소한으로 제한할 것을 요구받는다. 전기용품 사업자에 대한 기본권제한의 한계는 일반적으로 안전법에서 요구되는 합리성원칙에서 찾아야 한다. 전기용품 소비자가 전기용품의 선택을 스스로 결정할 수 있는 영역 안에서 국가의 안전기능과 보호기능은 전기용품 소비자의 자유와 자기책임보장에 우선할 수 없다. 이러한 헌법적 요청은 “개인의 자유는 개인에 의하여 가장 잘 실현된다”라는 자유가 가지는 자율성에 근거한다. 전기용품 안전관리를 위한 제도적 수단은 항상 안전과 사업자의 자유를 동시에 고려하는 균형 속에서 도입되고 개선되어야 한다. 국가는 전기용품이 대중화되는 시대에 전기용품의 사업자가 전기용품의 안전성을 보장하는 행위를 하도록 유도하고, 가능한 시장의 자기조정메카니즘에 따라 전기용품의 안전을 실현하는 방향으로 제도를 개선할 필요가 있다. 현행 「전기용품 안전관리법」은 전기용품 안전관리에 관해 위에서 제기된 법정책방향에 적합하도록 안전인증제도, 자율안전확인신고제도, 공급자적합성선언제도와 같은 탄력성 있는 제도적 수단을 마련하고 있다. 안전인증은 판매하거나 대여할 목적으로 생산 · 조립 또는 가공된 전기용품을 시험하고 제조설비 · 검사설비 · 기술능력 및 제조체제를 평가(공장심사)하여 전기용품에 대한 안전성을 인증하는 것을 말한다. 「전기용품 안전관리법」 제3조에 따른 안전인증은 강제인증으로 인증을 받지 못한 제품은 판매 · 대여 · 수입 · 진열 · 보관하지 못한다. 이러한 측면에서 「전기용품 안전관리법」 제3조에 따른 전기용품 안전인증은 강학상 허가에 해당한다. 「전기용품 안전관리법」 제11조제1항에 따른 자율안전확인신고제도는 자율안전확인대상전기용품의 제조업자 또는 수입업자가 자율안전확인대상전기용품 모델별로 안전인증기관으로부터 자율안전확인시험을 받아 해당 전기용품이 안전기준에 적합한 것임을 스스로 확인한 후 이를 지식경제부장관에게 신고하여야 하는 제도이다. 공급자적합성확인제도는 공급자적합성 확인대상전기용품의 제조업자 또는 수입업자가 공급자적합성확인대상전기용품 모델별로 제품시험을 실시하거나 제3자에게 시험을 의뢰하여 해당 전기용품이 안전기준에 적합한 것임을 스스로 확인하고 이를 전기용품에 표시하는 제도이다. 현행 「전기용품 안전관리법」은 전기용품 사업자자유와 소비자안전을 전기용품에 따라 탄력적이고 균형적으로 실현하기 위하여 위에서 언급한 다양한 안전관리제도를 구축하고 있다. 제도의 틀은 선진국의 형태로 형성되었다고 할 수 있다. 앞으로의 과제는 전기용품의 특성에 따라 적합하게 안전인증대상, 자율안전확인신고대상 또는 공급자적합성선언대상으로 분류하여 규정하는 데에 있다. The Electrical Appliances Safety Control Act restricts the freedom of electrical appliances' industrialist to realize the safety control for electrical appliances. In a democratic society based on the market economy, Constitutional Law requires that the freedom of electrical appliances' industrialist will be guarantees. The freedom of electrical appliances' industrialist, however, has its limits in danger of violating a consumer's the life and body. The electrical appliances' industrialist is the subject of basic rights to possess freedom of occupation guaranteed by the Constitutional Law. If worrying about infringing on the other consumer's the life and body, the country should limit basic rights of electrical appliances' industrialist to protect his consumer by exercising the power granted to the country. This is derived from duty of safety protection for the electrical appliances' consumer. Constitutional justifying that country can limit freedom of electrical appliances' industrialist in oder to protect safety of electrical appliances' consumer is deduced from duty of safety protection for the electrical appliances' consumer. But country is required for a minimum of limit the right of electrical appliances' industrialist to protect electrical appliances' consumer, even though it can limit basic rights of electrical appliances' industrialist. You should generally find out the boundary of basic rights' limit by the principle of rationality required in a safety law. Within the boundary of being able to make a choice the electrical appliances, country's safe and protective function can be not prior to freedom of electrical appliances' consumer and guarantee of one's responsibility. These constitutional demand is based on self-Regulatory that personal liberty is realized by person well. The systematic means for electrical supplies' safety control should be improved and introduced under the consideration for safety and industrialist's freedom at a time. At the age of being the masses electrical supplies, country needs to induce behavior to safeguard and improve system in the direction of realizing electrical appliances's safety according to self-management mechanism. The current Electrical Appliances Safety Control Act is, adequately for previously stated legal policy, drawn up the flexible systematic means such as safety certification system, the declaration of self-regulatory safety confirmation, and the supplier's declaration of conformity regarding electrical appliances' safety management. Safety certification is to certificate the safety into electrical appliances after examining the electrical appliances that are produced, assembled, and processed, and estimating(the examination of a factory) manufacture facilities, test facilities, technical abilities, and the system of manufacture. In accordance with the provision Article 3 of the Electrical Appliances Safety Control Act, safety certification is not able to sell, rent, import, display, and store the product that is not certificated in compulsory certification. At this point, electrical appliances' safety certification along Article 3 of the Electrical Appliances Safety Control Act is relevant to the permission that it says in the scholars. Verification and reporting system for self-management safety along Article 11 (a) of the Electrical Appliances Safety Control Act is a system to report it to the knowledge and economy minister, after a manufacturers or importers of object's electrical appliances of self-regulatory safety confirmation are examinated the test for self-regulatory safety confirmation each of models from the safety certification center and confirm oneself the suitable things based on the safety standards. The supplier declaration system of conformity is a system that manufacturers or importers of object's electrical appliances of supplier's declaration of conformity carry out the appliances' examination each of models or confirm oneself that electri

감항인증 시스템 안전 절차에 관한 연구

배기형,이광석,최준형 한국지식정보기술학회 2021 한국지식정보기술학회 논문지 Vol.16 No.6

In that the operating environment of the aircraft is in the air, aircraft failure can cause enormous human and material damage and requires a very high level of safety compared to other means of transportation or systems. In order to operate an aircraft, it must obtain the airworthiness certification specified in the law, and through this, the flight safety of the aircraft must be approved. In this paper, system safety was studied based on military aircraft airworthiness certification. Military aircraft airworthiness certification, system safety, and system safety procedures were summarized, and various civil and military system safety standards and guidelines were examined. As standards and guidelines related to system safety procedures, we looked at MIL-STD-882E, SAE ARP4754A, SAE ARP4761, 14 CFR, and DoDI 5000.02 and studied the correlation. For example, when the aircraft is partially modified, the system safety task was analyzed and examples of matters to be addressed in the system safety program plan were presented. Individual system safety tasks were analyzed based on MIL-STD-882E, a system safety standard applied to the airworthiness certification of military aircraft, and were divided into applied and non-applied items. Establishing a system safety program plan is very important at the stage where a general design of system configuration is made, and an example of the matters to be covered in the system safety program plan is presented based on MIL-STD-882E.

강원도 농식품 안전 인증제 운영 현황과 활성화 방안에 관한 연구

신하림 ( H R Shin ),이병오 ( B O Lee ) 강원대학교 농업생명과학연구원(구 농업과학연구소) 2015 강원 농업생명환경연구 Vol.27 No.3

The purpose of this study is to examine the current status of the agri-food safety certification system in Gangwon-do and draw policy measures to revitalize the system. Securing the safety of agri-food is not only important for improving consumers`` preference, but also directly linked to the strengthening of market competitiveness. As for the safety certification system, the current status of environment-friendly certification, GAP and HACCP operated by the central government was investigated. In addition, the current quality assurance system operated by Gangwon-do was also analyzed. The results showed that although the importance of the agri-food safety certification system continues to increase, participation of farm households is decreasing or remaining the same. As for the environment-friendly certification system, 491 farm households have dropped out for 1 year due to ‘abolishment of the low pesticide agricultural product certification.’ With regard to GAP, as the motivation of farmers to participate has decreased with consumers`` low recognition, the number of participating farm households is about 1,000 smaller than that of the environment friendly certification system. In case of HACCP, the certification rate of full-time farm households reaches 44.8%, while that of workplace is 6.7%, showing a significant imbalance by stage. The number of farm households participating in the agri-food quality assurance system in Gangwon-do has been gradually decreasing for the last 10 years. In order to address this issue, it is important to increase the motivation of farm households to participate in the system through increased consumption by raising consumer``s awareness of the agri-food safety certification system. In addition, the cost issue involved in receiving certification by farm households needs to be addressed. Gangwon-do should establish a governance by enacting the municipal ordinance for agri-food safety and extend risk communication with consumers.

지역사회 안전문화 정착을 위한 국민안전교육인증제 도입 방안

김찬선 한국융합과학회 2018 한국융합과학회지 Vol.7 No.1

Pupose: The primary purpose of this study is to investigate the factors for establishing the social safety net, and to this end, the present study seeks the method to introduce the National Safety Education Certification. Research Methods: This study reviewed the literature related to the social safety issue and then used the questionnaire to survey the opinion from ten subjects regarding ‘the National Safety Education Certification’ from October 1st to 10th 2017. Conclusion: First, this study found out the discrepancy between the safety consciousness and the safety awareness which are perceivable by the people. While the safety consciousness is a self-conscious activity which involves the interaction of knowledge, emotion and volition, the safety awareness is a transition process from the state unaware of the things into the state cognizant of them. Second, when applying Framework Act on National Safety Education Promotion, local governments should separate the Act in detail and apply it differently considering the characteristics of each local community. Local government should try to apply the Act by establishing enforcement ordinances for the National Safety Education Certification, adapting the articles in the Act in accordance with each local community’s situation. Third, this study suggested positive effects of introducing the National Safety Education Certification, and making it compulsory for multi-family housing managers to take safety education and safety qualifications. It also clarified the cost and temporal problem required for settling the safety education system. Fourth, it is highly needed to provide social benefit, namely bonus scores in national examinations, to those people who have taken educational programs for with the National Safety Education Certification. As a realistic alternative, this bonus can be given in the hiring procedure for civil servants, or hiring employees in private enterprises. Granting volunteer score needed for youth is also a recommended alternative. Fifth, enforcing the National Safety Education Certification is a viable alternative as a factor of establishing the social safety net. It is a program that can support various governmental-level plans for preventing negligent accidents. 연구목적: 본 연구는 지역사회 안전문화 정착을 위한 국민안전교육인증제 도입 방안을 모색함으로써 사회안전망구축 요인을 도출하는데 주된 목적이 있다. 연구방법: 본 연구는 사회안전과 관련된 분야의 문헌고찰과 질문지법을 활용하여 수행되었으며, 기간은 2017년 10월 1일~10월 10일까지 약 10일 동안 10명의 연구 대상자에게 본 연구의 핵심적 주제어인‘국민안전교육인증제’를 질문하였다. 결론: 첫째, 국민들이 느낄 수 있는 안전의식과 안전인식에는 차이가 있다. 안전의식은 지식, 감정, 의지 등과 상호작용하는 정신활동인 반면, 안전인식은 사물을 알지 못한 상태에서 그것을 아는 것으로 이행하는 과정이다. 둘째, 지방자치단체는 국민안전교육진흥기본법을 세부적으로 구분하여 지역사회의 특성에 맞게 적용하여야 한다. 상위법을 바탕으로 지역사회에 맞는 국민안전교육인증제 실천 조례를 제정하고 이를 적용하여야 한다. 셋째, 공동주택 관리자들은 국민안전교육인증제 도입의 긍정적 효과, 공동주택 관리자들의 안전교육 및 안전자격 의무화, 안전교육제도 정착을 위한 비용 및 시간적 문제점 요인이 도출 되었다. 넷째, 국민안전교육인증제 교육 이수자들에게 사회적 혜택인 가산점을 부여한다. 현실적인 대안으로 공무원 선발 시 가산점, 민간기업 사원 채용 시 가산점, 청소년 봉사점수 등의 대안이 적용되어야 한다. 다섯째, 국민안전교육인증제 실천은 사회안전망구축 요인으로 매우 현실적인 대안이다. 정부적 차원의 각종 안전사고 예방 계획을 뒷받침 해줄 수 있는 프로그램이다.

항공법상의 공항운영증명에 관한 연구

김태한(Tae Han Kim) 중앙법학회 2010 中央法學 Vol.12 No.2

For the promotion of safety in international aviation ICAO(International Civil Aviation Organization) determined at 33rd Assembly on 2001 that it has included Annex 14(Aerodromes) into SOP(Safety Oversight Programme). So ICAO has revised Annex 14(Aerodromes) and made Doc 9774(Manual on certification of aerodromes). Therefore every contracted state has to introduce not only `Airport Certification` to their countries until 27 nov. 2003 but also SMS(Safety Management System) until 24 nov. 2005. The core of Airport Certification is to renew airport safety operation system by the global standards. Substantially the purpose of Airport Certification is that every contracted state should establish common standards and procedures in airport operation and that the airport operator has to do vital role in safety operation system. So Korea has to establish the foundation of Airport Certification. So Minister of MOTL(Ministry of Transportation and Land) amended laws and ordinances of aviation and made AOS(Airport Operations Standards). And airport operator made AOM(Airport Operation Manual) within the limits of national guideline. After approval of AOM by MOTL airport operator apply for the Airport Certification to MOTL. MOTL examines that operator does establish safety operation system in according to AOS. Through these procedures airport certification is issued to 9 airports including Gimpo and Incheon in korea. In my opinion, because the new system was introduced over-all the individual circumstance was not considered. Therefore some airports need so much budget to improve airport facilities. Formerly there were many kinds of inspections about airport operation but they do not put inspection systems in good order. So many kinds of inspection is being carried out, each airport operator has to take trouble in inspection of certification. I think it` a little unreasonable. Also if according to laws and ordinances in the case of air force base, civil airport operator has taken heavy burden to fit the air force facilities to AOS. At last We has changed paradigm after introducing Airport Certification and SMS. Historically airport operator was changed from nation to corporation through authority. Namely airport operation is flowed from nation-leading to civil-leading. Therefore it suggested the control system of airport operation has to be changed. But until now there are some things to be improved. We find several problems about Airport Certification for example inefficiency resulted from indiscriminate application of AOS(Airport Operations Standards) or the application to Air force aerodromes or unpreparedness of time limit related to prosedure of application etc. Of course it is predicted that airport certification will be refined systematically as time passes. Nevertheless I think it is very important for us never to forget the focus that the purpose of laws and standards is efficient enforcement of safety not control itself.

Main Structure of Agro-food Safety Control System in Korea

( B. O. Lee ) 강원대학교 농업생명과학연구원(구 농업과학연구소) 2014 강원 농업생명환경연구 Vol.26 No.3

Ministry of Food and Drugs Safety (MFDS) encompasses all food safety policies and promotions. There are also several food safety related institutions, such as, NAQS (agricultural products safety inspection), KOFHAS and KOLPHAS (HACCP Certification), NFSI and KAPE (traceability system), QIA (quarantine and livestock epidemics prevention). Food Safety Basic Act and Food Sanitation Act are two major laws on food safety. Agricultural Products Quality Control Act, Livestock Products Sanitation Act, Environmentally-friendly Agriculture Fostering Act, Act on the Traceability of Cattle and Beef, etc. play an important role as well. Agro-food certification system includes Environmentally-friendly Agro-Livestock Products Certification, GAP, HACCP, and Traceability System. Environmentally-friendly Agricultural Products Certification is classified into organic, non-pesticide, and low-pesticide for agricultural products and organic and non-antibiotics for livestock products. To develop environmentally-friendly livestock industry, direct payment subsidies have paid since 2009. HACCP certification initiated from 1995 for food and from 1997 for livestock products. Mandatory HACCP in the slaughterhouses has been implemented since 2003. Beef traceability system initiated in 2008 by mandatory system. However, many issues are at hand to solve to improve food safety in Korea, such as, rational division of food safety costs among producers, consumers and the government, harmonization of closed HACCP and opened traceability system, enhancing precautionary food safety system, developing low cost safety control models for the smaller food operations.