도시철도차량 적용을 위한 위험도 매트릭스 개발에 관한 연구

김영삼 한국안전학회 2011 한국안전학회지 Vol.26 No.6

Risk-based railway safety management has been mandatory in Korea as by relevant laws and regulations enacted since the Railway Safety Act 2004. In particular, the Railway Vehicle Safety Guidance came into effect on Jan 1, 2008 specifies the details of methodology for hazard analysis, risk assessment and safety verification and validation. Fundamentals for success of the risk-based safety management are systematic hazard identification and risk assessment by use of reasonable risk assessment criteria, but the principle of risk-based safety management has not been applied in an effective way to introduction and maintenance of railway vehicle systems because definite risk assessment criteria have not been set down for each railway system or railway network. The purpose of this study is to suggest a risk matrix development principle for risk assessment of domestic urban metro vehicles by analyses of relevant rules and railway operating environment of Korea

Credit Risk Measurement Practices in Indian Commercial Banks - An Empirical Investigation

Arora, Swaranjeet KNU The Institute of Management Economy Research 2014 Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Vol.5 No.2

Banking institutions have been facing variety of difficulties but the major cause of serious banking problems relates to lax credit standards for borrowers and counterparties, poor portfolio risk management, or a lack of attention to changes in economic or other circumstances that can lead to deterioration in the credit standing of a bank's counterparties. Although credit risk is an important factor that financial institutions should cope with, but the determinants of measuring credit risk have been studied less. This paper attempts to explore the determinants of credit risk measurement and to identify the factors that contribute to credit risk measurement practices in Indian banks and to compare credit risk measurement practices followed by Indian public and private sector banks, the empirical study has been conducted and views of employees of various banks have been tested using statistical tools. This study explored the phenomenon from different perspectives and revealed that single-name credit risk measurement and portfolio credit risk measurement are the key components that contribute to credit risk measurement in Indian banks. From the descriptive and analytical results, it can be concluded that Indian banks efficiently measure credit risk. The results also indicate that there is a significant difference between the Indian public and private sector banks in single-name credit risk measurement while, these banks do not significantly differ in portfolio credit risk measurement aspect.

Risk Aversion and Labor Decisions: A Comparative Study of Korea and France

정세은 한국EU학회 2016 EU학연구 Vol.21 No.1

This paper investigates whether attitudes towards risk could explain how individuals behave in the labor market, and specifically whether gender differentials in the market could be explained by adding risk aversion as a factor in individual heterogeneity. I exploit data from the Korea Labor Income Panel Study (KLIPS) and PSE Attitudes, comportements des Francais vis-a-vis de l’espargne en 2009. To measure of risk aversion, I construct variables using several questions assessing attitudes towards risk. I investigate three questions: the impact of risk aversion on educational decisions, the impact of risk aversion on wages, and the impact of risk aversion on job sorting. The evidence indicates that individuals with high risk aversion tend to (1) pursue fewer years of schooling, (2) have lower wages in a Mincer regression, and (3) be sorted more into the public sectors that have higher levels of job security but also lower wages. This pattern is found in both the South Korean and French labor markets. Also, gender differences in the labor market seem to be partly explained by risk aversion. Women in general are more risk averse which may let them choose lower level of education and public sector jobs. However, risk aversion could not explain significantly why female wage is a lot lower than male’s. While risk aversion in French data can predict well the educational level and occupational choices, in Korea where the social preference towards higher education and women’s working in the public sector is large, risk aversion is not strongly significant in explaining their choices. This presents that there are differences in terms of labor conditions and social norms between Korea and France.

국제물품매매에 관한 UN 협약상의 위험이전

윤남순 한국경영법률학회 2008 經營法律 Vol.18 No.2

The CISG contains articles for the risk of loss and passing it through 66-70. The buyer does not be discharged from his obligation to pay the price after the risk has passed to him according to the CISG. The risk passes to the buyer when the goods are handed over to the carrier in principle. The risk in respect goods sold in transit passes to the buyer from the time of the conclusion of the contract. But the CISG has no definition of the types of risks covered by the rules on transfer of risk, thus leaving uncertainty. The types of risks covered by the CISG might include the physical loss or damage, deterioration, or perishing of the goods, the risk of loss of documents relating to the goods, and legal risk. Also, the CISG does not attempt to define trade terms (CIF, C&F, FOB carrier at named point of shipment, FAS, FOB carrier at named point of destination, ex ship, and the like). These terms, which (among other things) allocate the risk of loss or damage during transit, are too detailed and complex in their operation to be easily susceptible to international codification. Moreover, their definition is subject to change in the light of changing commercial custom and should not be frozen by the international legislation. Less easy to understand, however, is the CISG's failure to address problems of risk of loss or damage that arise in documentary sales transactions in which trade for the international sale of such documentary transactions probably constitute the great majority of contracts for the international sale of goods, yet the CISG deals with documentary transactions only incidentally.

Traditional and Genetic Risk Score and Stroke Risk Prediction in Korea

Jung, Keum Ji,Hwang, Semi,Lee, Sunmi,Kim, Hyeon Chang,Jee, Sun Ha The Korean Society of Cardiology 2018 Korean Circulation Journal Vol.48 No.8

<P><B>Background and Objectives</B></P><P>Whether using both traditional risk factors and genetic variants for stroke as opposed to using either of the 2 alone improves the prediction of stroke risk remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to compare the predictability of stroke risk between models using traditional risk score (TRS) and genetic risk score (GRS).</P><P><B>Methods</B></P><P>We used a case-cohort study from the Korean Cancer Prevention Study-II (KCPS-II) Biobank (n=156,701). We genotyped 72 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified in genome-wide association study (GWAS) on the KCPS-II sub-cohort members and stroke cases. We calculated GRS by summing the number of risk alleles. Prediction models with or without GRS were evaluated in terms of the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC).</P><P><B>Results</B></P><P>Sixteen out of 72 SNPs identified in GWAS showed significant associations with stroke, with an odds ratio greater than 2.0. For participants aged <40 years, AUROCs for incident stroke were 0.58, 0.65, and 0.67 in models using modifiable TRS only, GRS only, and TRS plus GRS, respectively, showing that GRS only model had better prediction than TRS only. For participants aged ≥40 years, however, TRS only model had better prediction than GRS only model. Favorable levels of traditional risk were associated with significantly lower stroke risks within each genetic risk category.</P><P><B>Conclusions</B></P><P>TRS and GRS were both independently associated with stroke risk. Using genetic variants in addition to traditional risk factors may be the most accurate way of predicting stroke risk, particularly in relatively younger individuals.</P>

Development of Risk Rating and Index for Coastal Activity Locations

Young-Jai Lee,Cho-Young Jung,Ja-Yeong Gu 해양환경안전학회 2020 海洋環境安全學會誌 Vol.26 No.3

This paper develops a risk index based on an indicator of risk assessment in terms of coastal activity location and accident type. The risk index is derived from a formula which adds the consequence of failure to a vulnerability value, then subtracts the mitigation value. Specifically, the consequence of failure is the number of casualties in coastal activity locations. An indicator of vulnerability refers to coastal environment elements and social elements. A pointer of mitigation includes managerial and organizational elements that indicate the capabilities of coastal activities. A risk rating of coastal activity location is found from a risk matrix consisting of the accident location and type. The purpose of this study is to prevent accidents at coastal activity locations by allowing the Coastal police guard to monitor effectively and inform visitors of potential risks.

Modeling of Public Risk Perception and Risk Communication Research: In A Social-Cognitive Direction

Li, Yiwei,Guo, Yu,Ito, Naoya Center for Asian Public Opinion ResearchCollaborat 2014 Asian journal for public opinion research Vol.1 No.3

This study begins with a review of commonly discussed dimensions of public risk perception that may influence public opinion toward risks. Factors that have been revealed by the literature to have substantial impact on risk perception, such as demographic background, trust, and media environment, are also discussed. Meanwhile, we evaluate two well-known research models in the realm of risk analysis: 1) the psychometric paradigm, and 2) the social amplification of risk framework (SARF). Based on a literature review, this study suggests that, besides the psychological and social approach, models of risk perception and risk communication research should shift to a more comprehensive one by considering the interrelations between laypeople and the environment. This study proposes a research model from the perspective of social cognitive theory (SCT) as a potential framework for future studies: 1) in the societal environment, individuals' risk perception and information seeking behavior, which is determined by risk perception will be influenced by trust in regulators and interpersonal trust; 2) in the media environment, individuals' risk perception and information seeking behavior will be influenced by individuals' perceived information characteristics. Knowledge about risk accumulated through information seeking will change risk perception in a longitudinal process.

메르스 위험정보유통의 사회적 확산에 관한 SMCRE 모형의 적용과 함의

최충익,배숙경,김철민 한국유통과학회 2016 유통과학연구 Vol.14 No.6

Purpose – This article tackles risk communication issues and aims to address the characteristics of MERS risk information distribution in South Korea, and secondly to examine the communicative behavior of the public health authority in terms of the quality of communication strategies. Thirdly, the study attempts to figure out the risk communication to cope with MERS through the applications of SMCRE model in chronological order. We employ the social amplification of risk framework for analyzing the emergent public response as one of the main approaches. Research Design, Data and Methodology – The main framework of this study is theoretically based on the social amplification of risk, which describes signals about risk transmitted and processed by individuals and social groups. The model also reflects the interactions between social groups and institutes about disaster-related risk issues, which are potential amplifiers or attenuators of communication signals. S-M-C-R-E Model is methodologically employed to examine the social amplification for MERS risk information in each period, which we defined operationally. The proposed methodology allows the assessment of effectiveness and ineffectiveness on risk communication to be conceptualized as a countermeasure against disasters. The paper focuses on exploring how social risk amplification can be applied and organized in each stage. Results – The SMCRE model describes the exchange of risk information and is also applied to all forms of communication between stakeholders including public health authority, local government and media. Each factor of risk communication includes source, message, channel, receiver and effect. The results support that the effective risk communication involves not only the improved reliability of public health authority as a key factor of risk communication, but also a close cooperation and good collaboration with local governments. It does not seem to be possible that the government-initiated risk communication based on controllability and management cope effectively with infectious disease in early stage. The results of this study imply that the shared risks between local, regional and national authorities can enhance risk communication system. Conclusions – The study supports that the disparities in how disaster-related risk information is interpreted and coded, have made effective risk communication and public sense-making impeded. Our findings support a more communicative discussion about the role of risk information sharing between governments for the improvement of emergency management and underline the importance of social elements in the risk communication, such as relationship and trust building. Findings suggest that trust building between stakeholders could be added to help explain the processes of social amplification and attenuation of risk. It would be recommended that the continuous risk communication with all the involved stakeholders will be able to help national health promotion policy to be improved regarding emergency management. Furthermore, risk communication has to be a scientific approach for the communication pertaining to potentially sensitive or controversial situations with public concerns and low public trust.

Risk Perceptions and Risk-reduction strategies in Internet Apparel Shopping

( Mi Young Lee ) 한국패션비즈니스학회 2005 패션 비즈니스 Vol.9 No.3

Although Internet retailing is becoming a viable channel for apparel retailing, consumers are still reluctant to use Internet for apparel purchasing because of their concerns of Internet security and the difficulties of virtual shopping in unfamiliar shopping environment. The purpose of this study is to examine the nature of perceived risk associated with Internet apparel shopping and risk-reduction strategies used by Internet apparel shoppers. The data were collected via an online survey by a online research company. A total of 4,254 Internet users participated in this survey. Among these Internet users, 1,146 respondents had previous shopping experience in Internet shopping. Within this group, 195 were Internet apparel information seekers, and 589 were Internet apparel purchasers. Descriptive statistics, analysis of variance, and t-test were used to analyze the data. The perceived risks and risk-reduction strategies used by Internet apparel no-interest shoppers, Internet apparel information seekers (browsers), moderate Internet apparel purchasers, heavy Internet apparel purchasers were examined and compared. The results indicated that these four groups were significantly different in apparel related risk, performance risk, and privacy risk. Internet purchasers tend to perceive more apparel-related, performance, and privacy risks than others. The results also indicated that these four groups were significantly different in their opinions of risk-reduction strategies.

한국형 소프트웨어를 이용한 유류.중금속 복합오염지역의 인체위해성평가 및 RBCA Tool Kit과의 비교분석

남택우,류혜림,김영진,고석오,백기태,남경필,Nam, Taek-Woo,Ryu, Hye-Rim,Kim, Young-Jin,Ko, Seok-Oh,Baek, Ki-Tae,Nam, Kyoung-Phile 한국지하수토양환경학회 2011 지하수토양환경 Vol.16 No.1

By using a newly developed Korean risk-based corrective action (K-RBCA) software (K-RBCA) and the RBCA Tool Kit, risk assessment was performed on a site that was contaminated with aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals. Eight chemicals including benzene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, naphthalene, benz(a) anthracene, benzo(b) fluoranthene, benzo(a) pyrene, and arsenic that exceeded the US EPA Soil Screening Level were chosen as the target pollutants. A conceptual site model was constructed based on the site-specific effective exposure pathways. According to the RBCA Tool Kit the carcinogenic risk of arsenic was larger than $10^{-6}$, which is the generally acceptable carcinogenic risk level. The K-RBCA estimated the same level of carcinogenic risk for arsenic. With the RBCA Tool Kit, the carcinogenic risk of benzo(a) pyrene was estimated to be about $1.3{\times}10^{-6}$. However, with the K-RBCA benzo(a) pyrene did not exhibit any risk. The inconsistency between the softwares was attributed to the different fundamental settings (i.e., medium division) between the two softwares. While the K-RBCA divides medium into surface soil, subsurface soil, and groundwater, the RBCA Tool Kit divides medium into only soil and groundwater. These differences lead to the different exposure pathways used by the two softwares. The K-RBCA considers the exposure pathways in surface soil and subsurface soil separately to estimate risk, however, the RBCA Tool Kit considers the surface soil and subsurface soil as one and uses the integrated exposure pathways to estimate risk. Thus the resulting risk is higher when the RBCA Tool Kit is used than when the K-RBCA is used. The results from this study show that there is no significant difference in the risks estimated by the two softwares, thus, it is reasonable to use the K-RBCA we developed in risk assessment of soil and groundwater. In addition, the present study demonstrates that the assessor should be familiar with the characteristics of a contaminated site and the assumptions used by a risk assessment software when carrying out risk assessment.