인지문법을 토대로 한 영어 전치사 of와 about에 대한 의미연구

남승흥(Nam, Seung-heung) 부경대학교 인문사회과학연구소 2014 인문사회과학연구 Vol.15 No.1

영어전치사는 구조주의 언어학에서 명새 형용새 통새 부사처럼 자족적인 의미를 갖추고 있는 내용어와는 달리 의미가 없는 것으로 간주하여 기능어에 포함되었을 뿐 아니라 변형생성문법에서도 의미가 없이 문장구조상에서 빈틈을 메워주는 문법적인 목적을 위한 통사규칙으로 취급되었다. 하지만 인지문법의 창시자로 알려진 랑가커(Langacker)는 한 낱말의 의미는 그 낱말이 가지는 여러 개별 의미들이 서로 밀접하게 연관된 의미망이라고 주장함으로써 전치사에 관한 인지언어학적 연구를 기속시켰다. 이에 본 연구는 인지문법을 토대로 하여 영어전치사 of와 about의 원형의미와 확장의미를 연구 분석해보고 전치사 of와 about의 의미를 세가지로 분류하여 참조점 모형을 이용하여 비교분석해본다 첫째, 지표 Y의 탄도체X가 명사인 경우, 전치사 of는 참조점(지표)의 관련 영역 속에 있는 여러 개체 중 하나의 개체만이 목표(탄도체)가 되어 현저성이 부여되고 있는 반면에, 전치사 about의 경우에는 참조점의 영역 속의 여러 개체들이 탄도체에 함축되어 현저성이부여되고 있다. 둘째, 지표 Y의 탄도체 X가 형용사인 경우, 전치사 of에서 주어는 지표 그 자체에 대한 사항만을 탄도체와 결부시키며, 전치사 about에서 주어는 활성화 되지 못한 채 참조점 주변에서 산재되어 있는 여러 속성들과 탄도체를 결부시키고 있다. 셋째, 자표 Y의 탄도체 X가 비어있는 경우에 전치사 of는 참조점의 영역속에 있는 개체들은 목표로 설정되지 못하고 참조점에 내재되어있기 때문에 주어는 참조점에 대한 구체적인 사항이 아니라 참조점 그 자체에 대해 관심을 두고 있다. 전치사 about는 참조점 영향하에 있는 탄도체는 구체성을 띠지 않아도 관찰자는 인식할 수 있기 때문에 활성화되지 않고 잠조점 주변에 내재되어 있는 상태이다. 그래서 주어는 참조점과 관련된 여러 속성에 관심을 두고 았다. 따라서 전치사 of와 about은 그 기본의미와 일관성을 유지하여 X of Y의 구조에서주어는 지표Y 그 자체를 그리고 X about Y의 구조에서 주어는 지표Y의 주변에 관한 사항을언급한다. In structural linguistics, unlike content words which have self-contained meanings such as nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs, English preposition were regarded as function words which have no meanings and also in transformational generative grammar, they were treated as syntactic rules for the grammatical purpose of filling a gap in sentence structure. However, Langacker(l987) known as the founding father of cognitive grammar, by insisting that the meaning of a word is a semantic network that several individual meanings that the word has become closely intertwined, accelerated a cognitive linguistics study. I have studied and analyzed the prototypical sense and the extension sense of the preposition of and about based on cognitive grammar and have classified the meanings of the preposition of and about as three forms according to a reference point model. First, in case of trajector, X of landmark, Y being a noun, in the preposition of, only one entity of several entities involved in the domain of a reference point is given salience while, in the preposition about, several entities involved in the domain of a reference point are given salience, being connoted in trajector. Second, in case of trajector, X of landmark, Y being an adjective, in the preposition of, the subject connects the information of landmark itself with trajector but in the preposition about, the subject connects several entities scattered around a reference point, not being activated with trajector. Third, in case of trajector, X of landmark, Y being empty, in the preposition of, because several entities involved in the domain of a reference point, not being established as the object, are inherent in a reference point, the subject shows an interest not specific information of a reference point but a reference point itself. In the preposition about, because several entities involved in the domain of a reference point, though having no concreteness, are cognized by an observer, they, being not activated, are inherent around a reference point. Therefore the subject shows an interest several entities which are relevant to a reference point. Thus, as the preposition of and about maintain consistency in the basic meanings, in 'X of Y structure,' the subject refers to landmark, Y itself and in 'X about Y structure,' the subject refers to circumferential information of lan따nark, Y.

참조점 관계로 본 한국어 학습자의 보조사 ‘은/는’ 사용 분석

홍고은 한국문법교육학회 2020 문법 교육 Vol.39 No.-

Korean particle ‘eun/neun’ is a grammatical unit that requires discourse-based grammar teaching, but there have been many cases in which teaching contents were derived based on the results of syntax-based error analysis. The purpose of this study is to find implications of discourse-based grammar teaching for Korean particle ‘eun/neun’ based on the reference point relation in cognitive linguistics. The reference point relation(Langacker, 2008) is conceptually similar to ‘topic’ which is one of the semantic functions of Korean particle ‘eun/neun’, and from the point of view of ‘topic’, the reference point have the following formal characteristics. First, the reference point is located at the beginning of a sentence and is a noun phrase. Second, reference points are repeated and appear at high frequency in discourse. Third, the reference point is related to the cohesion of a text. In this study, based on the three formal characteristics, reference points were found in Korean learners' compositions and the chain of the reference point relation was analyzed. Next, it was analyzed that reference points were combined with Korean particle ‘eun/neun’ or not. As a result of the analysis, Korean particle ‘eun/neun’ was involved in the binding structure of a text with reference points. In addition, when Korean particle ‘eun/neun’ used where it is not a chain of the reference point relation or omitted from a chain, the cohesion of the text had weakened, and sentences had not ‘flown’ in the text.

문법 교육 : 이동 동사 오다와 가다의 쓰임에 대하여

송홍규 ( Hong Kyu Song ) 한국문법교육학회 2010 문법 교육 Vol.13 No.-

This paper aims to clarify the meaning of `oda(come)` and `gada(go)` while examining the two theoretical issues relevant to the usage of the locomotion verbs. First, this study investigates whether the goal or source of locomotion has to be the reference point for the use of `oda` or `gada`. In general, it has been claimed that `oda` is used to express the locomotion to the reference point and `gada` is used to express the locomotion from the reference point. Second, this study examines whether the reference point for the use of `oda` and `gada` has to be always where the speaker is. It has been claimed that the reference point of the locomotion expressed by `oda` or `gada` could be changed from the location of the speaker to the location of the addressee. While examining the various data relevant to the use of `oda` or `gada`, this paper reveals that the reference point of the locomotion expressed by `oda` does not have to be the goal of movement, and the reference point of the locomotion expressed by `gada` does not have to be the source. And also, it discloses that the reference point of locomotion expressed by `oda` or `gada` is always the location of the speaker even though it would vary depending on the temporal points such as the past, present and future. Based on the result of the investigation, this paper proposes that `oda` is in general used to express the locomotion from a farther point to a closer point relative to the reference point which is the location of the speaker, and that `gada` is used to express the locomotion from a closer point to a farther point relative to the reference point.

임의의 기준점을 이용한 해상에서의 UAV 사진측량 정확도 분석

오재현(Oh, Jae Hyun),김병우(Kim, Byung Woo),황대영(Hwang, Dae Young),홍순헌(Hong, Soon Heon) 대한공간정보학회 2016 대한공간정보학회지 Vol.24 No.4

본 연구에서는 임의의 수상기준점을 배치하고, UAV를 활용하여 해상에서의 사진측량 정확도 분석을 수행하였다. 소규모 저수지를 연구지역으로 선정하여 20개의 부표를 임의의 수상기준점으로 사용했으며, 사용되는 기준점의 수를 조절하여 위치 좌표의 오차를 확인하였다. 사진당 기준점수에 따라 case별로 분류하였으며 X의 정확도는 0.141m ~ 0.166m, Y의 정확도는 0.137m ~ 0.241m로 나타났다. 해상경계측량을 위한 오차범위가 ±2m임을 고려할 때, 이 수치는 해상과 같이 특이점이 부족하여 사진측량이 어려운 곳에서 임의의 기준점을 이용한 무인항공기 사진측량으로 사용 가능한 수준의 위치 데이터 정확도를 확보할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. 또한, 사진당 기준점 평균 사용수, 기준점 사용 부표수, 면적당 기준점비율, 기준점 사용 부표 비율등 4개의 수치와 x, y의 상관분석을 실시하였다. 각 요소와 x, y는 강한 음의 상관관계를 보였고 면적당 기준점 비율, 사진당 기준점 평균 사용수 기준점 사용 부표 비율의 순서로 x, y와의 상관도가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 기준점 사용 부표수와 x, y간의 관련성은 매우 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 상관분석의 결과는 실제 사용되는 기준점의 총 개수보다 각 사진에 사용되는 기준점의 수가 위치 정확도에 더 큰 영향을 미친다고 분석할 수 있다. In this study, with arbitrary reference points on the water, photogrammetry accuracy analysis was conducted using unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV). A small reservoir is a research area, and twenty buoys were used as arbitrary reference points. Errors of location coordinate were identified with control of amounts of used reference points. cases are categorized by index scores per photos. Accuracy of X is 0.141m~0.166m and accuracy of Y is 0.136m~0.241m. Considering that allowable error for the maritime boundary survey is ±2m, it is possible to get the accuracy data available for the photogrammetry of UAV using an reference point. In addition, the coefficient of correlation between the number of reference points per unit and number of buoys used as reference point and the ratio of the reference point per square measure, and percentage of buoys used as reference point and the coefficient of x and y were performed. Each element, x, and y showed a strong correlation and the coefficient of number of buoys used as reference point was irrelevant. The results of this correlation analysis can be analyzed that the number of reference points used in each picture is greater than the actual number of reference points used in location accuracy.

A Study for the Appropriateness of the Different Reference Points in the Analysis of Working Posture

Day Sung Kim,Chol Hong Kim 대한인간공학회 2011 大韓人間工學會誌 Vol.30 No.5

Objective & Background: When applying various evaluation tools that analyze work posture risk through observation, accurate measurement of body flexion angle is very important. Method: This study investigated differences and appropriateness of 5 different existing reference points commonly used in the analysis of the work posture. Twenty five ergonomist and trained professionals were participated in this study. A Same flexion angle was utilized for the evaluation of risk assessment of musculoskeletal disorders using five different reference points to investigate the degree of difference between them. To investigate how different the observers’ preferred flexion angle measuring methods were compared to the ISO 11226 Reference Posture, a virtual body model was constructed using the Poser 6.0 program. Six types of body flexion postures were constructed, and since neck flexion differs according to body angle, five types of neck flexion postures were constructed with the trunk bending 20° forward, making up a total of 30 virtual flexion postures. Results: Results showed that the observers used personally preferred reference points instead of reference points recommend in the evaluation tools. Also the results revealed the their seems to be 6 types of flexion angle for the trunk and 11 types of measurement methods for the neck flexion angle in the form of personally preferred reference points. The results showed that a mean difference of 14°(4~23°) occurred in the trunk, and a mean difference of 20°(-8~51°) occurred in the neck. To increase accuracy when using the 5 evaluation tools in combination, the ISO 11226 standards, observers’ preferred flexion posture standards, and common flexion posture standards of the evaluation tools were compared with the reference points of the 5 evaluation tools. Results showed considerable variance in angle difference for each evaluation tool. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, considering the angle difference between the flexion angle reference points of the evaluation tool and the reference points selected by the observers, it is concluded that instead of personally preferred reference points, the standardized reference points to enhance the accuracy and the objectivity. Application: The result of this study can be used as reference guide to develop the standardized reference point in the future.

세계측지계 변환을 위한 공통점 선정방안에 관한 연구

서혁준(Seo, Hyeok Jun),김준현(Kim, Jun Hyun) 한국지적정보학회 2016 한국지적정보학회지 Vol.18 No.2

본 연구는 지적공부를 세계측지계로 전환하는 과정에서 지적소관청 업무담당자의 판단이 적용될 공통점 선정에 관하여 좀 더 정확한 변환계수 산출 및 좌표변환으로 일필지 연결교차를 최소화하는 최적의 변환계수 산출을 위한 공통점 선정방안을 제시하였다. 본 연구결과에 따른 선정방안을 제시하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 네트워크 RTK 측량 시 상공장애 없이 고정해 값을 얻기까지의 시간인 초기고정시간이 짧은 기준점을 공통점으로 선정하여야 한다. 둘째, 설치일자가 다른 재설치 기준점보다는 경계점좌표 등록당시 최초 설치한 기준점만을 공통점으로 선정하여 균질성을 일원화하여야 한다. 셋째, 사업지구 내의 공통점 분포가 특정부분으로 치우침 없이 외곽 및 중앙 등에 고르게 분포되도록 공통점을 선정하여야 한다. 따라서 이러한 방안을 참고하여 향후 지적소관청의 변환사업 수행 시 공통점 선정업무에 기초자료로서 활용되기를 기대한다. This study suggested the method of common control point selection to minimize a more accurate conversion coefficient calculation and coordinate transformation for optimum transformation coefficients calculation about common control point selection that applies to the discretion of the cadastral competent agency business person in charge by conversion world geodetic system of cadastral record. According to this study results, the method of common control point selection are as follows. First of all, it must be selected the initial fixed time is short reference point which is the time until the sky at the time of network RTK surveying failure fixed without to get the value to a common control point. Second, the date of the installation must be one of the reference points of the other reinstalled at the time coordinate registration of the boundary point the homogeneity selected which the first installation was a reference point only common control point. Thirdly, it must be selected common control point to the common distribution is evenly distributed like blur without outer and central to certain parts of the business district. Therefore, it is expected to be used as basic data to common control point selection work of reference when to perform the conversion business in the future of cadastral competent agency.

위치기반서비스를 이용한 지적기준점의 조사·관리 방안

강왕규,홍성언 한국지적학회 2019 한국지적학회지 Vol.35 No.2

This study aims to apply the LBS(Location Based Service) technology experimentally and suggest the possibility to efficiently survey and management of cadastral reference points. For this, terminals for LBS reference point purpose has been selected, the terminal system was designed, and Iksan city area in Chonbuk province was selected as the case area and experiments were conducted on 8 areas which could be indicated as 1 triangulation point, 1 unified control point, and 6 cadastral complementary triangulation point. Experiments were carried out on the stability of data reception and the control points of the system (positional accuracy) according to environmental conditions by control points. As a result of the experiment, it is shown that all 8 of reference points were continuously transmitted to the cloud server so that the information sharing and the error check could be verified in real time. In terms of position accuracy, most of them had accuracy of less than 3m and hence, it was reasonable to surveyed the reference point. On the other hand, there were some observations data exceeding 3m. When the position error exceeds 3m, it is difficult for the investigator to quickly determine the position of the reference point in the field. Therefore, additional technical supplement on this section is necessary in the future. 본 연구에서는 지적기준점을 효율적으로 조사‧관리하기 위해 위치기반서비스 기술을 실험적으로 적용해 보고 그 가능성을 제시해 보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 위치기반서비스 기준점 부착용 단말기의 선정과 단말기 시스템을 설계하고, 실험지역으로 전라북도 익산시 지역을 선정한 후 이 지역에 설치된 삼각점 1점, 통합기준점 1점, 지적삼각보조점 6점으로 총 8점을 대상으로 실험을 진행하였다. 실험은 기준점별 환경 조건에 따른 데이터 수신의 안정성과 시스템의 기준점 관리(위치정확도) 측면을 분석하였다. 실험결과, 기준점 8점 모두 위치정보는 지속적으로 클라우드서버에 전송되어 실시간적인 정보의 공유 및 이상 유무를 확인할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 위치정확도 측면에서는 대부분 3m이내의 정확도를 보여 기준점을 조사하는 데에는 무리가 없으나 일부 3m를 초과하는 관측데이터가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 위치 오차가 3m를 초과하는 경우에는 조사자가 현장에서 신속하게 기준점의 위치를 판별하기는 다소 어려움이 있기 때문에 이러한 부분에 대해서는 향후 기술적인 보완이 더 필요한 것으로 판단된다.

A New Fingerprint Reference-Point Detection Method Using Cosine Component

宋映澈(Young-Chul Song) 대한전기학회 2007 전기학회논문지 Vol.56 No.8

A new reference point location method using the cosine component is proposed, where an edge map is defined and used to find the reference point. Because all processes used in the proposed method are performed at the block level, less processing time is required. Experimental results show that the proposed method can effectively detect the reference point with higher speed and accuracy for all types of fingerprints.

주택시장의 손실회피 행태와 기준점 설정에 관한 연구

김준형,루이스 알렉산더 국토연구원 2011 국토연구 Vol.69 No.-

In the last dozen years, loss aversion, a key component of prospect theory, has been rigorously applied to understanding seller behavior in housing market and have met with no small success. However, those studies have all assumed the original purchase price as the reference point for what would constitute a loss. This may be debatable; given that many houses are owned for long periods of time, other, more recent, reference points may be come into play. Based on an analysis of Korean homeowners from the KLIPS dataset, our study demonstrates that among Korean homeowners, recent prices are the primary reference point of loss. The odds ratio for loss calculated with a recent price reference point is 0.02, which is quite lower than that for loss calculated with a purchasing price reference point. This means that households experiencing loss in house value are reluctant to sell them. In addition, we also find that loss averse behavior among Korean homeowners increases if they live in apartment housing, are in debt or have other housing. The existence of an alternative reference point may amplify the effect of loss aversion in Korea when housing prices decrease. Further light should be shed on this possibility by new studies based on housing transaction data. 행태경제학자들에 의해 제안된 손실회피 개념은 주택을 소유하고 있는 가구의 주택거래 행태를 설명할 수 있다는 점에서 최근 각광을 받고 있다. 그러나 선행연구들은 이 손실을 현재 가격과 과거 구입가격 간의 차이로만 접근하고 있다. 하지만 주택은 보유기간이 길고 가격상승에 대한 기대가 작용할 가능성이 높기 때문에 최근 가격이 손실의 기준점으로 작동할 가능성이 충분하다. 이에 본 연구는 KLIPS 자료를 활용, 국내 주택보유가구의 행태를 분석한 결과 손실회피 현상은 최근 가격을 기준점으로 산정된 손실에서만 존재하는 것으로 확인된다. 구체적으로 최근 가격을 기준점으로 할 때 손실을 경험한 가구가 다른 주택으로 이동할 오즈는 손실을 경험하지 않은 가구의 0.02 수준으로 나타난다. 이는 손실을 경험한 가구가 기존 주택에 머무를 가능성이 통계적으로 유의하게 높음을 뜻한다. 아울러 이러한 손실회피의 성향은 아파트에 거주할수록, 부채가 있을수록, 그리고 다른 주택을 보유하고 있을수록 커지는 것으로 나타난다. 최초구입가격이 아닌 최근 가격이 손실회피의 기준점으로 사용된다는 사실은 향후 주택가격이 하락할 경우 그 파급효과가 보다 크게 나타날 수 있음을 시사한다. 이와 같은 가능성은 향후 직접적인 주택거래자료를 활용하여 보다 면밀히 검토되어야 할 것이다.

Many-objective Evolutionary Algorithm with Knee point-based Reference Vector Adaptive Adjustment Strategy

Zhuanghua Zhu 한국인터넷정보학회 2022 KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Syst Vol.16 No.9

The adaptive adjustment of reference or weight vectors in decomposition-based methods has been a hot research topic in the evolutionary community over the past few years. Although various methods have been proposed regarding this issue, most of them aim to diversify solutions in the objective space to cover the true Pareto fronts as much as possible. Different from them, this paper proposes a knee point-based reference vector adaptive adjustment strategy to concurrently balance the convergence and diversity. To be specific, the knee point-based reference vector adaptive adjustment strategy firstly utilizes knee points to construct the adaptive reference vectors. After that, a new fitness function is defined mathematically. Then, this paper further designs a many-objective evolutionary algorithm with knee point-based reference vector adaptive adjustment strategy, where the mating operation and environmental selection are designed accordingly. The proposed method is extensively tested on the WFG test suite with 8, 10 and 12 objectives and MPDMP with state-of-the-art optimizers. Extensive experimental results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method over state-of-the-art optimizers and the practicability of the proposed method in tackling practical many-objective optimization problems.