행복추구경향에 따른 행복지수와 스트레스상황 대처반응과의 관계

윤정빈 ( Yun Jeong-been ),신경민 ( Shin Kyoung-min ) 전북대학교 사회과학연구소 2017 지역과 세계 Vol.41 No.2

본 연구는 한국 성인을 대상으로 행복추구경향화에 따른 행복지수와 스트레스상황 대처반응과의 관계를 알아보기 위해 수행되었다. 강원도를 제외한 전국에 거주하고 있는 대한민국 20세 이상 60세 미만 성인 111명을 대상으로 설문지를 통해 자료를 수집하였다. 수집된 자료를 이용해 빈도분석, 신뢰도검증, T-test 검증, ANOVA 검증, 상관분석, 단계적 중다회귀분석을 실시하였고 주요 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 성별과 학력에 따른 행복지수의 차이는 보이지 않았지만 연령, 결혼, 종교에 따른 유의미한 차이가 있었다. 둘째, 응답자 전체의 행복지수는 의미추구경향과 몰입추구경향의 행복추구경향 하위유형과 상관관계가 있었고 과업중심과 정서중심의 스트레스상황 대처반응 하위유형과 상관관계가 있었다. 셋째, 행복지수 상위 33.3% 집단과 하위 33.3% 집단의 행복추구경향성은 의미추구경향과 몰입추구경향에 유의미한 차이가 있었고, 스트레스상황 대처반응은 과업중심과 정서중심에서 유의미한 차이를 보였다. 넷째, 행복지수에 영향을 주는 변인은 의미추구경향, 기혼, 정서중심과 과업중심 스트레스상황 대처반응에 해당하는데 의미추구경향이 높고 기혼이며 정서중심 스트레스상황 대처반응이 낮고 과업중심 스트레스상황 대처반응이 높을수록 행복지수가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 이 연구의 시사점과 앞으로의 논의부분에 대해 제언하였다. The purpose of this study was to investigate how related to happiness index and stressful situations coping reaction according to orientations to happiness. The participants in this study were 111 Korean adults aged 20 to 60 years. Data was analyzed using frequency analyse, Cronbach`s alpha, independent samples t-test analyses, ANOVA analyses, Pearson`s correlation, stepwise multiple regression analyses. The results were as follows: 1) In happiness index, there were no significant differences in gender and education level, but there were significants differences in age, marriage and religion. 2) In orientations to happiness, happiness index of the participants were related to pursuit of meaning and pursuit of engagement. In stressful situation coping reaction, happiness index of the participants were related to task coping and emotion coping. 3) In orientations to happiness, there were significants differences in pursuit of meaning and pursuit of engagement between 33.3 percent of high group and 33.3 percent of low group according to happiness index. In stressful situation coping reaction, there were significants differences in task coping and emotion coping between 33.3 percent of high group and 33.3 percent of low group according to happiness index. 4) These results indicated that pursuit of meaning, married people, task coping and emotion coping had influence on the happiness index of Korean adults. Finally, it discussed some implications and suggested some limits of this study and follow up study.

유라시아 국가의 법적,문화적 차이와 주식시장의 반응: 금융위기의 충격을 중심으로

변진호 ( Jinho Byun ) 아시아.유럽미래학회 2016 유라시아연구 Vol.13 No.2

2008년 9월에 발생한 미국의 금융위기는 전세계 금융시장의 폭락을 가져온 사건이다. 전세계 주식시장은 당일 약 8%의 지수 하락을 경험하고 약 1년간에 걸쳐 30% 이상의 수익률 하락을 겪었다. 본 연구는 이러한 급작스런 시장의 충격이 각국의 주식시장에 어떤 영향을 주는지 법적·문화적 차이를 가지고 분석하였다. 세계의 법적 체계는 크게 영국의 보통법(common law)과 유럽의 시민법(civil law)으로 구분되며, 이에 따라 투자자에 대한 법적 보호 수준과 규제가 상이하다. 또한 모든 나라는 고유의 문화적 특성을 가지고 있으며, Hofstede (2001)에 따르면 권력거리, 개인주의, 남성성, 불확실성회피, 장기지향성의 5가지 측면에서 문화의 특성을 구분할 수 있다. 본 연구는 이러한 법적 차이와 문화적 차이를 가지는 28개 국가를 대상으로 2008년 9월의 금융위기 충격에 대해 어떻게 시장이 반응하였는지 분석한다. 충격에 대한 단기적인 시장반응은 사건 후 3일간의 주가지수의 누적수익률로 측정하였다. 또한 장기적인 회복반응을 분석하는데, 이는 하락한 지수가 사건 이전의 평균지수로 복귀하는데 걸리는 기간을 의미한다. 사건 이전의 평균지수는 사건 이전 52주 평균 지수로 정하였고, 회복은 지수가 평균지수를 세 번째 도달하는 날로 정의하였다. 또한 분석을 위해 거시경제 변수로 각국의 GNP와 시가총액을 통제하였으며, La Porta et al. (1997, 1998)이 제시한 투자자 보호 지수도 회귀분석에 포함했다. 연구의 결과는 다음과 같이 요약할 수 있다. 첫째, 법적 체계에 따른 시장의 반응을 살펴보면, 보통법 국가의 단기적인 주가지수 하락이 시민법 국가에서의 하락보다 적은 것으로 나타났으며, 시장의 회복기간도 짧은 것으로 나타났다. 시민법 국가 사이에서는 프랑스 시민법의 단기 하락이 작았으나, 장기적인 회복 속도는 가장 느린 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 권력거리 지수(PDI)가 클수록 주가지수의 단기 하락이 작으며, 장기적인 회복속도도 빠른 것으로 나타났다. 이것은 국가에 대한 국민들의 의존도가 높은 국가에서 투자자들은 시장의 충격에 대해 국가의 긍정적인 역할을 기대하고 있으며, 장기적으로도 위기를 극복하고 빠르게 정상적인 수준으로 복귀할 것이라고 믿고 있음을 의미한다. 셋째, 장기지향적인 (LTO) 문화일수록 시장 충격에 대하여 하락이 크다. 그러나 시장의 충격에 대해 긴 안목으로 볼 때 쉽게 회복할 수 있다고 믿기 때문에 빠른 회복속도를 보인다. 넷째, 불확실성 회피지수(UAI)가 클수록 천천히 이전의 주가지수 수준으로 회복하고 있다. 불확실성 회피성향이 강한 국가는 시장의 충격이 완전히 사라졌다고 쉽게 믿지 않는 것으로 보인다. 반면에 불확실성 회피 성향이 강할수록 시장의 하락 반응은 작은 것으로 나타났다. 다섯째, 통계적으로 유의적이지는 않지만 개인주의(IDV)가 강한 경우에 시장충격은 큰 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 회복 반응에 대해서는 일치하는 결과를 얻지 못했다. 개인주의 사회일수록 개인 스스로가 책임을 지는 경향이 높기 때문에 시장의 충격에 대하여 더 크게 반응을 하는 것으로 추정된다. 마지막으로 남성성 지수(MAS)는 시장반응에서 어떠한 유의적인 결과도 보여주지 못했다. 본 연구에서는 범세계적인 충격(shock) 사건인 금융위기에 대해 유라시아 국가의 법적·문화적 차이에 따라 각국의 주식시장이 어떻게 반응하는지를 검토하였다. 선행연구에 따르면, 법적·제도적 차이와 문화의 차이는 여러 측면에서 경제활동과 연관되어있다. 그러나 이러한 법적제도와 문화가 경제현상과 연관되어 있음을 분석한 국내의 연구는 전무한 실정이다. 이는 학제간에 학문융합(interdisciplinary study)이 필요한 연구 분야인 점에 기인한다고 할 수 있다. 본 연구의 결과는 법적·문화적 차이가 각국 주식시장의 행태에 중요한 영향을 주고 있음을 보여준다. The financial crisis of September 2008 that occurred in United States leads to the collapse of the world`s financial markets. Global stock market indices experience a decline of about 8% on the day and suffered a decline of more than 30% rate of return over a period of about one year. In this study, we analyze how the such sudden market shock affects the stock markets of the other countries, through the legal and cultural differences. Legal systems of the world is largely divided into the English common law and the European civil law, thus differs from the legal and regulatory protection for investors. In addition, every country has its own cultural characteristics, according to Hofstede (2001) cultural characteristics can be divided in five aspects. This study analyzes how the market have responded to the financial crisis using 28 countries with legal and cultural differences. Short-term market reaction to the shock is measured by cumulative return of the market index for three days after the event. In addition, we analyze the long-term recovery response which means that the market index return to the average level before the event. In addition, we control macroeconomic variables such as GNP and market capitalization, and also include investor protection index of La Porta et al. (2000) in the regression analysis. The results of the study can be summarized as follows. First, the decline of market index to the shock in common law nations appeared to be less than the decline in civil law nations. The result also shows fast recovery days in common law markets. Second, the larger power distance index (PDI), the smaller in the short-term decline of market index. In the long-term, large PDI nations show the quick return to normal levels. Investors in high dependence on the government seem to expect their nation to play a positive role to overcome the shock and believe that to overcome the crisis and quickly return to normal levels. Third, the greater long-term oriented index (LTO), the more decline against market shock in the short-term. In the long run, however, investors seem to believe that the impact on the market can be easily recovered. Fourth, when the uncertainty avoidance index (UAI) is big, the stock market index recovered slowly to the level before. Investors in strong UAI nations seem not to believe easily that the shock is completely disappeared. Conversely, the short-term market response appeared to be smaller in strong UAI country. Fifth, although statistically insignificant, the market shock is big where the individualism index (IDV) is strong. However, we cannot obtain the consistent result in the long run. Because, in the more highly individualistic society, individual oneself is more responsible than people in collectivism society, we presume that the market reaction against the shock is larger in strong IDV markets. Finally, masculinity index (MAS) has failed to show any significant results from market response.

Generation of Graded Index Profile of Poly(methyl methacrylate) by a Photochemical Reaction

HyunChuYun,임상혁,DuckJongSuh,박오옥,MooHyunKwon 한국고분자학회 2003 Macromolecular Research Vol.11 No.5

Fabrication of a graded index profile was possible via photochemical reaction of cinnamoyl groups with 350 nm wavelength UV light to form crosslinked structures. Such structural change may induce the change in the refractive index. In order to generate graded index profile in the PMMA polymer optical fiber (POF) with cinnamoyl groups by photochemistry, a methyl methacrylate monomer containing a cinnamoyl functional group in the side chain were prepared. This monomer was then copolymerized with methylmethacrylate with various compositions not only to utilize advantages of poly(methyl methacrylate) but also to overcome the drawbacks of the cinnamate homopolymer. Changes of refractive indices were investigated with various contents of cinnamoyl group and vary­ing irradiation time. Large change in the refractive index (Δ. 0.01) and its proper profile shape (g . 2.2) can be obtained by changing irradiation time.

Generation of Graded Index Profile of Poly(methyl methacrylate) by a Photochemical Reaction

Yun, Hyun-Chu,Im, Sang-Hyuk,Suh, Duck-Jong,Park, O-Ok,Kwon, Moo-Hyun The Polymer Society of Korea 2003 Macromolecular Research Vol.11 No.4

Fabrication of a graded index profile was possible via photochemical reaction of cinnamoyl groups with 350 nm wavelength UV light to form crosslinked structures. Such structural change may induce the change in the refractive index. In order to generate graded index profile in the PMMA polymer optical fiber (POF) with cinnamoyl groups by photochemistry, a methyl methacrylate monomer containing a cinnamoyl functional group in the side chain were prepared. This monomer was then copolymerized with methyl methacrylate with various compositions not only to utilize advantages of poly(methyl methacrylate) but also to overcome the drawbacks of the cinnamate homopolymer. Changes of refractive indices were investigated with various contents of cinnamoyl group and varying irradiation time. Large change in the refractive index (${\Delta}{\approx}0.01$) and its proper profile shape ($g{\approx}2.2$) can be obtained by changing irradiation time.

초등학생의 풍경구성기법(LMT) 반응특성 연구

박인전,최외선,김유경 한국미술치료학회 2010 美術治療硏究 Vol.17 No.2

This study is to inquire into the reaction characteristics of LMT of elementary school students to the gender and the grade. The study subject is 431 elementary school students between the graders of 1st and 6th in three elementary schools in Jeju. For them, the LMT is carried out, by one researcher who completed Ph.D. course in Dept. of Art Therapy, for about 50 minutes per session from June 3, 2009 to July 3, 2009. The scoring index are made up of 4 composition indexes and 5 coloring indexes. For the research materials, crosstabulation analysis is carried out. The results are as follows. Firstly, it is the omission of elements, the quality of drawing line, the number of colors that show a significant difference to the gender. It is shown that girl students' LMT pictures have more omission of elements, fewer colors, more stable drawing line than boy students' LMT pictures. Secondly, it is the variables of the nine indexes such as the uniformity, the omission of elements, the use of space, the actuality of the form, the degree of coloring, the suitableness of element coloring, the stability of coloring, the quality of drawing line, the number of colors that show a significant difference to the grader. The 1st graders show 100% unified case of the ten elements, which is most highest degree of all graders. The 1st and 2nd graders show more omission of elements, more spacial use, higher stability of coloring than 3rd graders and above. The 1st and 3rd graders show low ratio of the actuality of the form in comparison with the ratio of the other graders. Generally, the higher the grades are, the fewer the number of the colors are, and the higher the ratio of coloring the elements and the background is. The 1st graders show highest suitability of element coloring, on the other hand, the 3rd graders show lowest. And it is shown that 1st and 2nd graders show high stability of drawing line in comparison with other graders. 본 연구는 성별과 학년에 따른 초등학생의 풍경구성기법 반응특성을 알아보고자 하였다. 연구대상은 제주도내 3개 초등학교에 재학 중인 1학년부터 6학년에 이르는 초등학생 431명이며, 풍경구성기법 검사는 미술치료학과 박사수료생 1인이 2009년 6월 3일부터 7월 3일까지 실시하였으며, 검사 소요시간은 40~50분이었다. 풍경구성기법의 채점지표는 구성지표 4개와 색채지표 5개로 구성되어 있다. 자료 분석은 교차분석을 실시하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 성별에 따라 유의미한 차이를 나타낸 것은 요소의 생략, 소묘선의 질, 색의 수이다. 즉 여학생이 남학생보다 요소의 생략이 많고, 색의 수가 적고, 소묘선의 질이 안정적인 선으로 나타났다. 둘째, 학년에 따라 유의미한 차이를 나타낸 변인은 통합성, 요소의 생략, 공간사용, 형태의 사실성, 채색의 정도, 요소채색의 적절성, 채색의 안정성, 소묘선의 질, 색의 수 등 9개 지표이다. 즉 1학년은 10개 요소 모두 통합된 경우가 100.0%로 다른 학년에 비해 가장 높은 비율을 차지했고, 1·2학년이 3학년 이상보다 요소의 생략이 많고, 공간사용을 더 많이 하고, 채색의 안정성이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 대체적으로 학년이 올라갈수록 색의 수가 감소하고 요소와 배경을 색칠한 비율이 높고, 형태의 사실성 비율이 높게 나타났다. 1학년이 요소채색의 적절성이 가장 높은 반면, 3학년이 가장 낮은 비율을 보였고, 소묘선의 질에서는 1·2학년이 다른 학년에 비해 안정적인 선이 높은 비율로 나타났다.

유아의 풍경구성기법(LMT) 반응특성 연구

정동영,최외선 한국미술치료학회 2011 美術治療硏究 Vol.18 No.3

This study examined young children's reactions to LMT by their age and gender. The participants were 236 children at the ages of 5, 6, and 7 attending two kindergartens in a city. The LMT test was conducted from April 5th 2010 to June 4th. Each test took 40 to 50 minutes. Except for 9 unintelligible drawings, the remaining 227 were used as data. The LMT drawings were measured on 4 composition and 5 color indexes. The data were computed for frequency, percentage, and cross-tab analysis. The findings are as follows. First, significant gender difference was found in the degree of coloring, properness of coloring, stability of coloring, stability of drawing lines, and color number. More female children were found coloring all the items. In addition, they showed a higher degree of stability and properness in coloring, and used colors three times the number male children did. Second, significant age difference was found in drawing over the margin, integrity, reality of shapes, the degree of coloring, the properness of coloring, the stability of coloring, the stability of drawing lines, and the number of colors. Many of the 5 year-olds drew over the margin. Older children showed a higher degree of integrity. In the reality of shapes, five and six year-old children showed a higher degree of shape reality than 7 year-old children. In the degree of coloring, older children showed a higher degree of color properness, color stability, and drawing line stability. In addition, they used more colors. 본 연구는 성별과 연령에 따른 유아의 풍경구성기법 반응 특성을 알아보고자 하였다. 연구대상은 oo시내 2개 유치원에 재원중인 5세, 6세, 7세 유아 236명이며 풍경구성기법 검사는 2010년 4월 5일부터 6월 4일까지 실시하였으며 검사 소요시간은 40-50분이었다. 그림 중 형태를 알아볼 수 없는 9부를 제외한 227부만을 자료로 이용하였다. 풍경구성기법의 채점기준은 구성지표 4개와 색채지표 5개로 구성되어 있다. 자료 분석은 빈도와 백분율, 교차분석을 실시하였다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 성별에 따라 유의미한 차이를 나타낸 것은 채색의 정도, 채색의 적절성, 채색의 안정성, 소묘선의 안정성, 색의 수이다. 즉 여아가 남아보다 모든 요소를 채색한 비율이 높고, 채색의 적절성, 채색의 안정성이 높았다. 또한 색의 사용수에도 여아가 남아보다 3배 높았다. 둘째, 연령에 따라 유의미한 차이를 나타낸 것은 테두리이탈, 통합성, 형태의 사실성, 채색의 정도, 채색의 적절성, 채색의 안정성, 소묘선의 안정성, 색의 수 등이다. 즉 5세가 테두리 이탈이 많고 연령이 높을수록 요소의 통합성이 높았다. 형태의 사실성에서는 5세와 6세보다 7세가 사실성이 높은 비율을 차지하였다. 채색의 정도에서는 연령이 높아질수록 모든 요소를 채색한 비율이 높고 채색의 적절성, 채색의 안정성, 소묘선의 안정성이 높게 나타났고, 색의 수도 많이 사용하는 것으로 나타났다.

메탄 화염에서 염화 탄화수소 화합물이 질소산화물 생성에 미치는 영향 조사

장경(Kyoung Jang),장봉춘(Bong Choon Jang),이기용(Ki Yong Lee) 한국연소학회 2008 한국연소학회지 Vol.13 No.1

Numerical simulations of freely propagating premixed flames burning mixtures of methane and chlorinated hydrocarbons in fuel are performed at atmospheric pressure in order to understand the effect of chlorinated hydrocarbons on the formation of nitrogen oxide. A detailed chemical reaction mechanism is used, the adopted scheme involving 89 gas-phase species and 1017 elementary forward reaction steps. Chlorine atoms available from chlorinated hydrocarbons inhibit the formation of nitrogen oxides by lowering the concentration of radical species. The reduction of NO emission index calculated with thermal or prompt NO mechanism is not linear and is probably related to the saturation effect as CH₃Cl addition is increased, In the formation or consumption of nitrogen oxide, the NO₂ and NOCl reactions play an important role in lean flames while the HNO reactions do in rich flames. The molar ratio of Cl to H in fuel has an effect on the magnitude of NO emission index.

Reduced-dimensional design optimization of stay vane and casing of reaction hydro turbines using global sensitivity analysis

Ujjwal Shrestha,Young-Do Choi,Jungwan Park,조현규 대한기계학회 2021 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.35 No.4

The effect of design variables on the performance measures in the entire design space can be evaluated by global sensitivity analysis (GSA). Therefore, a high-dimensional engineering problem can be transformed to a reduced-dimensional problem by ascertaining important design variables according to GSA. Subsequently, the reduction of design variables helps save computational cost and the duration of design optimization. In this study, GSA was applied to determine the most influential design variable in the design of two reaction hydro turbine components - stay vane and casing. The global sensitivity index technique is selected among GSA methods because it can evaluate both the individual and interaction effects of design variables. Genetic aggregation surrogate models are used to reduce the number of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analyses for GSA and design optimization. The responses from surrogate models are evaluated to obtain global sensitivity indices for performance measures. The important design variables are selected according to the indices. Using a multiobjective genetic algorithm (MOGA), design optimizations with the selected design variables are performed and the results are compared to the optimum designs with all design variables. The optimum designs using the selected design variables show comparable performances to those of the full-dimensional optimum designs.

Psychometric and Psychoacoustic Measures of Tinnitus

최철희 한국청각언어재활학회 2012 Audiology and Speech Research Vol.8 No.2

Tinnitus is a ringing in the ears without external sounds from outside. Tinnitus is not a disease but a symptom affecting the quality of life in daily lives. Although many different measures of tinnitus have been developed, it is not easy for clinician to select one or some of these measures to fit the goals of the management of tinnitus. Therefore, the objective of this study is to review a variety of previous studies of tinnitus in terms of psychometric and psychoacoustic measures of tinnitus to provide clinically useful and valuable information to professionals who want to develop a standardized test of tinnitus. This study reviewed a variety of literatures associated with the psychometric measures including tinnitus handicap inventory, tinnitus questionnaire, tinnitus reaction questionnaire, tinnitus handicap questionnaire, tinnitus cognition questionnaire, and tinnitus disability index. The psychoacoustic measures of tinnitus including pitch, loudness, masking, and residual inhibition were thoroughly reviewed. Finally, we investigated whether there is a relationship between the psychometric and psychoacoustic measures of tinnitus. However, the psychometric measures were not clearly and directly related to the psychoacoustic measures. This indicates that they do not test the same attributes or constructs of tinnitus. In addition, this may result from the different natures of tinnitus, different mechanisms and sites of action, and high variability between and within subjects. Although there are considerable disagreements in the measures of tinnitus, this paper will provide clinically useful and meaningful information for developing a standardized test of tinnitus.

봉약침으로 유발된 피부 과반응과 사상체질에 따른 요통환자의 치료효과에 대한 비교연구

이용은,이초인,김성진,김재수,이현종,Lee, Yong Eun,Lee, Cho In,Kim, Sung Jin,Kim, Jae Soo,Lee, Hyun Jong 대한침구의학회 2014 대한침구의학회지 Vol.31 No.2

Objectives : The aim of this study was to analyze the interrelation of therapeutic effects according to the bee venom pharmacopuncture-induced skin hypersensitivity reaction and the sasang constitution. Methods : Data were collected from 62 patients who had been treated with bee venom pharmacopuncture due to low back pain. The patient's symptoms were evaluated with visual analogue scale(VAS), oswestry disability index(ODI). And we classified the patients according to the manifestation of skin hypersensitivity reaction, sasang constitution by QSCC II. Results : 22 patients had the skin hypersensitivity reaction, 40 patients hadn't. And 12 patients were Soeumin, 30 patients were Soyangin, 17 patients were Taeeumin. After treatment with bee venom pharmacopuncture 6 times(three times per week for 2 weeks), VAS was changed from $6.15{\pm}1.63$ to $4.00{\pm}1.64$. ODI was changed from $19.61{\pm}8.15$ to $14.76{\pm}8.07$. And there were significant associations. By the change of VAS and ODI between skin hypersensitivity reaction group and not, there were no significant associations. By the occurrence of skin hypersensitivity reaction between the sasang constitution, there were no significant associations. By the change of VAS and ODI between the Sasang constitution, there were no significant associations. Conclusion : This study shows that there were no significant associations in the frequency of skin hypersensitivity reaction according to the Sasang constitution. And the therapeutic effects of bee venom pharmacopuncture had no concern with skin hypersensitivity reaction and the Sasang constitution.