Omissibility of a Preposition in the Omission of a Prepositional Object in English Prepositional Phrases

In-Sik Jeong 경희대학교 언어정보연구소 2011 언어연구 Vol.28 No.1

When a prepositional object is contextually recoverable and omitted in structures such as a prepositional particle plus its object, the omissibility of its preceding particle is closely bound up both with its meaning and its double status as an overlapping category for adverb and preposition. Some particles which denote place or direction can be used both prepositionally and adverbially depending on the presence or absence of their objects. These types of particles should not be omitted when their object is removed, performing their meaning in combination with a verb. In addition, such particles do not allow their object to be the subject of a passive. On the contrary, other particles are used only prepositionally. These types of particles should be omitted when their object is contextually recoverable and removed, because they cannot stand alone as prepositions. The understanding of the omitted preposition and prepositional object is retrieved from the context.

Omissibility of a Preposition in the Omission of a Prepositional Object in English Prepositional Phrases

정인식 경희대학교 언어정보연구소 2011 언어연구 Vol.28 No.1

When a prepositional object is contextually recoverable and omitted in structures such as a prepositional particle plus its object, the omissibility of its preceding particle is closely bound up both with its meaning and its double status as an overlapping category for adverb and preposition. Some particles which denote place or direction can be used both prepositionally and adverbially depending on the presence or absence of their objects. These types of particles should not be omitted when their object is removed, performing their meaning in combination with a verb. In addition, such particles do not allow their object to be the subject of a passive. On the contrary, other particles are used only prepositionally. These types of particles should be omitted when their object is contextually recoverable and removed, because they cannot stand alone as prepositions. The understanding of the omitted preposition and prepositional object is retrieved from the context.

韩语表对象副词格助词对译汉语介词的研究

石堅 동양한문학회 2018 동양한문학연구 Vol.49 No.-

Both case auxiliaries in Korean and preposition in Chinese fall into the category of function words with many conceptual similarities. Based on the linguistic theory, the paper analyzes and compares the literal translation between adverbial case auxiliaries in Korean and preposition in Chinese in the category of object. The paper firstly further divides the “category of object” into the following six aspects: “object directly affected by action behavior”, “receiver”, “activity subject”, “related object”, “comparison or metaphor object” and “limited range”, and studies the Chinese translation of Korean adverbial case auxiliaries for each aspect. The paper finds that not all the adverbial case auxiliaries in Korean are equivalent to the preposition in Chinese. Base on the comparison result, the paper makes a comparative analysis about the adverbial case auxiliaries in Korean and preposition in Chinese from such aspects as sentential position, sentence composition and word development, therefore making a conclusion about the respective features of case auxiliaries in Korean and preposition in Chinese. 한국어 부사격 조사와 중국어 개사는 모두 허사(虛詞)에 속하는 것으로 많은 유사점을 가지고 있다. 본 논문에서는 대조언어학을 이론적 배경으로 하여, ‘대상 표지’ 즉 ‘대상을 나타내는’ 의미 기능에 있어 한국어 부사격 조사에 상응하는 중국어 개사를 분석하고, 더 나아가 한국어 격조사와 중국어 개사에 대한 대조 연구를 진행하고자 한다. 본 논문에서는 우선 ‘대상 표지’ 의미 기능을 ‘행위가 영향이 미치는 대상’, ‘무엇을 받는 주체’, ‘주어에 대해 행위를 미치는 주체’, ‘관계를 맺거나 관련된 대상’, ‘비교와 비유의 대상’ 그리고 ‘행동이나 상태의 한정된 범위’ 등 여섯 가지로 분류하여 각 의미기능에서 한국어 부사격 조사에 상응하는 중국어 표현을 살펴본 결과, 모든 경우에 한국어 부사격 조사가 중국어 개사에 상응하는 것이 아니라 어떤 경우에는 개사 형식이 아닌 다른 요소로 표현된다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 본 논문에서는 문장 중의 위치, 문장 구성, 어휘 변천 등 여러 면에서 한국어 부사격 조사와 중국어 개사에 대한 대조 분석을 통해 한국어 조사와 중국어 개사가 가진 양자의 특징을 살펴볼 수 있었다.

간접목적어 문형 연구

조남호 한국교통대학교 2019 한국교통대학교 논문집 Vol.54 No.-

An English sentence consists of two parts: the subject and the predicate. The predicate may consist of a verb alone or a verb together with other words. Onions (1904) classified English predicates into five forms according to their structural patterns. The fourth form of the predicate consists of a verb and two NPs. Many English verbs may be followed by two NPs. Direct and indirect objects in sentences may follow one of two patterns. The two patterns for sentences with indirect objects are the prepositional pattern and the dative movement pattern. Depending primarily on the verb, both patterns or only one pattern may be possible. The dative movement rule takes the indirect object in the prepositional pattern and moves it to the position between the verb and the direct object, while also deleting the preposition. Sometimes sentences with indirect objects can have only the propositional pattern or only the dative movement pattern. As a general rule, both the subject and the indirect object must be animate for both patterns to work. If this is not the case, sentences can generally take only one pattern. With some verbs, sentences with indirect objects may occur in only the dative movement pattern or, more commonly, only the prepositional pattern. Not all to dative verbs and for dative verbs can take the dative movement rule. Those that do not are restricted to the prepositional pattern.

관계절 내 전치사구 삭제와 보류 현상의 중국어 제 방언에서의 실현 양상

정혜인 한국중국어문학회 2019 中國文學 Vol.101 No.-

Focused on not allowing preposition-stranding in the relative clauses of Chinese languages, the study demonstrated the strategies for avoiding prepositional stranding in the relative clause of Chinese dialects. Based on the 28 Chinese dialects researched, the following features were found. 1. When the object of a preposition is relativised, preposition-straining was not permitted in the researched dialects. 2. Deletion and retention of preposition structure was used as a strategy for avoiding prepositionstranding in the researched dialects. 3. There were no dialects which only use deletion of preposition structure or retention of preposition structure in the researched dialects. 4. In all the dialects investigated, each of the two strategies(deletion strategy and retention strategy of preposition structure) was used to avoid preposition-stranding. 5. The strategies which were used according to prepositions in the researched dialects had a certain regularity. The fifth characteristic reveals that the usage of two strategies in Chinese dialects is not a random or disorderly phenomenon, but a phenomenon of regularity, which can be explained. Finally, the strategy for avoiding preposition-stranding according to prepositions in each dialect revealed the semantic hierarchy of prepositions. This was consistent with semantic hierarchy of oblique in the Noun phrase accessibility hierarchy which was suggested in 정혜인 (2015). 본고에서는 중국어 방언에서 보이는 관계절에서의 전치사 좌초 회피 현상과 사용 전략에 대해 고찰하였다. 조사된 중국어의 여러 방언에서 전치사의 목적어가 관계화 될 경우 전치사 좌초(preposition-stranding)는 허용되지 않았으며, 전치사 좌초 회피 전략으로 전치사구 삭제 전략과 전치사구 보류 전략이 사용되고 있었다. 이들 방언에서 전치사에 따라 사용되는 전략은 유표성의 위계를 지녔는데, 이러한 전치사 좌초 회피 전략의 유표성에 근거해 전치사의 어법의미의 유표성 위계를 도출해낼 수 있었다.

『三國史記』에 나타난 雙賓語 硏究

정만호(Man-Ho Jeong) 어문연구학회 2006 어문연구 Vol.52 No.-

  This study has examined the character of ssangbineo(雙賓語 dual object), the arrangement of words, the ellipsis, the synonymous sentence, the grammatical utility through researching 『Samkuksaki(三國史記)』. Ssangbineo is made by combining more than two different characters of bineo(賓語 object) with one predicative. There must not exist the relationship of modifying and modified one and parallel between these two bineo(賓語), and the nouns which represent objects ought to be capable of transfer.<BR>  As ssangbineo was a kind of a bineo, it could be able to get transposition under some conditions, and its hyperbaton for stressingmeaning was found also in『Samkuksaki』. The omission of sentence ingredients is an important phenomenon in Chinese grammar in addition to the hyperbaton. In this case of『Samkuksaki』, indirect bineo(間接賓語 indirect object) appears more frequently than direct bineo(直接賓語 direct object) with the influence of "Heon(獻)". It was confirmed that the synonymous sentence, the sentence organization representing same meaning but having different sentence of organization of ssangbineo, has some forms including [a predicative + an indirect bineo +i(以) +direct bineo], [i(以) +an indirect bineo +a predicative +direct bineo], [a predicative + a direct bineo+ eo(於) + an indirect bineo].<BR>  The grammatical significance of ssangbineo can be found in affording various expression by mutual conversion between ssangbineo sentence and synonymous sentence, giving simplified sentence, and contributing to rhetoric.<BR>  The discussed items in this study had only the subject of『Samkuksaki』so it needs more complement by further accumulated data afterwards.And also it needs reestablishing the term and the concept of "object", which is determined by our country, with considering the traits of Chinese language and the presence of ssangbineo and establishing the clear boundary with a complement.

韩语表对象副词格助词对译汉语介词的研究

石堅(Shi Jian) 동양한문학회(구 부산한문학회) 2018 동양한문학연구 Vol.49 No.-

한국어 부사격 조사와 중국어 개사는 모두 허사(虛詞)에 속하는 것으로 많은 유사점을 가지고 있다. 본 논문에서는 대조언어학을 이론적 배경으로 하여, ‘대상 표지’ 즉 ‘대상을 나타내는’ 의미 기능에 있어 한국어 부사격 조 사에 상응하는 중국어 개사를 분석하고, 더 나아가 한국어 격조사와 중국어 개사에 대한 대조 연구를 진행하고자 한다. 본 논문에서는 우선 ‘대상 표지’ 의미 기능을 ‘행위가 영향이 미치는 대상’, ‘무엇을 받는 주체’, ‘주어에 대해 행위를 미치는 주체’, ‘관계를 맺거나 관련된 대상’, ‘비교와 비유의 대상’ 그리고 ‘행동이나 상태의 한정된 범위’ 등 여섯 가지로 분류하여 각 의미기능에서 한국어 부사격 조사에 상응하는 중국어 표현을 살펴본 결과, 모든 경우에 한국어 부사격 조사가 중국어 개사에 상응하는 것이 아니라 어떤 경우에는 개사 형식이 아닌 다른 요소로 표현된다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 본 논문에서는 문장 중의 위치, 문장 구성, 어휘 변천 등 여러 면에서 한국어 부사격 조사와 중국어 개사에 대한 대조 분석을 통해 한국어 조사와 중국어 개사가 가진 양자의 특징을 살펴 볼 수 있었다. Both case auxiliaries in Korean and preposition in Chinese fall into the category of function words with many conceptual similarities. Based on the linguistic theory, the paper analyzes and compares the literal translation between adverbial case auxiliaries in Korean and preposition in Chinese in the category of object. The paper firstly further divides the “category of object” into the following six aspects: “object directly affected by action behavior”, “receiver”, “activity subject”, “related object”, “comparison or metaphor object” and “limited range”, and studies the Chinese translation of Korean adverbial case auxiliaries for each aspect. The paper finds that not all the adverbial case auxiliaries in Korean are equivalent to the preposition in Chinese. Base on the comparison result, the paper makes a comparative analysis about the adverbial case auxiliaries in Korean and preposition in Chinese from such aspects as sentential position, sentence composition and word development, therefore making a conclusion about the respective features of case auxiliaries in Korean and preposition in Chinese.

지시사 시(是)의 연결기능으로의 변천 경로 연구

조은정 ( Cho Eun-jeong ) 한국중국학회 2018 중국학보 Vol.85 No.-

본고에서는 출토문헌과 전래문헌 자료를 전면적으로 재조사하여 통계 수치를 통해 지시사 是의 연결기능으로의 변천 경로를 고찰하였다. 본 논문에서는 지시사 是를 통사·화용·의미기능과 선행사와의 거리의 각도에서 목적어전치와 주어 용법으로 나누어 서주 초기부터 전국 시기까지의 용법을 살펴보았다. 그 결과, 지시사 是의 초기 주류 용법은 목적어전치 구조였으며 춘추 이후가 되어서야 주어 구조에 다량 사용된다. 목적어전치 구조는 ‘是V’류와 ‘是V+VP’류, ‘是VP’류로 세분되었는데 ‘是V’류는 唯命是聽의 기원이 되고 ‘是V+VP’류는 접속사 是以를 변천해 내며 ‘是VP’는 是의 계사 용법으로의 변천과 깊은 연관을 지니고 있었다. 주어 용법은 초기에는 ‘是VP’류가 주로 사용되다가 춘추 이후가 되어서야 ‘是NP’류가 급증했다. 본고에서는 이러한 지시사 是의 통사구조별 변천 경로를 도출해내고 是가 지시기능이나 대체기능 외에도 연결기능으로 변천 사용되고 있음을 증명하였다. 이러한 연결기능은 특정한 언어환경에서 획득 가능했으며 연결기능을 지니고 나서야 비로소 문법화된다는 사실도 증명하였다. In the present study, the evolution path of the demonstrative shi (是) into the linking function is investigated through statistical figures by an overall reexamination of unearthed and transmitted documents. The usage is examined from the Early Western Zhou to the Warring States period by dividing the demonstrative shi (是) into prepositional-object and subject usage from the perspective of syntactic, pragmatic, and semantic functions, as well as distance from the antecedent. The initial mainstream usage of the demonstrative shi (是) was the prepositional-object form, and it was commonly used in the subject form only after the Spring and Autumn Period. The prepositional-object form was subdivided into ‘shi+V’, ‘shi+V+VP’, and ‘shi+VP’ types. The ‘shi+V’ type was the origin of 唯命是聽, the ‘shi+V+VP’ type changed the conjunction 是以, and the ‘shi+VP’ type was strongly related to the usage transition of 是 to the copula. Initially, the ‘shi+VP’ type was mainly used for subjects, but then the use of the ‘shi+NP’ type rapidly increased after the Spring and Autumn Period. The present study derives the evolution path of the demonstrative shi (是) by its syntactic structure and proves that shi (是) evolved and was used for a linking function in addition to indicative and substitute functions. It also proves that such a linking function was possible in a specific language environment and grammaticalization occurred only after obtaining the linking function.

“動詞+在”結構新論

金鐘讚(김종찬) 한국중어중문학회 2014 中語中文學 Vol.59 No.-

The structure of “zai+object” is acknowledged as functioning adverbial modifier, attribute or complement, But these days, there are some different viewpoints about the term “complement”. I don’t agree that “Zai+Object” still functions as a complement. In modern Chinese, the prepositions which are followed by verbs, have already had the tendency of adhering to the verbs, and the new structure of “verbs+prepositions” functions as predicates. The adhering of “zai” to the verbs, “zai” has changed from the component part of the complement to that of the predicate. Xing Fuyi argue that "verb + preposition" is a verb-complement structure. But I don"t agree with him. As the structure of “verbs+preposition” functions as predicate, it is not proper for us to name “zai” in “verbs+zai” as preposition. Actually, so called preposition “zai” is followed by a verbs, I call it postposition. I argue that the “verbs+postposition” is the structure of “Xinhou”.

考察现代汉语“对”字的功能扩展及其内部层级的多样性

곽이빈 고려대학교 중국학연구소 2022 中國學論叢 Vol.- No.75

This article describes the function expansion of “dui”based on the process of grammaticalization, and regards the sentence structure composed of “dui” as an internal hierarchical category. The “dui” character structure can form five constructions in modern Chinese. In these five constructions, “dui” has verb, semi-actual, semi-prepositional, and fully prepositional usage. They are used as “duizhe”, “dui” and the form of “duiyu” appeared. The evolution of “dui” from a verb to a preposition is roughly caused by three factors. One is that it often appears in consecutive verbs as a secondary verb, and gradually degenerates the syntactic features of ordinary verbs related to time information; The third condition is based on the first two factors, that is, whether the object argument dominated by the verb is “object”, “person” or “event”. In other words, the semantics of the predicate argument are specific, abstract, and eventual. One of the important factors that causes verbs to become virtual prepositions.