미국 노인들의 빈곤이행에 대한 삶의 사건들이 미치는 영향에 관한 연구

이영애 ( Young Ae Lee ) 한국소비자학회 2011 소비자학연구 Vol.22 No.2

The purpose of this study is to examine the likelihood of poverty transition and the effects of different events on poor elderly. This study is important because the aging population has grown rapidly, and elderly poverty involves many complex relationships across an individual`s life span. The contributions of this study are to improve the understanding of elderly poverty and to provide considerable policy implications for elderly demographic changes in the future. The data for this study are from the years 1992-2006 of the Health and Retirement Study(HRS) and the sample consists of 30,405 elderly individuals from eight waves. To examine the incidence and dynamics of elderly poverty, the poverty exit(re-entry) hazard rate based on Kaplan-Meier product-limit estimates are used. Entry into and exit from elderly poverty models are separately used to estimate the conditional relationship between poverty transition and multiple trigger events as well as various covariates using the discrete-time hazard model. These multivariate techniques show a more realistic picture of elderly poverty transition in terms of providing a preliminary explanation of the unobserved heterogeneity of the elderly poverty. The major findings are: (1) in terms of poverty entry and exit rates, the exit rate was decreased during the 1990s, but the rate was increased during the 2000s while the entry rate fell somewhat during the 1990s and rose somewhat during the 2000s; (2) as the length of the poverty spell increased, the probability of poverty exit decreased; (3) as the non-poverty duration increases, the poverty reentry rates are constant at around 10 percent; (4) retirement and a negative change in health condition both have significant effects on elderly poverty entry, while retirement, increase in total wealth, and becoming insured from any government health program all have significant effects on elderly poverty exit; and (5) life history variables, such as total years of work and length of marriage have significant effects on both elderly poverty entry and exit. Results from the hazard rates(exit and re-entry rate) imply that a person who falls into poverty during his or her elderly years is highly likely to remain poor because the exit probabilities fall as the length of the poverty spell increases. In addition, the results of constant re-entry rates infer that the elderly population is exposed to the risk of falling to an income that puts them below the poverty line. Results from multivariate analysis suggest that retirement has an important role in elderly poverty transition and a negative change in health condition also has positive impact on elderly poverty entry. Thus, effective income support programs and social policies for the elderly help to prevent elderly individuals from becoming poor.

빈곤 탈피와 지속기간에 관한 실증적 연구: 생존표 분석과 위계적 일반화선형 분석

김교성,노혜진 한국사회복지정책학회 2009 사회복지정책 Vol.36 No.3

Since the financial crisis of late 1990s, the problem of poverty had been seriously considered as one of salient issues in Korea. The main purpose of this study is to offer a comprehensive analysis of the changing trends and causes of poverty from 1997 to 2005. For the stated purpose, this study examines the poverty dynamics focusing on poverty duration, and ffros out major determinants of the length of poverty spells, using the 10 g ves of Korean Labor and Income Panel Study data(KLIPS) and other government's official statistics. The life-table and Kaplan-heir analysis produces estimates and plots of the hazard funcstics.r su sival funcstics.f poverty exit rates and expected durations. The micsi-level discrete-t govestat history idtatefies variables of both levels in froi idual characteristic and regional athe mices, predicstng probaStuities of poverty exit. The ffroings stew that there are very acstve poverty dynamics in Korea. Housetelos headed by fcaules, aged, froi iduals gith less education, unstable wal erss.r unemployed h ve lower log odos in determintng poverty exit. Aro, GDP tericapita, social security experoils g, and the unemploymtat rates are a ar signtfertyt predicsorssin regional level to explain froi iduals' poverty stalss. Therefore, antipoverty policy should be considered at the both levels of individual(or family) as well as community.

경제위기 시의 빈곤탈출요인에 대한 연구: 1998년 경제위기와 2008년 금융위기의 비교

최승아 ( Seung Ah Choi ),최재성 ( Jae Sung Choi ) 한국사회복지연구회 2014 사회복지연구 Vol.45 No.1

The purpose of this study is to investigate the differences in the impacts of individual, household characteristics on poverty exit during both the economic crisis of 1998 and financial crisis of 2008. This study compares changes in poverty status in economic crisis and provides comparative analysis to research the impacts of individual, household characteristics on poverty exit by using the KLIPS(Korean Labor Income Panel Study) data. The life-table analysis and discrete-time analysis produce estimates and plot of the hazard function or survival function of poverty exit rates and expected durations, and determinants of poverty-exit in times of the 1st crisis and the 2nd crisis. The findings show that as the period of poverty is longer, poverty-exit possibility decreased, and in the lst economic crisis the length of survival is average 2.04 year, in the 2nd crisis average 2.88 year which means .84 longer than that of the 1st crisis. The result of discrete-time analysis indicates that variables such as age, children under 18 are significant factors for the poverty-exit possibility in the 1st crisis, but not in the 2nd crisis. And experience social insurance received, transfer income, number of employed person in household, region, time oh poverty-entry in both the 1st and the 2nd crisis period, appeared as significant variables. This study suggests policy implications to defeat poverty problems derived from possible economic crisis in the future.

가구특성과 빈곤지속기간이 빈곤탈피율에 미치는 영향 -지속기간의존성과 표본이질성에 대한 검증을 포함하여-

김환준 ( Hwan Joon Kim ) 한국사회복지연구회 2013 사회복지연구 Vol.44 No.3

By analyzing wave 1~11 (1998~2008) of Korean Labor and Income Panel Study(KLIPS) database, this study examines the effects of household characteristics and poverty duration on poverty exit. A special concern is to decide whether the decrease of poverty exit rates comes from true duration dependency or from the sample heterogeneity as poverty duration progresses. I also analyzed how the effects of independent variables are changed when unobserved heterogeneity is controlled. The results show that duration dependency disappears after controlling observed household characteristics and unobserved individual heterogeneity. This finding confirms that the apparent relationship between poverty exit rate and poverty duration is in fact a spurious association due to the sample heterogeneity rather than true duration dependency. In addition, the effects of household characteristics on poverty exit rate become more stronger when unobserved heterogeneity is controlled. Socioeconomic factors affecting poverty exit rates are such as householders` age, education, household composition, number of family members, labor force participation, and work status.

근로빈곤층 장애인가구의 빈곤탈출 분석

심진예(Sim, Jinye) 한국사회복지학회 2015 한국사회복지학 Vol.67 No.4

본 연구는 근로빈곤층 장애인가구의 빈곤의 양상과 빈곤탈출 요인을 동태적 관점에서 분석하였으며, 장애인고용패널조사(1∼6차년도)를 분석자료로 사용하였다. 분석결과, 장애인가구의 근로빈곤율은 전 체 근로빈곤율의 약 3배 정도 높은 수준이며, 장애인 근로빈곤층의 규모는 전체 장애인 빈곤층의 평균 21.4%를 차지해 근로빈곤은 장애인 빈곤의 주요한 형태로 나타났다. 그리고 전체 인구의 단기간의 빈 곤탈출확률은 60%를 넘어서는데 비해 근로빈곤층 장애인가구는 54.6%에 그쳐 빈곤탈피가 어려운 것 으로 나타났다. 또한, 경제활동요인은 장애인가구의 근로빈곤의 탈출에 영향을 미치는 주요 요인이나, 취업은 반드시 빈곤의 탈출로 귀결되지 않으며, 근로시간, 종사상 지위 등의 취업의 질이 빈곤탈출에 주요한 요인으로 나타났다. 이 같은 결과는 장애인 근로빈곤의 해소를 위해 장애인의 고용지속성 확보 와 더 나은 일자리로의 상향이동 촉진, 장애친화적인 근무환경 조성 그리고 사회안전망 내실화가 필요 하다는 점을 시사한다. This study attempted to empirically investigate the determinants of poverty transition of the working poor with disabilities from a dynamic perspective. Analyses were conducted on the data from Panel Survey of Employment for the Disabled(PSED, Year 1-6), included the households with a disabled head of household. The working poor were defined as the household of which income fell below 120% of the absolute poverty line among the households just described. As results, The 6-year mean poverty rate for the working poor with disabilities included in the analysis was 31.4%, approximately three times of the poverty rate of the total population and the working poor with disabilities were found to have greater difficulty with poverty exit once having fell into poverty than all households living in poverty. And it was found that the economic activity factor was the key determinant of in-work poverty. In addition, employment of the working poor with disabilities did not lead straight to poverty exit, and the quality, rather than the status of, employment was the key determinant of poverty exit. The implications of the findings of this study are that it is essential to increase decent jobs, expand the social safety net of the working poor with disabilities and establish poverty reduction measures for each class of the working poor with disabilities to exit from poverty.

근로빈곤노인의 빈곤지속기간과 빈곤탈출에 대한 연구: 노인일자리사업에 주는 함의

지은정(Eun Jeong Ji) 한국사회정책학회 2020 한국사회정책 Vol.27 No.2

본 논문은 정부가 일하는 복지이자 저소득층의 빈곤감소대책으로 활용하는 노인일자리사업의 적절성과 실효성을 검토하기 위해 노인의 근로빈곤동학을 연구하였다. 자료는 한국복지패널 4~13차(10년)이고 분석은 생명표분석과 이산시간위험분석모형을 활용하였다. 분석결과 첫째, 일하는 노인의 빈곤경험률이 76.1%로 매우 높고 지속빈곤율(10년 중 7년 이상)이 51.0%, 분석기간(10년) 중 평균소득이 빈곤선 이하에 놓여 있는 만성빈곤율도 58.4%로 상당히 높게 나타났다. 노인근로빈곤이 장기화・고착화된 실태를 보여준다. 노인은 일하기 때문에 빈곤을 벗어나는 것이 아니라 일을 해도 빈곤을 벗어나지 못하는 것으로 볼 수 있다. 둘째, 일하지 않는 가난한 노인보다 노인일자리사업에 참여하는 빈곤노인의 빈곤지속기간이 더 길고 고착화된 것으로 나타났다. 세금으로 운영되는 사업은 노인 고용률을 높일 수 있어도 노인의 경제상황을 개선하는 데는 한계가 있음을 말해준다. 셋째, 근로빈곤의 상태의존성이 강하게 나타났다. 노인 근로빈곤층의 일자리는 시간이 지나도 빈곤을 벗어나기 어려운 질 낮은 일자리인 것을 의미한다. 넷째, 정부의 기대와는 달리 노인일자리사업은 빈곤탈출에 기여하지 못하는 것으로 나타났다. 노인일자리사업이 탈빈곤정책도 아니지만, 빈곤탈출의 해법이 되지 못함을 말해준다. 정부는 노인일자리사업의 빈곤감소효과를 강조하기보다 노인일자리사업 본연의 목표인 노인의 능력과 적성에 맞는 일자리를 창출하고, 열악한 노인의 근로실태를 개선하는 것이 더 적절하다. This study examines poverty duration and poverty exit of the working elderly poor to investigate the effectiveness of the senior job program utilized by the government as a method of workfare and poverty reduction policy. The analysis uses ten waves (2009– 2018) of the Korea Welfare Panel Study data using by life-time table and discrete time hazard analysis. According to the results, 76.1% of the elderly population experience poverty at least for one year during 10 years. It shows that employment is not a solution to lift old people out of poverty. In addition, the persistent poverty rate is 51.0% and among them, the chronically poor, whose average income per capita over time is below the poverty line, account for 59.4%. This index provides evidence that it is difficult for the elderly to exit poverty in the short term. Old people are not able to escape poverty even if they are working. It does not mean that old people cannot exit poverty due to a lack of work. Second, poverty duration of old people who participate in the senior job program is longer than that of the other elderly poor expecially unemployed old people. It indicates that contrary to government expectation, the program is limited in terms of alleviating the poverty rate. Third, even after controlling for other variables, there is a state dependency that the likelihood of exiting poverty decreases the longer a person has been poor. This poverty duration dependence may be rooted in the extremely low quality of jobs. Furthermore, unlike the government’s expectation, the senior job program cannot contribute to the exit the poverty due to low job quality, rather, it should endeavor to achieve the original goal of the program and ensure decent working conditions for older workers in the regular labor market.

탈빈곤 실천의 체계적 모순과 빈민의 하비투스 : 자활사업 참여자의 주관적 경험을 중심으로

정수남 한국구술사학회 2019 구술사연구 Vol.10 No.1

This paper aims to examine the poor’s attempts to exit poverty and to reveal the reason for why such attempts fail to advance to self-reliance or poverty exit and become stuck in the direction of reproducing poverty. In order to do so, this paper focuses on in-depth interviews with the poor who are involved in self-sufficiency programs and reveal the paradox of the practice to escape from poverty. This paper explores (1) the process by which the interviewees have become poor in their lifetime; (2) the nature of self-support programs that thwart and perpetuate poverty at the same time; and (3) the process where the poor have established their own identity and the characteristics of their habitus shown in their attempts to exit poverty. In particular, in exploring the characteristics inherent in their habitus, this paper delves into the emotional dynamics of their efforts. Accordingly, this study explores the strategy against poverty and the emotional mechanism behind the reproduction of poverty. In conclusion, the poor who participate in self-sufficiency programs live as both implementers and dependents of the welfare system and learn to practice sense by using their poverty in a state of fear from welfare exit and anxiety about the future. This practice sense among the poor can be seen as an effect of the post-capitalist system governing poverty. 본 논문은 빈민들의 탈빈곤을 위한 실천들을 살펴보면서 그 실천들이 자립이나 탈빈곤으로 나아가지 못하고 빈곤을 재생산하는 방향으로 고착화되는지를 밝히는 데 목적을 둔다. 이를 위해 필자는 자활사업에 참여하는 빈민들과의 심층인터뷰를 중심으로 이들의 주관적 경험을 통해 탈빈곤 실천의 역설을 드러내고자 했다. 따라서 본 논문의 전반적은 내용은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 빈민들의 빈곤화 과정을 생애사적으로 탐색하고, 둘째, 자활사업은 빈곤화를 제어하는 장치이자 동시에 빈곤화를 지속시키는 제도적 장치라는 역설을 드러내고자 했다. 셋째, 빈민들의 탈빈곤 실천 과정에서 보여주는 행위들을 통해 이들이 빈민의 정체성을 구축해가는 과정과 이에 따른 하비투스의특징을 살펴보고자 했다. 특히 하비투스의 특징을 검토하는 부분에서 필자는 이들의실천 논리에 내재한 감정동학을 파악해보고자 했다. 이 점을 고려하여 본 연구에서는빈민의 실천에 내재된 감정동학을 살펴봄으로써 빈곤 재생산의 감정 메커니즘과 탈빈곤 전략의 가능성을 탐색해보고자 한다. 결론적으로 자활사업에 참여하는 빈민들은복지체계의 수행자이자 동시에 의존자로서 살아가며 탈수급에 대한 두려움과 미래에대한 막막함을 지닌 상태에서 자신의 가난함을 활용하는 방식으로 실천감각을 익혀간다. 빈민들의 이러한 실천감각은 후기자본주의체제가 빈곤을 통치하는 하나의 효과라고 볼 수 있다.

빈곤지위의 변화에 정신건강이 미치는 영향: 우울과 자아존중감의 영향을 중심으로

이상록 ( Sang Rok Lee ),이순아 ( Soon A Lee ) 한국사회복지연구회 2010 사회복지연구 Vol.41 No.4

The powerful association between poverty and mental health has been recognized for many decades in the Western Countries. Despite growing poverty studies, there has been little attention to the association between poverty and mental health in Korea. In this article we examine the effects of the mental health on the poverty status transition. In this study we draw on nationally representative data from the The Korean Welfare Panel Study, to estimate the effects of depression and self-respects on the poverty status transition. Major findings are as follows. First, we find that there are mental health disparities between poor and non-poor classes. The mental health conditions of the poor are worse than the non-poor. Second, we find the strong correlations between the mental health and poverty status transition. Whether poor family exits poverty or not depends on the household head`s mental health. Third, poverty experiences are different depending on the mental health conditions. To the mental ill-health family, the probabilities of poverty-exit are much lower and poverty duration is more long. Fourth, we find that family poverty status transitions are very significantly related with household head`s mental health from the logistic model analysis. These findings suggest that there is a strong relationship between poor mental health and the experience of poverty in Korea. They also suggest that intervention programs to enhance the mental health of the poor are needed in order to reduce the poverty problem in Korea

경기도 기초생활보장수급자 탈수급사유별 특징분석

성은미 한국사회복지정책학회 2020 사회복지정책 Vol.47 No.3

This Study aims at identifying the decisive factors of welfare exit among public assistance recipients, by focusing on the reasons of welfare exit. In this paper, the types of welfare exit are two : the exit based on escapes from poverty, the exit based on administrative disposition. Analysis results are as follows. First, the rate of the exit based on escapes from poverty was higher the younger, urban residents, conditional recipients and women than man. Second, The form of household is an important variable in the exit based on escapes from poverty in the case of Housing Aid. These results imply that the policy was reviewed by the type of benefits. And the form of household and the gender should be considered in the policy of welfare exit.

근로빈곤 결정의 제도 동학

류기락(Ryu, Kirak) 한국사회정책학회 2018 한국사회정책 Vol.25 No.4

본 연구에서는 한국복지패널 4-11차년도(2008-15) 자료를 활용하여 우리나라 근로빈곤의 구조와 동학을 가구-노동시장-복지국가의 분배과정 모형을 적용하여 분석하였다. 그간 근로빈곤 연구가 근로 및 빈곤 개념의 규정과 측정 문제를 주로 다루고 노동시장에서의 취업 및 실업 지위의 지속과 반복을 통해 빈곤 동학을 규명해 왔으나, 상대적으로 제도의 분배 효과를 분석하는 연구는 드물었다. 본 논문에서는 노동시장에서의 임금 소득 확보, 가구 단위에서의 복지 욕구 충족과 가구원 간의 소득공유, 복지국가 단계에서의 사회보장기여금과 소득세 납부 및 공적 이전소득이 근로빈곤에 미치는 영향을 체계적으로 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 근로빈곤은 전반적으로 2008-11년까지 각 단계에서 증가하는 추세에 있으며 그 이후 전반적으로 감소하는 경향을 보여주고 있다. 노동시장 단계에서는 전일제 노동 여부가 근로빈곤에 가장 큰 영향을 주었으며, 종사상 지위와 고용형태에 따른 근로빈곤률의 차이도 두드러졌다. 가구 단계에서는 가구 노동 강도와 소득자수가 빈곤률과 빈곤탈출에 큰 영향을 주었는데 그 관계가 반드시 선형적이지는 않았다. 복지국가는 근로빈곤 탈출에 미치는 영향이 전반적으로 작았다. 제도의 분배과정 관점에서 근로빈곤 집단은 주로 가구-복지국가 단계, 혹은 노동시장-가구-복지국가 단계 내내 근로빈곤 위험에 처하고 있었다. 모든 단계에서 근로빈곤 위험에 노출이 된 적이 없는 비위험 집단은 약 80%를 차지하고 있었으나 그 규모에는 큰 변동이 없었다. This paper adopts a distributive performance process model of in-work poverty based on labor markets, households, and welfare states and analyzes the 4-11 waves of the Korean Welfare Panel Study during 2008-15. Previous studies on in-work poverty have focused on the definitions and concepts of in-work poverty by analyzing employment and unemployment persistence and repetition dynamics, but rarely paid attention to institutional distributive performance. In this regard, this study preforms a stepwise analysis of labor markets, households, and welfare states as a process of income generation in labor markets, satisfaction of welfare needs and income pooling at households, and deduction of social security contribution and income tax as well as receipt of public transfer income at welfare states. Results of empirical analysis show that in-work poverty had been on increase during 2008-11, followed by a decrease between 2012-15. At labor market stages, full time status had the most prominent impact on in-work poverty process, while status by employment and contract type have generated a huge variation as well. At household stages, household work intensity and number of earners contributed to reduction of in-work poverty, but the relations did not seen to be straightforward. However, welfare state played little role in lifting employees out of in-work poverty. In terms of institutional distributive process, in-work poverty was prevalent in either household-welfare state stage or labor market-household-welfare stage. Non-vulnerable group in terms of in-risk poverty was around 80% of the sample during the period of analysis, the size of which has remained constant.