구조방정식을 활용한 승용차 보유의향 분석

이정훈,정헌영 대한토목학회 2016 대한토목학회논문집 Vol.36 No.5

This study analyzes ‘willingness to have passenger cars’ through perception survey about car use and possession. Social problems caused by increasing car use are serious. Because of the fact that 78.9% of registered vehicles are passenger cars and 75.3% of passenger cars are private cars, passenger cars are main reason of Social problems caused by using a car. So, we need to analyze the reason why people possess cars and need additional cars. Also we need to study about ‘willingness to possess additional cars’ through analysis of perception about car use and ownership. According to survey results, most households possess cars as means of commute, and most households need additional cars as means of commute to office, leisure, kids’ commute to school and academy. Also we used Structural Equation Model to analyze car use and ‘willingness to possess additional cars’ according to ownership. Analysis results showed that car use is positively impacted by driving and usage perception, and negatively impacted by social problems such as parking, trafficcongestion, traffic environment, and etc. Also, results showed that the number of car is positively impacted by usage perception, and negatively impacted by expenses. In case of ‘willingness to have additional cars’, is positively impacted by intention to use cars and negatively impacted by car ownerships. We think research results can be used as basic data to manage traffic demand. 본 연구는 승용차이용 및 보유의식 조사를 통하여 승용차 보유의향에 관한 분석을 다루고 있다. 증가하는 차량이용으로 인하여 발생하는 사회적인 문제는 심각한 상태이다. 차량등록대수의 78.9%는 승용차이고 그 중 자가용승용차는 75.3%로 승용차의 대부분을 차지하고 있으므로 차량이용에 따라 발생하는 사회적인 문제의 주요 원인은 자가용승용차로 볼 수 있다. 이에 승용차 이용목적과 추가적인 보유목적에 대해 알아 볼 필요가 있다. 또한 승용차 이용의식과 현재 보유하고 있는 승용차대수를 분석하여 향후 추가적인 승용차 보유의향에 대해 연구 할 필요가 있다. 따라서 설문조사결과를 바탕으로 연구를 진행하였고 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 현재 대부분의 가구에서는 출퇴근 및 통학용으로 승용차를 보유하고 있고 향후 추가적으로 보유하고자 하는 목적으로는 출퇴근 및 통학과 여가용, 자녀들의 학교 및 학원 통학용으로 나타났다. 구조방정식모형을 활용하여 승용차 이용 및 보유대수에 따른 승용차 보유의향에 대해 분석한 결과 승용차 이용은 운전인식과 이용인식에 정(+)으로, 주차, 교통혼잡, 환경 등과 같은 사회적인 문제에 부(-)의 영향을 받고 승용차 보유대수는 이용인식에 정(+)으로, 비용적인 측면에서 부(-)의 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 승용차 추가보유의향의 경우 승용차 이용의사에 정(+)으로, 현재 승용차 보유대수에 부(-)의 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구결과는 향후 교통수요관리를 위한 기초적인 자료로 활용할 수 있을 것이라 판단된다.

In-Vehicle Levels of Naphthalene and Monocyclic Aromatic Compounds According to Vehicle Type

Wan Kuen Jo,Jong Hyo Lee 대한환경공학회 2009 Environmental Engineering Research Vol.14 No.3

Only limited information is available as regards to the exposure levels of naphthalene (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs) and monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(MAHs) in the interiors of diesel-fueled passenger cars, while many studies investigated the exposure levels of various volatile organic compounds(VOCs) in the interiors of gasoline-fueled passenger cars or public buses. Present study was performed to supplement this deficiency by measuring naphthalene (as a representative of PAHs) and MAHs levels inside five diesel-fueled and five gasoline-fueled passenger cars while morning and evening commuting on real roadways. Each car was surveyed five times on different sampling days. The in-vehicle naphthalene levels were higher for the diesel-fueled cars as compared to gasoline-fueled cars, whereas the results were reversed for the in-vehicle MAH levels. The median cabin levels of diesel-fueled cars were 1.3, 7, 13, 4, and 6 μg/m3 for naphthalene, benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, and m,pxylene, respectively. With respect to gasoline-fueled cars, their respective levels were 0.7, 11, 21, 7, and 9 μg/m3. The median MAHs concentration ratios of gasoline-fueled cars to diesel-fueled cars ranged from 1.50 to 1.75, while the median naphthalene concentration ratio was estimated to be 0.54. In addition, there was no significant difference of both naphthalene and MAHs between the diesel-fueled cars, but the in-vehicle levels were significantly different between gasoline-fueled cars. The concentration levels of both naphthalene and MAHs were higher in the passenger cars than other non-industrial microenvironments. Consequently, it was confirmed that the cabins of both diesel-fueled and gasoline-fueled passenger cars are an important microenvironment associated with the exposure to naphthalene and MAHs.

모빌리티 매니지먼트를 활용한 정보제공이 승용차 이용에 대한 의식변화에 미치는 영향분석

하종주,정헌영 대한교통학회 2018 대한교통학회지 Vol.36 No.5

The use of private cars is increasing day by day and various urban traffic problems are occurring. It is essential to manage increasing traffic demand, however regulatory and compulsory management requires careful consideration as it often faces resistance. Increasing citizen's level of awareness is most critical to draw reasonable and voluntary reduction of using personal cars. Therefore, we believe that it is necessary to introduce the mobility management that induces the behavioral intention of reducing car use, and reasonable behavior in using passenger cars. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of providing leaflets with information on the advantages and disadvantages of using passenger cars on one’s change in awareness. This study analyzes two groups; a group of workers who are currently driving and a group of college students who are not currently using passenger cars but are potential drivers in the future. The result confirmed that the use of leaflets has significant and positive effect on the awareness about the reduction of passenger car use in both groups. Particularly, more positive outcome was observed in college students. Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior, we constructed a structural equation model to compare the groups on reducing behavior using passenger cars. It is concluded that the subjective norm for the college students, and the perceived behavioral control for the workers had the greatest effect on the behavioral intentions. 자가용 승용차 이용은 나날이 증가하고 있으며 이에 다양한 도시교통문제들이 발생하고 있다. 증가하는 교통수요를 관리하는 것은 필수적이나, 규제적이며 강제적인 관리는 이용자의 거부감을 일으킴에 유의해야 한다. 무엇보다도 이용의 주체인 시민 스스로의 합리적인 승용차 이용과 자발적인 승용차 이용저감을 유도하는 것이 필요하다. 이에 개인의 의식변화를 통해 행동의도를 형성하고 합리적인 승용차 이용저감 행동을 유도하는 모빌리티 매니지먼트의 도입이 현 시점에서는 필요하다고 판단하였다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 승용차 이용에 따른 문제점과 이용을 줄임으로서 얻을 수 있는 이점에 대한 정보를 담은 전단지의 제공이 사람들의 의식변화에 어떠한 영향을 미치는 지를 살펴보고자 한다. 본 연구는 현재 운전을 하고 있는 직장인 그룹과 현재에는 승용차 이용을 하고 있지 않지만 장래 승용차 이용의 잠재수요자인 대학생 그룹으로 나누어 실시하였다. 분석결과 전단지를 활용한 정보제공 만으로도 대학생과 직장인 두 그룹 모두에서 승용차 이용저감에 대한 의식변화가 크게 나타남을 확인할 수 있었으며, 특히 대학생 그룹에서 의식변화가 크게 나타났다. 보다 면밀한 의식변화를 관찰하기 위해 계획된 행동이론을 바탕으로 구조방정식 모형을 활용하여 승용차 이용저감 행동의도모델을 구축해 두 그룹을 비교하였다. 대학생 그룹에서는 주관적 규범이 승용차 이용을 줄이는 행동의도에 가장 큰 영향을 미쳤으며, 직장인 그룹에서는 인지된 행위통제가 행동의도에 가장 큰 영향을 미쳤다.

특집 1 : 조세범의 주요 쟁점과 전망 ; 세법상 이중성격비용 -승용차를 중심으로-

민태욱 ( Tae Uk Min ) 고려대학교 법학연구원 2012 고려법학 Vol.0 No.66

납세자의 지출 중에는 사업목적으로 사용되면서 동시에 납세자 또는 임·직원의 개인적 목적으로 사용되는 것이 있다. 이러한 이중성격비용에 대해서 현행 세법은 주된 목적 등을 살펴 비용으로 인정하거나 부인하는 이분법적 태도를 취하고 있을 뿐 합리적인 처리기준을 정립하고 있지는 않다. 이중성격비용 중 사업자 또는 임·직원의 개인적 목적을 위해서 사용된 부분에 대해서는 세법상 적절한 조치가 필요하다. 적절한 조치는 개인적 목적으로 사용한 지출을 납세자의 비용으로 공제하지 않고, 그 수혜자에게 발생한 이익을 소득으로 과세하는 것이다. 그렇지만 이중성격비용에서 사업목적과 개인적 목적을 구분하는 것은 쉽지 않고 그 구분에는 많은 행정부담이 발생한다. 선별하여 중요항목에 대해서 우선 적용하는 것이 불가피하다. 적용대상은 (i) 사업목적과 개인적 목적의 사용이 비교적 객관적으로 구분될 수 있고 (ii) 해당 지출항목이 납세자 또는 국가 전체에서 볼 때 중요성이 있는 경우로 한정하는 것이 합리적이다. 이러한 기준을 감안할 때 승용차는 구분처리가 필요한 대표적인 항목이다. 승용차는 사업목적과 개인적 목적의 구분이 비교적 용의하며 또한 승용차관련비용은 고액이어서 금액적 중요성이 높다. 현재 승용차를 개인적 목적으로 사용하는 것에 대해서 아무런 조치가 없으므로 세법에서 이와 관련된 과세기준을 정립할 필요가 있다. 세법상의 기준을 정립함에 있어서는 승용차의 특징을 반영한 다음의 사항이 고려되어야 한다. 첫째, 납세자 또는 임·직원의 출·퇴근용도의 사용은 기본적으로 개인적 목적의 사용이다. 거주지에서 사업장까지의 출근 및 퇴근은 개인의 선택에 따라 달라지는 것이어서 사업과 직접 관련이 있다고 볼 수 없다. 둘째, 개인사업자의 경우 사업목적으로 사용되는 승용차일지라도 사용자의 품위유지·과시적 소비에 해당되는 금액은 개인적 목적의 사용에 해당된다. 셋째, 사업목적과 개인적 목적의 사용을 구분하고 검증할 수 있는 조치가 요구된다. 결과적으로 개인적 목적으로 사용된 부분에 대해서는 비용으로 공제하지 않고, 임·직원이 개인적 목적으로 사용한 것에 해당하는 금액은 해당 임·직원의 과세소득으로 삼는 것이다. 한편 세법상 적절한 조치를 취하기 위해서는 승용차별 운행기록의 작성이 요구되는데, 여기에 소요되는 납세자의 행정부담은 막대하다. 간편하고 경제적인 세제운영 역시 중요한 것이므로 원칙적인 과세는 장기적으로 검토하고 대신 간편한 차선책을 선택할 수도 있다. 차선책으로는 일정한 금액기준을 도입하여, 그 기준내의 금액까지는 승용차별 운행기록을 요구하지 않고 아울러 임·직원에 대한 소득처분 역시 면제하는 것이다. 기준금액은 정상적 운송기능을 수행하는데 지장이 없는 소형승용차의 가격(예를 들면 1,500 cc 승용차의 취득가격 1천 5백 만원)이면 적정하다. 개인사업자의 경우에는 기준금액까지만 사업목적으로 인정하고 기준금액을 초과하는 부분에 대해서는 개인적 소비인 것으로 보아 비용으로 공제하지 않는다. 이럴 경우 납세자 및 과세관청의 행정부담이 대폭 경감되면서 아울러 승용차관련비용과 관련하여 발생하는 불합리한 과세문제를 상당부분 시정할 수 있다. There are expenditures that can be used for business and at the same time for personal. Current tax law take ``all or nothing`` attitude for mixed expenditures, If an expenditure is considered as business all expenditure is deductible and is considered as personal all expenditure is not deductible. So there is no reasonable standard for the mixed personal and business expenditures in current tax law. In theory, the amount that is used for personal purpose in mixed expenditure should not be deducted from revenue and the personal benefit produced by mixed expenditure should be taxed properly. But it is difficult to tax theoretically all mixed expenditures that is used for personal purpose, because many mixed expenditures are not easy to divide or there is no importance of division. So in the first place it is desirable to target the mixed expenditure that is easy to divide and important in amount. Passenger car is typical mixed expenditure that is needed reasonable taxation to the personal benefit. To establish reasonable standard for the personal benefit produced by passenger car, some issues should be settled. First, commuting is not belong to business activity because the decision to live in any particular place is purely personal. Second, amount that is deductible as business cost should be restricted to reasonable level. Many people think that car represents social status, so they buy luxury car for business that is deducted as business cost. Luxury car is personal decision because ordinary car is sufficient to business activity. An excess amount over the ordinary car expenses should not deductible because it belongs to personal decision. Third, to carry out reasonable taxation all car running should be recorded and totaled, by which taxpayer and tax office can get a ratio that is used for car expenditure divide. If theoretical taxation requires too much administrative burden to taxpayer and tax office, a second best solution is worth consideration because simple and economic taxation is important too. The second best solution that I propose is that only excess amount over the ordinary car price is subject to theoretical taxation. Then much administrative burden is reduced and much irrational tax practice is corrected though all is not.

차량공유사업(Car-Sharing Business)과 여객자동차운수사업법 제81조 -공유경제와 소비자보호의 관점에서

진도왕 ( Jin Do Wang ) 홍익대학교 법학연구소 2016 홍익법학 Vol.17 No.4

이 글에서는 여객자동차법 제81조의 경제학적 분석을 통해 택시운송사업과의 관계에서 차량공유사업이 가지는 존속의 정당성을 논의하였다. 동법 제81조는 자가용자동차의 유상 운송을 금지함으로써 택시운송서비스 시장에서 진입장벽의 기능을 한다. 이러한 규제는 전통적 규제관에 따른 것으로서 일차적으로는 택시운송사업의 보호를 위한 것이고 더 나아가 택시서비스의 소비자 이익을 증대시키는 것에 있다. 그러나 이론적·실질적으로 동법이 항상 위와 같은 목적에 부합하는 방향으로 작동되지는 않는다. 또한 전통적 규제관이 공유경제라는 새로운 경제질서에서도 여전히 유효한가에 대해서는 의문이 남는다. 소유와 경쟁중심의 경제질서 위에서 구축된 전통적 규제방식은 사용과 협력 중심의 공유경제 하에서는 약간의 조정과 수정이 필요할 수도 있다. 규제의 목적을 소비자보호에 맞추었을 때, 기존의 규제법이 차량공유사업을 적절히 규율하여 소비자이익 증대에도 기여하는 지를 살펴보아야 한다. 그러나 택시운송사업 시장은 여객자동차법 등의 국가규제를 통해 인위적인 독점화가 이루어졌으나, 그러한 시장구조는 이론적으로든 실제적으로든 애초 그것이 기대했던 소비자 보호에 부합하는 방식으로만 작동되지 않는다. 그렇다고 하여 현재 택시운송사업 시장의 독점구조를 완전히 폐기하고 전면적 경쟁을 도입하는 것도 소비자 이익을 증대시키는 방안이라 보기 힘들다. 애초 택시운송사업 시장을 독점화로 이끌어 낸 이유는 그 시장에서의 경쟁시스템이 제 기능을 발휘하지 못할 것으로 예상하였기 때문이다. 그렇다면 현재의 독점 체계를 유지하면서도 어느 정도의 경쟁시스템을 적절히 안분하는 방식도 고려해볼 필요가 있다. 즉, “잠재적 경쟁” 상황을 설정하기 위해 차량공유사업을 활용할 수 있다고 생각한다. This paper demonstrates justification for the acceptance of Car-Sharing Business through the economic approaches to the Passenger Transport Service Act(hereinafter “PTSA”) Art. 81. This provision functions to keep entry barriers high and prevent competition in taxi-service markets by banning on commercial transport by private cars. Based on traditional regulatory view, those regulation systems have been designed to protect consumer interests as well as taxi-service providers. But, it turns out not to be workable in the manner of corresponding with those regulatory purposes. Moreover, it is doubtful whether the traditional regulation may be harmonized with a new economics paradigm, which is called Sharing Economy. Based on ownership and free competition, traditional regulations may need to be reformed under sharing economy, which places emphasis on use and cooperation. For this, it is necessary to look at whether the PTSA properly works to regulate taxi-service businesses and car-sharing service businesses and to promote consumer interests. Although the market for taxi-services has been monopolized through government regulations like the PTSA in order to promote consumer interests, we hesitate to conclude that those regulations have been working as planned either theoretically or practically. Nevertheless, it is not acceptable to transform the current taxi-services market into competitive markets because there is a destructive competition, which would decrease efficiency and consumer protections. Thus, it is necessary to accept the car-sharing business for setting up “potential competition,” which just threatens the monopolist taxi-service providers by potential competition from new entrants like the car-sharing service providers in the marketplace. This enables the taxi-service providers to distribute qualified services to the market in a socially and economically efficient manner and consumers to enjoy the car-sharing services.

Ride Quality Investigation of Passenger Cars on Different Road Conditions

Se Jin Park,Murali Subramaniyam 대한인간공학회 2013 大韓人間工學會誌 Vol.32 No.4

Objective: The ride qualities of the six passenger cars were evaluated in 4 subjects on the highway and uneven road. The relation between vibration with driving velocity and driving posture were also investigated separately. Background: Ride comfort plays an important role in the vehicle design. Vibration is the one of the principal components associated with ride comfort. Method: The acceleration of the foot, hip and back were measured using B&K accelerometers in this study. The velocity of the passenger cars was maintained at a constant speed of 80km/h on the highway and 40km/h on the uneven road. For evaluating the effects of driving velocity and driving posture on vehicle"s vibration level, separate experiments were performed on the highway with 5 different vehicle speeds and 5 different backrest angles, respectively. Results: The overall ride value of the luxury car showed the best result while the smaller car showed the worst value on the highway. On the uneven road the overall ride value level was increased 75~98%. All the vehicles had the SEAT value less than 1. Faster the velocity lowers the SEAT value. The ride quality in terms of vibration gets worst when the backrest angle increased. Conclusion: The smaller car had a first mode at the higher frequency and showed higher vibration level. SEAT value was mostly affected by the seat property not by vehicle. We ranked the luxury car seat had a best vibration reduction quality than others based on SEAT values. When the driving velocity increased, the overall ride values were increased proportionally and the SEAT values were somewhat decreased. Application: Evaluation of whole-body vibration in the passenger car.

Estimation of passenger car demand under the censored Tobit model with latent floating thresholds

( Myung Jae Sung ) 한양대학교 경제연구소 2014 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH Vol.19 No.3

This paper analyzes the demand structure of passenger cars by estimating expenditure and opportunity cost equations separately under a censored regression model with latent floating censoring thresholds. An expensive durable good such as a passenger car is consumed at the expense of the foregone consumption of other goods and services or saving. A consumer accepts a price offer of a car when the worth specified by the price stream exceeds the reservation threshold specified by the opportunity cost, and the price is realized as expenditure. The expenditure increases with net wealth and income, while the opportunity cost decreases with income; however it increases with squared income and the number of owned cars. This implies that even a very rich person (household) would not demand an additional car, despite additional income, because the utility is already saturated and there are physical constraints against further consumption. By simulations, the probability of purchasing a car is demonstrated. The analyzing method can be generalized and extended directly to the cases of other expensive durable goods.

Estimation of passenger car demand under the censored Tobit model with latent floating thresholds

성명재 한양대학교 경제연구소 2014 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH Vol.19 No.3

This paper analyzes the demand structure of passenger cars by estimating expenditure and opportunity cost equations separately under a censored regression model with latent floating censoring thresholds. An expensive durable good such as a passenger car is consumed at the expense of the foregone consumption of other goods and services or saving. A consumer accepts a price offer of a car when the worth specified by the price stream exceeds the reservation threshold specified by the opportunity cost, and the price is realized as expenditure. The expenditure increases with net wealth and income, while the opportunity cost decreases with income; however it increases with squared income and the number of owned cars. This implies that even a very rich person (household) would not demand an additional car, despite additional income, because the utility is already saturated and there are physical constraints against further consumption. By simulations, the probability of purchasing a car is demonstrated. The analyzing method can be generalized and extended directly to the cases of other expensive durable goods.

A Study on the Operation System Improvement of Busan International Passenger Terminal: Focusing on the Car Ferry

Kyong Han Lee,Ju Dong Park,Sang Won Park 한국항해항만학회 2020 한국항해항만학회지 Vol.44 No.2

In the past 20 years, passenger and cargo transportation performance at the international passenger ports in Korea have increased by 8.6% on the compound annual growth rate, respectively. The Korean government had expected to continue expanding the market of car ferries and the government included plans for the development of additional routes and lanes with neighboring countries such as China, Japan, and Russia as a part of the Plan of the Korean Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries in 2019. However, compared to the development of routes, the management and operation of passenger terminals are inefficient. The purpose of this paper was to introduce the overall improvement of the passenger terminal operating system that reflects the recent changes in the supply and demand of international passenger vessels and the needs of the government and private sector passengers. To this end, a basic survey was conducted on the status of operations and facilities at the Busan International Passenger Terminal and a questionnaire survey was administered on the subject of use. The results of the survey were analyzed using the IPA model. As a result of the analysis, three items in the operation sector, three items in the facility sector, and four items in the system sector of the Busan International Passenger Terminal were identified as in need of improvement. Based on the results, the need for investment to improve the international passenger terminal operating system is suggested.

Estimation of ambient temperature impact on vertical dynamic behaviour of passenger rail vehicle with damaged wheels

Stasys Steišūnas,Gintautas Bureika,Gediminas Vaičiūnas,Marijonas Bogdevičius,Olegas Lunys 대한기계학회 2018 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.32 No.11

Maintenance and repair specialists of rolling stock face the problem related to accurate and reliable assessment of the vibrations of the car body of passenger rail vehicle, caused by wheel damage, and its impact on passengers. Another important aspect is to deter-mine the permissible speed at which the passenger car with wheel damage could move to the nearest station or depot without badly damaging the rails. The purpose of this research is to examine the dynamic processes of the interaction of the passenger car chassis with the railway track using a newly developed mathematical models called the “Passenger Car - Track” system. During the simulation, the dynamic characteristics of the track, bogies and car body in different season temperature were estimated. The validation of theoretical results was obtained based on the field tests of the test train as well as the results of measurements of changes in track stiffness temperatures. Finally, conclusions and suggestions are presented.