교양교육에서 객관적 상관물을 활용한 시 텍스트 연구 - 김수영 시를 중심으로

이현정 사단법인 한국문학과예술연구소 2023 한국문학과 예술 Vol.47 No.-

This study analyzes Kim Soo-young's poetry texts by utilizing the concept of objective correlates in liberal arts education. The concept of objective correlative in secondary education is to bring in objective objects, events, and situations to indirectly express the sentiments and ideas of the poetic speaker. In university liberal arts education, however, it is expanded through Eliot's concept of objective correlatives. Eliot's concept of objective correlates is linked to his poetic theory of the "dissociation of sensibility," the separation of reason and emotion. Eliot opposes Romantic literature, arguing that for a writer's emotions to become artistic language, they must be expressed in an objective form. Such an appreciation Objective correlates allow for a deeper understanding of lyricism, which is one of the core concepts of traditional liberal arts education. In short, the existing secondary education understanding of objective correlates and the new understanding emphasized by this article through Eliot are in line with the main division of Korean modern poetry between lyricism and de-lyricism. While overcoming the negative trauma of his war experience, Kim creates lyrical poetry that seeks to restore self-identity through objective correlates, and he also pursues de-serious poetry to create powerful poetry, creating images that correspond to objective correlates in a tense manner. Therefore, the dual aspects of objective correlates in his poems "Summer Garden," "Spider," "Helicopter," "Rabbit," "Scarab," and "Mischief in the Moonland" become key texts that should be covered in liberal arts education. As such, using the theory of objective correlatives in liberal arts education to analyze Kim Soo-young's poetry texts and applying it to future classes can be a new educational direction for liberal arts education students.

‘객관적 상관물,’ ‘대상 a’ 그리고 ‘맥거핀’— 엘리엇, 라깡 그리고 히치콕

구태헌 한국현대영미시학회 2009 현대영미시연구 Vol.15 No.1

Challenging the assumptions which underlie Eliot’s understanding of Hamlet’s emotion as a failure, this paper problematizes the ‘objective correlative’ which has served as a touchstone of poetic Modernism and epitomized a major transformation from the romantic poetics of authorial self-expression to a new modernist poetics based on objectivity and impersonality. Why Eliot termed Hamlet an artistic failure instead of inheriting the tradition of the Romantic Hamlet from Schlegel to Freud can be newly discussed by locating and re-examining the ‘objective correlative’ in comparison with Hitchcock’s ‘MacGuffin’ and Lacan’s ‘object a.’ As is well known, ‘MacGuffin’ is the empty pretext which just serves to set a story in motion, but has no value in itself. If the alienation of subject into the symbolic order means to set a story of him or her in motion, ‘MacGuffin’ can be said to play a similar role with Lacan’s ‘object a’ which “takes the place of what the subject is symbolically deprived of” in that both of two indicate the lack of the Real and set in motion the symbolic movement at the same time. While claiming that Hamlet’s emotion is in excess of facts and lacking an objective correlative, Eliot tries to deny that there exists a void in the symbolic order or signification which “is inexpressible,” called ‘MacGuffin’ by Hitchcock or ‘object a’ by Lacan and escape from ‘the real’ of Hamlet or the world to secure a corner in the room and continue his fictive dominance over women or the world like ‘Prufrock.’ This can be why Eliot failed to see Hamlet as “the drama of an individual subjectivity.” Challenging the assumptions which underlie Eliot’s understanding of Hamlet’s emotion as a failure, this paper problematizes the ‘objective correlative’ which has served as a touchstone of poetic Modernism and epitomized a major transformation from the romantic poetics of authorial self-expression to a new modernist poetics based on objectivity and impersonality. Why Eliot termed Hamlet an artistic failure instead of inheriting the tradition of the Romantic Hamlet from Schlegel to Freud can be newly discussed by locating and re-examining the ‘objective correlative’ in comparison with Hitchcock’s ‘MacGuffin’ and Lacan’s ‘object a.’ As is well known, ‘MacGuffin’ is the empty pretext which just serves to set a story in motion, but has no value in itself. If the alienation of subject into the symbolic order means to set a story of him or her in motion, ‘MacGuffin’ can be said to play a similar role with Lacan’s ‘object a’ which “takes the place of what the subject is symbolically deprived of” in that both of two indicate the lack of the Real and set in motion the symbolic movement at the same time. While claiming that Hamlet’s emotion is in excess of facts and lacking an objective correlative, Eliot tries to deny that there exists a void in the symbolic order or signification which “is inexpressible,” called ‘MacGuffin’ by Hitchcock or ‘object a’ by Lacan and escape from ‘the real’ of Hamlet or the world to secure a corner in the room and continue his fictive dominance over women or the world like ‘Prufrock.’ This can be why Eliot failed to see Hamlet as “the drama of an individual subjectivity.”

엘리엇의 객관적 상관물과 셰익스피어의 「맥베스」

이철희 한국T.S.엘리엇학회 2011 T.S. 엘리엇 연구 Vol.21 No.1

On the basis of Eliot’s poetic theory, this paper attempts to analyze some of Shakespeare’s dramatic techniques as exemplified in Macbeth, one of his four tragedies. Macbeth is the shortest, but its structure is tight with its precise and dense language. Eliot sees Shakespeare as one of the best examples, who fits into his theory of poetry, “objective correlative”; A good poet is merely a medium, not revealing his own personal feelings. Shakespeare is such a good poet. Shakespeare, using symbols and images of organic things and cosmetic order, realizes the objective correlative; he presents things that represent his feelings, such as owls, hawks, eagles, doves, and a banquetes’ scene that symbolizes harmony, fellowship, and union. In the meantime, Eliot uses persona, alter ego, shadow images in his works; there appear Madame Sosostris, typist, clerk, Thames’ daughters in The Waste Land, which is the manifestation of his theory, the objective correlative.

"객관"과 "부정성": 주코프스키의 "객관주의" 시학 연구

구태헌 ( Tae Hun Ku ) 영미문학연구회 2006 영미문학연구 Vol.11 No.-

Since its first occurrence in the 1931 issue of Poetry, Objectivism has been generally considered to be a post-imagist poetics filling the poetic "missing link" between the modernism of Pound and Williams and the "New" American poetry of 1945-60. This means that the Objectivists in 1930s occupy a peculiar place both as late modernists and as early contemporary writers. This paper is a attempt to read the objectivists poetics as a link between both eras of poets especially focusing on "``the Objectivists`` editor," Louis Zukofsky`s writings and poems. One of key terms in Zukofsky`s poetics, "objectification," which seems like an early version of Charles Olsen`s "composition by field," means to compose a perceptual field which brings "the ray from an object to a focus." Therefore his "A poem as object" seems similar to, but is differentiated from T. S. Eliot`s "objective correlative" in that the totality in the objectivism lies not in an ideal and fixed moment such as "this complete adequacy of the external to the emotion," but in a continuous process of "thinking with the things as they exist." Zukofsky`s definitions of "An Objective" too shift our attention from the mind`s power to interpret a object or impose meanings to ``seeing`` itself as an act that directs itself toward the object and composes an "open field" of recognition. "Negativity," which has been mentioned as one of key concepts in modern aesthetics since Kant, helps explain such terms as "objectification" or "An Objective." For example, "nothing" in a Zukofsky`s untitled poem can be said to function as a signifier "representing absence" in preventing totalization on the one hand and on the other, demanding it. Through this poem, Zukofsky says that an object or the world can be experienced and represented only in this ambivalent presentation of "nothing," which is what his "objectification" means in terms of composing a field of thinking in and with things.

폴 틸리히의 주-객 통일성의 신학

유장환 ( Jang Hwan Yu ) 한국조직신학회 2011 組織神學論叢 Vol.29 No.-

When we survey the history of theology, we find that it was the history of the conflict between an objective-type theology and a subjective- type theology. For example, in the 17th century an objective-type theology was overwhelming and in the 19th century a subjective-type theology was overwhelming. As a result, great theologians of the 20th century tried to overcome the conflict between subjectivism and objectivism. This can be proved in the case of Paul Tillich(1886-1965) , because Tillich constructed his theological system on the base of a subject-object uniting theology. According to Tillich, the method of correlation is the subject-object uniting methodology in which the conflict between supranaturalistic method and the naturalistic method is subsided. Revelation is the subject-object uniting event in which the manifestation of the mystery appears objective in terms of what traditionally has been called ``miracle`` and subjective in terms of what traditionally has been called ``ecstasy``. Atonement of Christ is the subject-object uniting event in which atonement is accomplished by human participation in the divine participation. Regeneration is the subject-object uniting event in which we subjectively take part in the objective reality, namely the New Bing in Jesus as the Christ. Justification is the subject-object uniting event in which we accept that we are accepted. Sanctification is the subject-object uniting life-process in which the power of the New Bing objectively grasps us and subjectively transforms us in all realms of life. In conclusion, Tillich`s theology is a subject-object uniting theology mediating between an objective-type theology and a subjective-type theology. Tillich`s theology, although he died 56 years ago, is still a good guide to show us the way to point the divine mystery transcending the object-subject structure.

엘리엇(T. S. Eliot)의 셰익스피어 비평 : 『햄릿』은 예술적 실패작인가?

김종환(Jong-Hwan Kim) 한국셰익스피어학회 2008 셰익스피어 비평 Vol.44 No.4

T. S. Eliot, in his 1919 essay, argues that "the only way of expressing emotion in the form of art is by finding an 'objective correlative,'" and that there is no objective correlative in Hamlet which is "the formular of that particular emotion." The particular emotion here means Hamlet's emotion toward his mother, Gertrude, and it is the feeling of a son towards a guilty mother. Eliot argues that this is the essential emotion of the play, but Hamlet is dominated by an inexpressible emotion, the disgust towards his mother which he cannot understand and objectify. Thus, Eliot regards Hamlet as an artistic failure because of the absence of an objective equivalent to Hamlet's feeling. However, his argument that Hamlet is an artistic failure might not be a legitimate claim, because it is only based on his theory of an objective correlative. Hamlet might be evaluated in other ways if the theory of impersonality is applied. T. S. Eliot declares that "the progress of artist is continual self-sacrifice, a continual extinction of personality." However, this impersonality theory anticipates the unstable relationship between signifier and signified. Furthermore, the essential emotion of the play is Hamlet's frustration and melancholy, derived from the loss of his father and the absence of the ideal mother figure, rather than the feeling of a son towards a guilty mother. As a result, in the text of Hamlet, there are objective correlatives signifying these feelings of frustration, melancholy, and loss.

객관적 품질과 가격의 상관관계 분석 - 1996년~2006년 소비자시대 상품테스트 분석결과를 중심으로

유현정(Yoo Hyun Jung),송유진(Song Eu Gene),오아름(Oh A Reum) 한국소비문화학회 2008 소비문화연구 Vol.11 No.1

  상품이 첨단화되고 상품의 수가 증가하면서 어떤 제품이 좋은 품질의 제품인지 판단하는 일은 점점 더 어려워졌다. 그래서 소비자들은 종종 제품의 가격이 비쌀수록 좋은 상품이라고 판단하여 상품을 구매한다. 그러나 동일한 제품에 대해서도 다른 가격에 판매되는 가격분산이 존재하고, 가격과 품질의 상관관계가 정비례하지 않을 경우 소비자는 부당한 지불을 하게 된다. 이에 재화의 가격과 품질간의 상관관계를 연구하는 일은 소비자의 구매의사결정에 도움을 주고, 나아가 재화의 품질수준에 적정한 가격을 부여하기 위한 시장가격 정책 마련을 위한 자료를 제공할 수 있다는 점에서 의의가 있다.<BR>  이에 본 연구는 1996년 1월부터 2006년 4월까지 발행된 월간『소비자시대』의 상품테스트자료를 사용하여 제품의 가격과 품질간의 상관관계를 분석하였다.<BR>  분석 결과 첫째, 분석대상으로 사용된 제품의 가격과 품질간 상관관계는 상품에 따라 매우 상이하게 나타났다. 둘째, 유사 제품끼리 분류했을 때, 제품군에 따라 매우 상이한 상관관계를 보였다. 셋째, 고가제품이 오히려 부적상관관계를 나타내고 있었다. 넷째, 기간별로 품질과 가격의 상관관계 기복이 매우 심하였다. 다섯째, 제품별로 가격이 가장 높은 것으로 구매한 경우가 품질이 가장 좋은 것으로 구매한 경우보다 전체 가격의 약 26.46% 화폐손해를 보는 것으로 나타났다.<BR>  따라서 소비자들은 상품을 구매할 때 품질정보를 정확히 파악하여 상품을 구매해야 하며, 소비자교육을 통해 소비정보를 활용할 능력을 길러야 한다.   As a product gets advanced and the number of product gets increased, it has become difficult for consumers to judge a product of a good quality. Consumers have a tendency to use a product price as a simple indicator for product quality as products get more complicated. However, if a price dispersion exists and a correlation is not in direct proportion between a price and a quality, consumers should make an unreasonable payment.<BR>  In this study, we analyzed the correlation between a price and a quality of a product by using a product test by Consumer, a monthly magazine published from January 1996 till April 2006, as relevant data.<BR>  As a result of such an analysis, first, the correlation of a product used as a subject for the analysis was very different depending on a product. Second, correlation coefficients were different among product groups classified by product similarity during the analyzed period. Third, a high-priced product showed a negative correlation. Fourth, there were severe ups and downs of correlation between a price and a quality during the analyzed period. Fifth, buying the most expensive product can lead an approximately 26.46% overpayment compared to a buying the best quality product.<BR>  Thus, it is necessary for consumers to purchase a product by accurately finding out the information on quality in case of purchasing a product and cultivate an ability to utilize the information on consumption through an education for consumers.

타이어에 따른 차량 승차감의 객관 평가와 주관 평가의 상관관계

국민구(Mingu Kuk),김봉수(Bongsu Kim),성기득(Kideug Sung),신영동(Youngdong Shin),정철호(Cheolho Jeong) 한국자동차공학회 2011 한국자동차공학회 부문종합 학술대회 Vol.2011 No.5

The vehicle ride comfort is one of the most important performances in the automotive industry. The vehicle ride comfort is rated as SAE subjective assessment by professional test driver. But, subjective assessment is lack of objectivity. So recently objective assessment has been used in researching in the areas of the vehicle ride comfort. In this study, a passenger car is driven at several tires, vehicle speeds, road profiles. And objective assessment method for the vehicle ride comfort test is constructed. First, the triaxial accelerometers are mounted on the knuckle, floor, seat, seat-back and are measured by twelve accelerations. And the measured accelerations express one ride comfort value according to Human Vibration of ISO 2631-1 and BS6841. Correlations are determined between objective ride comfort value and subjective rating.

경상의대 객관구조화진료시험의 시행경험

이상훈(Sang Hoon Lee),전시영(Sea Yuong Jeon),김장락(Jang Rak Kim),김현진(Hyun Jin Kim) 한국의학교육학회 2005 Korean journal of medical education Vol.17 No.3

Purpose: The third year students at Gyeong-Sang National University College of Medicine were asked to perform objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) at the end of the 2004 academic year. In this article, we analysed the correlation among the scores of OSCE with those of Final Term Examination in Internal Medicine (FTE), Clerkship Performance in Internal Medicine (CP) and Case Conference Examination (CCE), which assess knowledge, skill and attitude, and problem solving ability in medicine, respectively. We also analyzed difficulty and discrimination indexes of the test questions or evaluation criteria, and assessed their objectivity. Methods: 1) Relevance: the pearson correlation analysis was performed on the scores of 85 students from 6 OSCE stations, FTE, CP and CCE. 2) Analysis on the evaluation criteria: the difficulty and discrimination indexes of the 59 evaluation criteria were calculated. 3) Objectivity: in order to assess objectivity in the scores, the Student t-test was performed on the scores of students from 4 OSCE stations where there was a change in the examiners after the morning sessions and on the students from 2 OSCE stations that had no change of examiners. Results: 1) Relevance: Correlation coefficients between the scores of OSCE and FTE, CP or CCE were 0.335, 0.326 and 0.421, respectively (p<0.01). 2) Analysis on the evaluation criteria: difficulty indexes of the 59 criteria ranged from 0.15 to 0.98, and 43% of the criteria belonged to the acceptable range. Discrimination indexes ranged from -0.22 to 0.61, and 69% of the criteria were acceptable. 3) Objectivity: The student t-test showed significant differences between the scores of the morning and afternoon sessions in 2 of the 4 stations, where the examiners were changed in the afternoon (p<0.01). Conclusion: Our results suggest that OSCE performed in 2004 may have relevance to a valid tool in assessing clinical competence of medical students in terms of knowledge, skill, attitude and problem solving ability. However, in order to reuse the test materials in the future, evaluation criteria need to be refined further based on difficulty and discrimination indexes, and measures to improve objectivity of examiners should also be studied.

Objectivity evaluation of the Ski Level Ⅱ test

( Seung Yun Shin ),( Seung Ki Kang ),( Kyung Nam Min ),( Yong Ik Kim ),( Jin Su Seok ),( Ji Hoon Park ),( Jae Hyung Lee ) 한국체육학회 2016 국제스포츠과학 학술대회 Vol.2016 No.1

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine ski level test screening consistency by analyzing the screening results of six seasons of ski level tests held by KSIA and to determine the objectivity of the screening by checking the changes in screening results of each event. Method: Apply statistical analysis for pre event change (three seasons: 18^th-20^th) ski level test screening results and post event change (three seasons: 21^th -23^th) ski level test screening results. First, analyze the average score and standard deviation of each season, each event and each judge and ensure the consistency of screening result through ICC (Intra-class correlation coefficient) of each season and event. The analyzed data was used to ensure the objectivity of the screening results and to check the changes in screening results of each event. Result: The results show that ICC, the degree of consistency through objective examination of the results, was more than acceptable range (R > .80) in most of the season and events. Therefore, despite of event changes, the screening results of the judges were consistent, and the ski level test screening results can be seen to have a very high objectivity. Conclusion: Despite of event change from 21th event, KSIA(Korea Ski Instructors Association) ski level test has been conducted through the consistent screening, and the screening results showed very high objectivity. However, various efforts are required to improve ICC correlation of screening score to over .90. To achieve this improvement, quantify the current scoring point and additional points and penalty based on quantitative measure should be applied. Also, scoring separated of judge points to balance, skill, speed, turn shape, harmony in suggested.