재래종 쌀보리의 형태적 특성 및 RAPD에 의한 유연 관계 분석

조원경,이정민,권무식,정태영,Cho, Won-Kyong,Lee, Jeong-Min,Kwon, Moo-Sik,Chung, Tae-Young 한국식물생명공학회 2002 식물생명공학회지 Vol.29 No.4

재래종 쌀보리 들은 추파형이며 내한성이 약하고 장간이면서 밀수, 장망으로 출수가 늦은 품종이 많았다. 그러나 파성, 내한성, 출수기, 간장, 수장의 변이가 컸으며, 내한성이 강한 품종, uzu 유전자, 찰성, 자색종피 등 다양한 유용 돌연변이를 보였다. 재래종들의 유연관계를 형태적 특성과 RAPD분석 결과, 112품종 모두 다른 품종으로 밝혀졌으며, 재래종 쌀보리와 겉보리의 유전적 특성을 비교한 결과, 일양성이 인정되어 쌀보리 품종들이 겉보리 재래종으로부터 돌연변이 되었던 것으로 추정할 수 있었다. Barley varieties collected from 1940 to 1951 allover the Korean peninsula by Dr. Takahashi Ryuhei were reintroduced from the Research Institute for Bioresouces in Okayama University, Japan, and the evaluation of morphological characteristics and RAPD analysis were performed. Totally, 493 varieties of Korean barley landraces were planted in the green house, from which seeds of 491 varieties were harvested and conserved in the seedbank of the Rural Development Administration. Majority of the naked barley varieties showed dense spikes with long awn, late heading, winter habits, and long plant height. However, variants having various phenotypes such as short awn, blue aleurone color, brachytic type and waxyness were also identified. Plant height, spike length, and cold-tolerance in the varieties were also highly variable among them. Homogeneity tests on the variation of growth habits, spike density, anthocyanin pigmentation on the seed coat, and hairiness on leaf sheath between naked and covered barley showed that the variations of naked barley were similar to those of covered barley. It maybe indicate that the most of naked barley landraces were mutated from the covered barley landraces. Korean landraces of naked barley were broadly divided into 4 groups by the dendrogram produced by morphological characteristics; however, the identities of the group were rather indistinct. Many varieties, belonged to the same group, were showed different band patterns in RAPD analysis using 5 different primer sets. These results indicate that the 112 varieties of naked barley landraces were different genotypes.

보리의 생산과정에서 발생하는 탄소배출량 산정 및 전과정평가 적용

소규호(Kyu-Ho So),박정아(Jung-Ah Park),이길재(Gil-Zae Lee),유종희(Jong-Hee Ryu),심교문(Kyo-Moon Shim),노기안(Kee-An Roh) 한국토양비료학회 2010 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.43 No.5

보리생산체계의 탄소성적을 평가하기 위하여 쌀보리, 겉보리, 맥주보리로 구분하여 LCI database 구축하고 전과정 영향평가를 통한 잠재적 환경영향을 평가하였다. LCI 구축을 위한 영농 투입물과 산출물에 대한 데이터 수집결과 맥주보리의 경우 전반적인 투입량이 맥종 중 가장 높았으며, 특히 비료투입량이 9.52E-01 kg kg<SUP>-1</SUP> two-rowed braley로 다른 품종에 비해 월등히 높았으며, 이에 따른 포장에서의 직접대기배출량 (CO₂, CH₄,N₂O)도 9.74E-02 kg kg<SUP>-1</SUP> two-rowed braley로 가장 높게 나타났다. LCI 분석 결과 쌀보리, 겉보리, 맥주보리의 탄소성적값은 각각 1.25E+00 kg CO₂-eq. kg<SUP>-1</SUP> naked braley, 1.09E+00 kg CO2-eq. kg<SUP>-1</SUP> hulled braley, 1.71E+00 CO₂-eq. kg<SUP>-1</SUP> two-rowed barley였다. 영농투입량이 가장 많은 맥주보리의 탄소성적이 가장 높았다. CO₂는 주로 비료생산공정과 보리생산에서 발생하며, 품종 중에서 맥주보리의 CO₂ 발생이 1.09E+00 kg CO₂ kg<SUP>-1</SUP> barley으로 가장 높았다. N₂O는 질소시비에 의한 재배 포장의 배출량이 가장 많았고, 특히 질소시비량이 가장 많은 겉보리가 재배 중 직접배출량이 가장 많았고 값은 7.55E-04 kg N₂O kg<SUP>-1</SUP> barley였다. 전과정 영향평가 수행결과 GWP의 특성화 값은 쌀보리, 겉보리, 맥주보리가 각각 1.25E+00, 1.09E+00,1.71E+00 kg CO₂-eq. kg<SUP>-1</SUP>이었고, GWP 값에 영향을 주는 보리생산체계의 주요 요인는 비료생산과 보리재배 작업이었다. This study was conducted to estimate the carbon footprint and to establish the database of the LCI (Life Cycle Inventory) for barely cultivation system. Barley production system was separated into the naked barley, the hulled barley and the two-rowed barley according to type of barley species. Based on collecting the data for operating LCI, it was shown that input of fertilizer was the highest value of 9.52E-01 kg kg<SUP>-1</SUP> for two-rowed braley. For LCI analysis focussed on the greenhouse gas (GHG), it was observed that carbon footprint were 1.25E+00 kg CO2-eq. kg<SUP>-1</SUP> naked braley, 1.09E+00 kg CO2-eq. kg<SUP>-1</SUP> hulled braley and 1.71E+00 CO2-eq. kg<SUP>-1</SUP> two-rowed barley; especially two-rowed barley cultivation system had highest emission value as 1.09E+00 kg CO2 kg<SUP>-1</SUP> barley. It might be due to emit from mainly fertilizer production for barley cultivation. Also N2O was emitted at 7.55E-04 kg N2O kg<SUP>-1</SUP> barley as highest value from hulled barley cultivation system because of high N fertilizer input. The result of life cycle impcat assessment (LCIA), it was observed that most of carbon emission from barely cultivation system was mainly attributed to fertilizer production and cropping unit. Characterization value of GWP was 1.25E+00 (naked barley), 1.09E+00 (hulled barley) and 1.71E+00 (two-rowed barely) kg CO2-eq. kg<SUP>-1</SUP>, respectively.

Volatile Flavor Components in Green Tea Blended with Parched Naked Barley

Sung-Hee Choi(최성희) 한국생명과학회 2012 생명과학회지 Vol.22 No.7

중작녹차를 효율적으로 이용하여 좋은 향미와 기능성을 가진 차를 만들기 위해 덖은 쌀보리에 중작녹차를 혼합하였다. 쌀보리녹차의 휘발성 향기성분의 추출은 Likens and Nickerson형 추출 장치를 사용한 동시증류추출방법에 의해 완수였으며, 그 농축된 추출물은 GC (Gas chromatography)와 GC-MS (Gas chromatography - mass spectrometry)에 의해 분석되었다. 3-methylbutanal, 2-methylbutanal, 그리고 2,5-dimethyl pyrazine 등의 화합물이 쌀보리로부터 분리, 동정되었다. 그리고 녹차에서는 α-terpinolene, indole, β-ionone 등을 포함한 화합물을 분리, 동정하였으며, 또한 쌀보리와 녹차를 혼합한 쌀보리녹차에서는 2,5-dimethyl pyrazine, indole, 3-ethyl-2,5-dimethyl pyrazine 등을 포함한 화합물들이 분리, 동정되었다. 그 결과로부터 일반 중작녹차보다 볶은 쌀보리와 녹차를 혼합한 쌀보리녹차가 관능적으로 더 좋은 향미를 주는 요인으로 작용하는 것 같았다. To produce a new tea with a good flavor and functional properties using green tea of low quality, naked barley and barley were selected to blend with the green tea. The simultaneous distillation extraction method (SDE) using Likens and Nickerson’s extraction apparatus was used to extract the volatile flavor compounds from the samples. The concentrated flavor extracts were analyzed and identified by GC and GC-MS. The GC patterns of the flavor components in two parched barleys were very different. The main volatile flavor components in two of the samples were alkyl pyrazines. Compounds including 3-methylbutanal, 2-methylbutanal, dihydro-2-methyl-3(2H)-furanone, 2,5-dimethyl pyrazine, and 3-ethyl-2.5-dimethyl pyrazine were isolated from the naked barley. Compounds including thiophenes, thiazoles, sulfides, and pyrroles with burnt odor were isolated from the barley. The parched naked barley was better than barley for adding to green tea. The main aroma components of the green tea blended with the naked barley were hexanol, hexanal, trans-2-hexenal, β -ionone, α-ionone, alkyl pyrazines, 3-methylbutanal, 2-methylbutanal, and furfural.

보리 품종의 이화화적 및 호화 특성 비교

탁은숙,정희남 한국식생활문화학회 2022 韓國食生活文化學會誌 Vol.37 No.4

This study compared the physicochemical and gelatinization properties of naked barley, tetrastichum barley, and waxybarley. Compared to tetrastichum barley and waxy barley, naked barley had shorter and rounder grains with a 1.43 length/width ratio. Tetrastichum barley had lower crude protein, crude lipid, and crude ash content and higher amylose contentcompared to naked barley and waxy barley. The L, a, b color values of waxy barley were significantly higher than those ofnaked barley and tetrastichum barley. The water absorption index (WAI) and the water soluble index (WSI) were highest inwaxy barley. The X-ray diffraction pattern was type A in all samples, and the peak intensity was highest in waxy barley. Themaximum viscosity, cooling viscosity, breakdown, and setback of amylogram properties were the highest in tetrastichumbarley. The thermal properties through the differential scanning calorimeter showed that the waxy barley had higher valuesof the onset, peak, conclusion temperature and enthalpy (?H). In conclusion, the variety of barley influenced thephysicochemical and gelatinization properties, which could be important factors in the manufacture of processed foods. These results would thus useful inputs for the manufacturing of these foods using barley.

A1B 기후변화 시나리오가 국내 가을 쌀보리의 잠재수량에 미치는 영향 모사

심교문 ( Kyo Moon Shim ),민성현 ( Sung Hyun Min ),이덕배 ( Deog Bae Lee ),김건엽 ( Gun Yeob Kim ),정현철 ( Hyun Cheol Jeong ),이슬비 ( Seul Bi Lee ),강기경 ( Ki Keong Kang ) 한국농림기상학회 2011 한국농림기상학회지 Vol.13 No.4

The CERES-Barley crop simulation model was used to assess the impacts of climate change on the potential yield of winter naked barley in Korea. Fifty six sites over the southern part of the Korean Peninsula were selected to compare the climate change impacts in various climatic conditions. Based on the A1B climate change scenarios of Korea, the present climatological normal (1971-2000) and the three future ones (2011-2040, 2041-2070, and 2071-2100) were considered in this study. The three future normals were divided by three environmental conditions with changes in: (1) temperature only, (2) carbon dioxide concentration only, and (3) both temperature and carbon dioxide concentration. The agreement between the observed and simulated outcomes was reasonable with the coefficient of determination of grain yield to be 0.78. We concluded that the CERES-Barley model was suitable for predicting climate change impacts on the potential yield of winter naked barley. The effect of the increased temperature only with the climate change scenario was negative to the potential yield of winter naked barley, which ranges from -34 to -9% for the three future normals. However, the effect of the elevated carbon dioxide concentration only on the potential yield of winter naked barley was positive, ranging from 6 to 31% for the three future normals. For the elevated conditions of both temperature and carbon dioxide concentration, the potential yields increased by 8, 15, and 13% for the 2011-2040, 2041-2070, and 2071-2100 normals, respectively.

안토시아닌 함량이 많은 검정색 메성쌀보리 ‘흑누리’

이미자(Mi Ja Lee),김양길(Yang Kil Kim),김경호(Kyung Ho Kim),박형호(Hyung Ho Park),김상민(Sang Min Kim) 한국육종학회 2018 한국육종학회지 Vol.50 No.3

Consumer interest in nutrition and health has increased, for other food and industrial applications, including for barley. ‘Huknuri’ is a new naked non-waxy barley cultivar with black lemma. It was developed by the National Institute of Crop Science, RDA, in 2011. The initial cross was carried out in 2002, and an elite line (HB16225-B-B-9) was selected in 2006. Since then, through preliminary yield and advanced yield trials, it was designated as ‘Iksan 100’. It showed good agronomic performance in the regional yield trials from 2009 to 2011 and was released as ‘Huknuri’, possessing high anthocyanin content and black lemma with a non-waxy endosperm. The average heading and maturing dates of ‘Huknuri’ were April 23 and May 29 in paddy fields, which were one day earlier and the same as those of the check cultivar ‘Saessalbori’, respectively. It had a culm and spike length of 87 and 5.0 cm, respectively. It showed 601 spikes per m², 61 grains per spike, 29.0 g of 1,000-grain weight, and 780 g of test weight. ‘Huknuri’ showed better resistance to Barley yellow mosaic virus and higher water absorption and expansion rates than those of the check cultivar. Its average pearled grain yield in the regional yield trial was 3.44 MT/ha in upland, and 3.56 MT/ha in paddy fields, which were 5% lower and 1% higher than those of the check cultivar, respectively. The anthocyanin content was 180 μg/g, which was higher than that of the check cultivar.

보리밥 색깔이 변하지 않는 찰성쌀보리 “영백찰” 개발 및 품질특성

이미자,김양길,김경호,서우덕,강현중,박종철,현종내,박기훈 한국육종학회 2016 한국육종학회지 Vol.48 No.4

The limited use of barley for food is mostly due to undesirable color and unfamiliar flavor of barley based food products. So, preventing the browning is very important in order to increase the consumption of barley. ‘Yeongbaekchal’is a new naked waxy barley cultivar which is not get discolored. It was developed by the National Institute of Crop Science, RDA in 2013. It was derived from the cross between‘Radiant’which is a proanthocyanidin free and ‘Saechalssal’ which has characteristics of winter hardness, lodging tolerance, waxy endosperm and good cooking. The initial cross was done in 2006 and the selected line, ‘Iksan116’(HB16953-B-B-7), had no proanthocyanidin and showed good quality characteristics under yield trial test from 2012 to 2013. Heading and maturing date of ‘Yeongbaekchal’ were 3days late than those of ‘Saechalssal’. It had 90 cm of culm length and 5.0 cm of spike length. It showed 840 spikes per m2, 63 grains per spike, 25.1 g of 1,000-grain weight, and 831 g of test weight. ‘Yeongbaekchal' showed better resistance to BaYMV (Barley yellow mosaic virus) and similar water absorption rate and expansion rate with the check cultivar. Its average yield of the pearled grain in the regional yield trial was 3.42 MT/ha in paddy field, which were 5% lower than that of the check cultivar. It showed a little discoloration during the storage after cooked.

Aluminum Stress in the Roots of Naked Barley

( Mi Sook Jeong ),( Sung Ha Kim ) 한국식물학회 2004 Journal of Plant Biology Vol.47 No.2

Phytotoxicity of aluminum (AI) is the major limiting factor for the crops grown in acid soils rapidly inhibiting root elongation. In this study, changes in root growth, total activity and isozyme patterns of antioxidant enzymes such as peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, catalase and glutathione reductase by AI stress were investigated in the roots of naked barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Kwangwhalssalbori). As AI concentration increased up to 500 M, the rooting rate and root elongation substantially decreased. Growth results suggested that this cultivar is an Al-sensitive species. Total activities of antioxidant enzymes generally increased at lower AI concentrations and then gradually decreased at higher Al concentrations. They also increased when the exposure time to AI was extended up to 48 hr. Changes in the isozyme patterns of antioxidant enzymes were investigated by in situ enzyme activity staining on a non-denaturing PAGE gel. They generally coincided with the changes in the total activity in parallel. Changes in the total activity of antioxidant enzymes also coincided with the changes of the root growth. Since growth reduction in the roots by AI stress could be related with the changes in the activities of antioxidant enzymes, these results suggested that AI might cause the oxidative stress in the roots of this cultivar of naked barley.

INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF AUXIN ON CALLUS INDUCTION IN NAKED BARLEY(Hordeum vulgare)

WON, JONG LAK,KIM, JOON CHUL,KO, YOUNG OK 경상대학교 유전공학연구소 1983 遺傳工學硏究所報 Vol.2 No.-

The purpose of experiment was to investigate the effects of different concentrations of auxin to induce the better callus for cell culture in naked barley. Calli originated from embryo and mesocotyl were formed from two of three days after inoculation in solid medium. Mesocotyl callus was watery, soft and white color, and embryo callus was firm, nodulate and white 2.4-D and IAA. MS medium added to 2.4-D 1mg/1 and MS supplied respectively 2 mg/1 of 2.4-D and IAA were good for callus induction from mesocotyl. For embryo callus, 2.4-D, 3-4 mg/1 on B5 showed no tendency on callus growth with indication interaction between auxin contents and plant genotype. 2kR of gamma-ray dose gave critical inhibition of callus growth yellowish color. Shoot to 2.4-D. Cold tolerant mutant line seemed to be variety under different levels of auxin content.

쌀보리 종실 내 미생물 분포와 생균제 접종이 발효특성에 미치는 영향

안혜진,김기현,조은석,김조은,김광식,김영화,송태화,박종호,강환구,장선식,오영균,천동원,설국환,Ahn, Hye-Jin,Kim, Ki Hyun,Jo, Eun Seok,Kim, Jo Eun,Kim, Kwang-Sik,Kim, Young Hwa,Song, Tae Hwa,Park, Jong Ho,Kang, Hwan Ku,Jang, Sun Sik,Oh, Young K 한국초지조사료학회 2015 한국초지조사료학회지 Vol.35 No.4

본 시험은 동계작물인 쌀보리의 알곡에 대한 사료로서의 활용도를 제고하고자 미생물 분포를 분석하고, 발효과정중 이화학적 및 미생물학적 특성의 변화 분석을 통하여 효과적인 발효사료 제조방법을 제시하고자 수행하였다. 즉, 수확된 쌀보리 종실에 시판 생균제를 기준에 맞게 접종한 후 공기와 접촉하지 않도록 밀봉하여 $37^{\circ}C$에서 7일간 발효를 통해 쌀보리 종실의 저장성과 안전성을 증진시킬 수 있다. 쌀보리 종실 자체에 Staphylococcus속과 Bacillus속의 미생물들이 다수 존재하여 자연발효의 가능성이 있음을 보여 주었다. 또한 생균제를 접종하지 않은 쌀보리 종실도 기간이 경과됨에 따라 산도가 저하되고 유산균 수가 증가하여 발효가 이루어지고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 쌀보리 종실에 생균제를 접종하였을 경우, 발효 7일차에 pH가 $4.33{\pm}0.02$로 발효가 더 빨리 진행되었으며, 유산균의 수도 전체 발효기간 동안 미 접종 대조구에 비해 높게 유지되었으나, 효모의 수에 있어서는 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 발효에 의해 쌀보리 종실의 산도가 저하됨에 따라 초기 $10^7cfu/g$ 이상 검출되었던 대장균이 발효 7일차 이후부터는 전혀 검출되지 않아 발효가 쌀보리 종실의 안전성을 유지시키는 데 있어 효과적인 저장방법으로 나타났다. This study was performed to analyze the resident microbial flora and the effects of probiotic inoculation on the fermentation characteristics of whole grain naked barley (Hordeum Vulgare L.) with the goal of evaluating the possibility of utilization as fermented feedstuff. Naked barley grains were harvested 35 days after heading, and the microbial flora was analyzed using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometer. After inoculation of commercial microbes to the naked barley grain (BT), the pH and number of bacteria, such as aerobic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, yeast and E. coli, were measured and compared with the non-inoculated control (BC). A total of 122 colonies was isolated from the naked barley grain and the most popular bacteria species was Staphylococcus xylosus (n = 30, 24.59%). The pH value decreased more rapidly in BT than in BC, and was significantly lower after 7 days of fermentation at $4.33{\pm}0.02$ and $4.83{\pm}0.01$, respectively. The number of aerobic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria and yeast showed an increasing trend within the first 7 days of fermentation, however, their numbers decreased at 28 and 42 days of fermentation. The population of lactic acid bacteria in BT was higher than in BC, but there was no significant different at 7 days of fermentation, with respective levels of $9.24{\pm}0.20$ and $9.01{\pm}0.10logCFU/g$ (p>0.05). The initial number of E. coli was very high in the naked barley grain but subsequently decreased significantly. After 7 days of fermentation, E. coli was not detected in either BT or BC samples. From these results, it appears that the fermentation of naked barley grain proceeded adequately after 7 days, and that fermentation contributes to the safety of naked barley grain during storage.