‘해’체 어미의 의문법 실현 양상

이소흔 사단법인 한국언어학회 2018 언어학 Vol.0 No.82

The study investigated the realization of interrogative forms of ‘Hae’ style endings. Most of ‘Hae’ style endings, which were developed in various ways after the late 19th century, have modal meanings divided into act modality and epistemic modality. However, it should be examined if the sentences that are realized as interrogative endings are to be interrogative sentences in the true meaning of the word, as they are not directly related to modality but represent a ‘request for information’. In other words, it is necessary to distinguish between interrogative sentences which demand the informational answers and the pseudo-interrogative sentences which do not. Final endings with epistemic modality are mostly realized as declarative endings. In this case, the declarative endings have meanings such as [confirmation], [speculation], it could lead into realizing interrogative sentences meaning interrogative or pseudo-interrogative. Accordingly, not all the endings with epistemic modality are realized as interrogative endings, even if these are realized, these are not all realized as interrogative endings representing ‘request for information’. Therefore, an interrogative ending with epistemic modality differ in realization as a declarative sentence, an pseudo-interrogative sentence, or an interrogative sentence according to the context, and it is distinguished by intonation in usage.

연결어미와 양태 : 이유, 조건, 양보의 연결어미를 중심으로

박재연 한국어의미학회 2009 한국어 의미학 Vol.30 No.-

Bak Jaeyeon. 2009. Korean connective endings and modality: focusing on causative, conditional, concessive connective endings. Korean Semantics, 30. The aim of this paper is to investigate the modal meanings found in Korean connective endings. Especially I give my attention to the ‘causal, conditional, concessive’ endings and their related constructions. I recognize that ‘-gillae’ can be treated as modal ending in that it expresses the perception on the state-of-affair of preceding clause. But ‘-euni’ cannot be regarded as modal ending because it is related to the perception on the following clauses. ‘-Deoni’ and ‘-eossdeoni’ are not modal endings either, because they can be analysed of modal or temporal prefinal ending and non-modal connective ending. The meaning of ‘-eundeul’ includes ‘irrealis’, and those of ‘-eossdeoramyeon, -eossdeondeul, -eossdeorado’ are related to ‘counter-realis,’ so we can say all of them are related to modal meanings. But I insist that the meanings of ‘-eumyeon, -eoya, -eodo, -deorado, -geodeun’ are unmarked in reality property since they are not always used in the irrealis contexts.

20세기 전반기 ‘하게’체 어미와 ‘해’체 어미의 의미·기능 실현 양상 ―평서형 어미와 의문형 어미를 중심으로―

이소흔(Lee So-Heun) 우리말학회 2021 우리말연구 Vol.64 No.-

이 연구는 20세기 전반기 ‘하게’체와 ‘해’체에서 형태가 같은 평서형과 의문형 어미를 중심으로 의미·기능 실현 양상을 살펴봄으로써 20세기 초에서 현대국어로 이어지는 종결어미의 변화 양상을 고찰하고자 하였다. ‘하게’체 어미 중 일부는 ‘해’체로 분화되는데, 이유는 ‘하게’체와 ‘해’체로 실현될 때 기능이 같지 않아서다. 즉 ‘해’체 어미로 분류되는 것은 어미에 양태 의미가 나타날 뿐 아니라 ‘-요’와 결합해서 ‘해요’체가 실현되는 것이다. 이렇게 ‘하게’체 일부 형태가 문맥에 따라 의미·기능이 달리 실현됨으로써 하나의 형태에서 의미·기능이 분화돼 ‘하게’체와 ‘해’체로 나뉜다. 그런데 특성상 양태 의미를 유지하는 ‘-더-’와 ‘-ㄹ’이 결합된 ‘-데’와 ‘-ㄹ가’의 경우 두 화계의 구분은 쉽지 않다. 이를 바탕으로 2장에서는 20세기 전반기 텍스트에 나타난 평서형 어미 ‘-네’와 ‘-데’, 의문형 어미 ‘-ㄴ가’와 ‘-ㄹ가’의 사용 양상을 통해 ‘하게’체와 ‘해’체가 어떻게 실현되는지를 살폈으며, 3장에서는 4~50년대 영화 속 대사를 중심으로 Praat 실험을 통해 이 어미들의 억양을 살폈다. 그럼으로써 ‘하게’체와 ‘해’체가 분화되어 가는 양상을 확인할 수 있었다. The study investigated the aspect of transition of final endings from the first 20th century to the contemporary Korean through investigating the realization of semantic functions focused on declarative endings and interrogative endings that have the same form in ‘Hage’ style and ‘Hae’ style. Some of ‘Hage’ style endings are divided into ‘Hae’ style, because their functions are different when they are realized. That is, being classified as ‘Hae’ style endings has not only modal meaning also is combined with ‘-yo’, being realized to ‘Haeyo’ style. In this way, some of ‘Hage’ style forms are divided into ‘Hage’ style and ‘Hae’ style as semantic functions are differentiated and realized differently according to the context. However, it is not easy to distinguish the case of ‘-deo-’ in which modal meaning is maintained due to the nature with the cases of ‘-de’ and ‘-eulga’ combined with ‘-eul’. Based on this, the study investigated how ‘Hage’ style and ‘Hae’ style were realized in texts of the first 20th century through the usage patterns of declarative endings ‘-ne’ and ‘-de’ and interrogative endings ‘-eunga’ and ‘-eulga’ in Chanpter 2, and their intonation patterns were examined by praat experiment with the lines in the movies of 1940s and 1950s in Chapter 3. In doing so, we could identify the aspect in which ‘Hage’ style and ‘Hae’ style are divided.

‘의존명사+이다’ 구문에 대한 양태적 고찰

시정곤(Chung-kon, Shi),김건희(Keon-hee, Kim) 어문연구학회 2011 어문연구 Vol.68 No.-

The purpose of this study is to examine the construction of bound noun + -ida in the viewpoint of modality. In the previous study, ‘adnominal ending + bound noun + -ida’ put together the modal meaning, but the question is what decides the modal meaning among these ‘adnominal ending’, ‘bound noun’, ‘-ida’. We argue that ‘adnominal ending’, ‘-ida’ don’t have the modal meaning of their own and the core element which determines the modal meaning is the bound noun in the constructions of bound noun + -ida. First, certainty/uncertainty or realis/irrealis which seems to be the modal meaning of the adnominal ending actually depend on the context, so the adnominal ending doesn’t have modal meaning. The adnominal ending is only tense․aspect-marker and complementizer. Second the modal meaning is preserved when ‘-ida’ is omitted or case-marker is substituted for it, so ‘-ida’ doesn’t have the modal meaning.

20세기 전반기 종결어미의 감탄법 실현 양상

이소흔 중앙어문학회 2019 語文論集 Vol.79 No.-

This study investigated the realization of interrogative forms of hae-style endings. Most hae-style endings, which were developed in various ways after the late 19th century, have modal meanings categorized as either act modality or epistemic modality. However, it should be determined whether sentences that realize such interrogative endings are actually interrogative, as they are not directly related to modality, or only a request for information. In other words, it is necessary to distinguish between interrogative sentences that anticipate an answer that will provide information and pseudo-interrogative sentences that do not. Final endings in epistemic modality are mostly realized in declarative sentences. In this case, the declarative endings have meanings such as confirmation or speculation, rather than either interrogative or pseudo-interrogative uses. Accordingly, not every ending in epistemic modality is realized interrogatively, and even if it is so realized, not every request is for information. Therefore, an interrogative ending in epistemic modality differs in its declarative, pseudo-interrogative, and interrogative realizations according to context and is also distinguished by intonation. 이 연구에서는 20세기 전반기에 나타나는 종결어미를 통해 감탄법의 실현양상을 살펴보고자 하였다. 감탄법이란 화자가 청자에게 문장에 담긴 상태 정보에 대하여 놀라움이나 감탄 등의 주관적 정서를 담아 전달하는 문장 종결법이다. 그리고 감탄법을 실현할 수 있는 종결어미는 감탄형 어미와 양태 어미가있다. 감탄형 어미는 의미를 배제하고 오롯이 형태만으로 다른 양태 의미 없이감탄만을 표현할 수 있고 평서법의 기능이 보이지 않는다면 감탄형 어미라 분류할 수 있다. 그러나 감탄의 의미 기능 외에 다른 양태 의미를 가지고 있고 억양을 수반함으로써 감탄문을 실현한다면 그것은 양태 어미로 분류된다. 즉 중세국어 ‘-고녀’에서 이어진 ‘-구나’의 경우 감탄의 기능 외에도 ‘새로 앎’이라는의미를 가졌으므로 오늘날 ‘-구나’는 양태 어미로 분류가 되는 것이다. 본고에서는 이러한 감탄형 어미와 감탄의 기능을 가진 양태 어미의 문장 종결법 실현 양상과 이를 실현하기 위한 억양의 수반 양상, 그리고 이 종결어미들의 화계 실현 양상을 살펴보았다.

영한 번역의 종결어미 사용 연구

김혜영 한국통번역교육학회 2019 통번역교육연구 Vol.17 No.2

This study aims to analyze aspects of the choice and use of final endings in English-Korean translation. Korean is an agglutinative language, and the sentence ends by attaching a final ending to a predicate. Final endings indicate sentence-final moods, illocutionary acts, the modality and the degree of the speaker's politeness to the listener, and they provide a variety of information about characters, such as the relationship between the speaker and the listener, and the position and personality of the speaker. However unlike Korean, English has no grammatical morphemes that end sentences, and English sentence-final moods is represented by word order and inflection of verb and modality is represented by modal auxiliary and modal adverb. Therefore it's important to choose final endings in English-Korean translation, and it completely depends on translator. Accordingly, I researched aspects of the choice and use of final endings in English-Korean translation in point of semantics and pragmatics and suggested some considerations when choosing and using final endings.

한국어 평가양태에 대한 연구

김병건 ( Kim Byeong-keon ) 국제어문학회 2016 국제어문 Vol.0 No.70

지금까지 `명제에 대한 화자의 의견이나 태도`를 나타내는 `양태`에 대해 다양한 연구들이 이루어졌지만, 많은 부분 합의에 이르지 못하고 있다. 평가양태의 설정 도 그러하다. 이에 본 논문에서는 한국어에서 평가양태를 설정할 수 있으며, 이들 은 체계적인 하위 영역을 가짐을 논의하고자 했다. 이를 위해 2장에서는 이전 연 구를 통해 평가양태 설정이 가능함을 보이고, 3장에서는 평가양태는 구체적으로 무엇이며, 그 하위 범주는 어떻게 되는가를 살펴보았다. 4장에서는 한국어에서 평가양태를 실현하는 형태와 그 의미에 대해 알아보았다. 논의된 내용을 정리하면, 어떤 형태가 정감성을 표시하고 구체적인 속성 값을 가지며, 이 값이 맥락이나 억양 등으로 인한 것이 아니라면 평가양태로 볼 수 있으며, 이 평가양태는 긍정 평가와 부정 평가로 하위분류할 수 있다. 부정 평가의 형 태는 종결어미인 `-을라`, `-는담`, `-는다나`, 연결어미인 `-는답시고`, `-ㄹ세라`, `-다가는`, 우언적 구성인 `-게 생겼다`, `-고 들다`, `-기 일쑤이다`, `-는 통에`, `- 아 대다`, `-은 나머지`, `-랬자` 등이고, 긍정 평가의 형태는 `-고 싶다/싶어 하 다`, `-으면/는다면 몰라도`와 같이 실현되지 않은 또는 실현될 수 없는 바람 (wish)을 표현하는 것들이다. Thus far, there have been a variety of researches on a `modality`, which means a speaker`s view or attitude about a proposition`, but they`ve failed to reach an agreement in many respects. The same goes for the setting of evaluative modality. This paper aims to demonstrate that evaluative modality can be set in Korean language and they have systematic sub-domains. For this study, Chapter 2 displays that it is possible to set evaluative modality, based on previous studies and Chapter 3 explains what evaluative modality are specifically and which sub-domains they have. Chapter 4 considers the forms to realize evaluative modality in Korea and the meaning. The study finding shows that affectivity expressed and specific attribute values depend on the forms, evaluative modality can be achieved, otherwise these values result from a context or intonation and these evaluative modality can be classified into positive evaluation and negative evaluation. The forms of negative evaluation are final endings; `-eulra`, `-neundam` and `-neundana`, connective endings; `-neundapsigo`, `-eulsera` and `-daganeun`, and periphrastic constructions; `-ge sanggyeotda`, `-go deulda`, `-gi yilssuyida`, `-neun tongae`, `-ah daeda`, `-eun nameoji`, `-ratja` and so on. The forms of positive evaluation are to express wishes, which are not realized, or cannot be realized like `-go sipda/sipeohada` and `-eumyeon/neundamyeon molado`.

구어체 종결어미 ‘-을걸’의 양태 의미 연구

권영은 한국어의미학회 2020 한국어 의미학 Vol.67 No.-

The purpose of this study is to clarify the colloquial sentence final ending ‘-ulkel’ has polysemy between Epistemic-Event modality and to discuss the meaning and syntactic characteristics of ‘-ulkel’. When a sentence can be interpreted with more than two meanings, it has polysemy. ‘-ulkel’ can express the two meanings: Speculation and Regret. While there is less argument that ‘-ulkel’ belongs to Epistemic modality when it has the meaning of Speculation, it is controversial what modal category ‘-ulkel’ belongs to when it has the meaning of Regret. This study critically reviewed preceding literatures on the modality and analyzed syntactic and modal meanings of ‘-ulkel’. Through this process, it is revealed that the Regret meaning of ‘-ulkel’ is affiliated with Event modality when the subject(usually speaker) was able to control the state of affairs in the past. A speaker expresses Willingness to control the state of affairs in the past when ‘-ulkel’ is used as Event modality. However, it is impossible for the present speaker to control the state of affairs in the past. This is the reason why the speaker regrets. Also, the meaning of Regret may arise as a result of unreal conditions and speculation and, in this process, ‘-ulkel’ has Epistemic modality. When ‘-ulkel’ is used as Epistemic modality, it represents probability and has a meaning of speculation based on integrated knowledge. The results of this study can be used to establish the meaning of ‘-ulkel’ of Regret which has not been unified until now, and to prove the relation between Epistemic-Event modality.

청유 양태 표현의 문법 제약

한정한,이연주 고려대학교 한국언어문화학술확산연구소 2012 Journal of Korean Culture Vol.19 No.-

Among speech acts through the languages, there are statement, affirmation, report, promise, question, threat, imperative, suggestive imperative, request, suggestion, appreciation, forgive, welcome, congratulation, discharge, expulsion, naming, pronouncement etc. In Korean, these speech acts are mainly performing by concrete lexical items, but often time by some grammatical categories like modality. The purpose of this paper aims to examine how suggestive imperative actualize itself by modality in Korean. Modalities are used by the speaker in order to express, parenthetically, his opinion or attitude towards the proposition that the sentence expresses or the situation that the proposition describes (Lyons 1977:452). In this paper, we insist on 3-fold modality types, that is, modalization, modulation, sentence-types. In modalization, the commodity being exchanged is information, the modality relates to how valid the information is being presented as in terms of probability or usuality. And in modulation, the commodity is goods-and-services, the modality relates to how confident the speaker can appear to be in the eventual success of the exchange; this concerns the degree of obligation and the degree of willingness or inclination of the speaker to fulfill the offer. On this other hand, considering language like Korean, modality can be sub-divided into sentence-types which concerns speaker’s psychological attitude toward the listener or the speaker himself related into the proposition. In addition, unlike Indo-European languages, the sentence-types in Korean are not systemically expressed through verbal conjugations, which lead us into the conclusion that the sentence-types in Korean are not one of mood, but of modality. In this regard, we, in this paper, examine 5 suggestive imperative sentence-final endings through 10 different grammatical experiments, and show how they are different in actual sentence realization. 언어를 통해서 의사를 전달하는 담화 행위(speech act)에는 진술, 단언, 보고, 약속, 질문, 협박, 명령, 청유, 요청, 제안, 감사, 용서, 환영, 축하, 해고, 제명, 명명, 선고 등과 같은 다양한 방식이 있다. 국어에서 이러한 담화 행위들은 대부분 구체적인 어휘로 실현되지만 양태와 같은 문법 범주에 의해서 실현되기도 한다. 본고의 목적은 앞의 여러 담화 행위 중 ‘청유(請誘, suggestive imperative)’ 담화가 국어 양태 어미에서 어떻게 실현되는지를 살펴보는 것이다. 여기서 양태란 “명제에 대한 화자의 심리적 태도(Lyons 1977:452)”를 말하는 것으로, 본고에서는 양태를 인식양태, 행위양태 그리고 문장유형으로 나누는 3붙 체계를 주장한다. 여기서 인식 양태는 ‘정보 대상’으로서의 명제를 대상으로 하는 양태이며, 행위 양태는 ‘행위 대상’으로서의 명제를 대상으로 하는 양태를 말한다. 그런데 행위 양태는 의무의 정도(degree of obligation)와 의지의 정도(degree of willingness)에 따라서 의무 양태와 의지 양태로 나눌 수도 있고(Thompson 2004:67), 화/청자에 대해 가지는 심리적 태도에 따라서도 대타 조건 양태와 재귀 조건 양태로 분류될 수 있다. 본고에서는 전자의 양태만을 행위 양태라고 하고, 후자는 문장 유형으로 분리하여 명명하기로 한다. 이러한 관점에서 본고에서는 5가지 ‘-아3/-어2/-여2’, ‘-을까’, ‘-읍시다’, ‘-자3’, ‘-지2’ 청유형 종결어미에 대하여 10가지의 통사적 실험을 시도하여, 각각의 청유형들이 실제 문장에서 어떠한 차이를 가지는지를 상세히 밝혔다.

{-는걸}과 {-을걸}의 양태 의미 연구

김병건(Kim Byeong-keon) 한글학회 2015 한글 Vol.- No.309

본 논문에서는 {-는걸}과 {-을걸}의 양태 의미를 밝히고자 했다. 1장에서는 이 연구의 필요성과 목표를 밝히고, 2장에서는 이전 연구에 대해 검토했으며, 3장에서는 {-는걸}과 {-을걸}의 양태 의미를 밝혔다. 연구의 결과, {-는걸}은 화자의 [경험]을 바탕으로 얻은 정보를 명제 내용으로 가지는 [확실성]의 종결어미로 명제 내용이 제어 불가능했던 과거의 일이라면 [체념], 의외성을 가진 현재의 신정보라면 [감탄]의 감정 양태 의미를 가진다. 반면 {-을걸}은 비확실성 정보의 [개연성]을 [추정]하는 종결어미로 명제 내용이 제어 가능했던 과거의 일이라면 [후회]의 감정 양태 의미를 가진다. 4장은 본 논문의 결론으로, 논의된 내용을 정리했다. The aim of this study is to analyze the modality meaning of final endings {-neungeol} and {-eulgeol}. In Chapter Ⅰ, the purpose and necessity for this study. In Chapter Ⅱ, review of previous research. In Chapter Ⅲ, the modality meaning of final endings {-neungeol} and {-eulgeol} is analyzed. The result of the semantic analysis of the modality meaning of final endings {-neungeol} and {-eulgeol} is as follows. {-neungeol} is a [certainty] final ending which has the obtained information on the basis of [experience]. If propositional content is a thing of the past we can not control, {-neungeol} has a modality meaning [resignation], and if propositional content is a thing of new information with the unexpectedness, it has a modality meaning [exclamation] as a emotive modality. On the other hand, {-eulgeol} is a [inference] final ending which has used [probability] information on the uncertainties. If propositional content is a thing of the past we can control, {-eulgeol} has a modality meaning [regret] as a emotive modality. In Chapter Ⅳ, the research is concluded and the results of this research are summarized.