복합유기용제 폭로근로자의 혈액상변화에 관한 조사

류철인,이충렬 大韓産業醫學會 1997 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.9 No.4

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the hematological changes of workers exposed to mixed organic solvents and to search the organic solvent that bring out these changes. The study participants were 1,605 workers, consisting 1,088 workers (male 989, female 99) exposed to mixed organic solvents and 517 non-exposed workers (male 431, female 86). The authors analyzed the results of complete blood count and differential count of leukocytes of all the workers and examined all of the material safety data sheets of substances with which they dealt and the results of their working environmental surveys during the last 3 years. The results were as follows: 1. The mean values of complete blood count in workers exposed to mixed organic solvents were lower than that of non-exposed workers in WBC, RBC, hemoglobin and hematocrit in cases of male and RBC, hemoglobin and hematocrit in cases of female, but the mean value of platelet count in male exposed workers and WBC count in female exposed workers were higher than those of non-exposed workers. 2. The distribution of differential count of leukocytes showed no difference between exposed workers and non-exposed workers. 3. The correlation coefficients between age and duration of employment and WBC showed statistically a positive value and that between age and duration of employment and RBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit showed a statistically negative value in cases of male exposed to mixed organic solvents. But in cases of female there was no statistical correlation between them. 4. In cases of male the proportions of workers with subnormal levels of WBC, RBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit and platelet according to the standard of classification were higher than those of non-exposed workers. The proportions of exposed workers were 3.6%, 18.6%, 5.3%, 32.7% and 1.4% respectively and those of non-exposed workers were 2.8%, 10.7%, 2.1%, 13.9% and 0.2% respectively. 5. In cases of female the proportion of workers with subnormal levels of RBC, hemoglobin and hematocrit according to the standard of classification were higher than those of non-exposed workers. The proportion of exposed workers were 42.4%, 55.6% and 41.4% respectively and those of non exposed workers were 10.5%, 11.6% and 8.1% respectively. 6. The number of substances with which workers exposed to mixed organic solvents dealt were about 500, and 22 organic solvents such as xylene, toluene, isopropyl alcohol, 2-ethoxyethanol and 2-ethoxy ethyl acetate were main components of substances according to the material safety data sheet and working environmental surveys during the last 3 years. The authors suspect 2-ethoxyethanol and 2-ethoxy ethyl acetate of the organic solvents, which bring out the hematological changes of workers exposed to mixed organic solvents. As a result of this study, the authors confirmed the hematological changes of workers exposed to mixed organic solvents and recommend : strict management of working environment, working time and the protective equipments of workers exposed to mixed organic solvents.

알코올-물 혼합용액을 이용하는 Solvothermal 법에 의한 나노크기의 TiO₂ 제조

이상근,박성수,홍성수,박종명,이승호,김대성,이근대,Lee, Sang Geun,Park, Seong Soo,Hong, Seong Soo,Park, Jong Myung,Lee, Seung Ho,Kim, Dae Sung,Lee, Gun Dae 한국공업화학회 2011 공업화학 Vol.22 No.6

본 연구에서는 $TiCl_4$ 출발물질 및 알코올과 물의 혼합용액을 이용한 solvothermal 법을 통하여 나노 크기의 $TiO_2$를 제조하였다. 이 때 혼합용액 중의 알코올의 종류 및 그 조성이 생성되는 $TiO_2$ 입자들의 결정상 혹은 응집상태에 미치는 영향에 대해 조사하였다. 생성물들의 물성은 X-선 회절법과 투과 및 주사전자 현미경을 이용하여 분석하였다. 1-부탄올/물의 부피 비가 각각 다른 혼합용매(1-부탄올/물; 100/0, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75, 0/100)를 이용한 solvothermal 법에 있어서 얻어진 루틸상의 $TiO_2$ 입자들의 응집상태는 1-부탄올/물의 비에 따라 변하였으며, 1-부탄올/물의 75/25 부피 비에서 잘 분산된 $TiO_2$ 나노 입자가 얻어졌다. 알코올과 물의 비를 75/25로 고정시킨 혼합 용매를 이용한 solvothermal 법에 있어서 알코올의 종류에 따라 생성되는 $TiO_2$ 입자들의 결정상이 변함을 확인하였다. 즉 메탄올, 에탄올 및 이소프로필 알코올의 혼합용액을 사용한 경우에는 아나타제상의 입자가 얻어지며 1-부탄올 혼합용액을 사용하면 루틸상의 $TiO_2$ 입자가 생성되었다. 이상의 결과들로부터 출발물질로는 $TiCl_4$를 그리고 반응용매로 알코올과 물의 혼합용액을 이용하며 더 이상의 첨가제를 사용하지 않는 solvothermal 법에 있어서는, 단순히 혼합용액의 조성 또는 알코올의 종류를 변화시킴으로써 생성되는 $TiO_2$ 입자들의 분산성 향상 및 결정상 조절이 가능한 것을 확인할 수 있었다. In this study, a solvothermal reaction to prepare nanocrystalline titania was carried out using $TiCl_4$ and mixed solvents of alcohol and water. The effects of the type and the composition of alcohol on the crystal structure and agglomeration of final $TiO_2$ products were investigated. The products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In the solvothermal reaction using the n-butanol solutions with different volume ratios of n-butanol/water (100/0, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75, 0/100), the extent of agglomeration of obtained rutile $TiO_2$ was found to change with the volume ratio of n-butanol/water, and the n-butanol/water ratio of 75/25 revealed the best result for the preparation of well-dispersed nanocrystalline $TiO_2$ powders. The crystal phase of $TiO_2$ prepared through the solvothermal reaction changed with the type of alcohol in solvent (alcohol/water = 75/25). $TiO_2$ products obtained with the aqueous solutions of methanol, ethanol and isopropanol have an anatase phase, while that with n-butanol has a rutile phase. The results showed that, in the solvothermal reaction using both $TiCl_4$ as a starting material and the alcohol-water mixed solvents without any other additive, the enhancement of dispersion and control of crystal structure of $TiO_2$ products can be feasible by simply varying the composition and type of alcohol in the mixed solvents.

Extraction of benzene from a narrow cut of naphtha via liquid-liquid extraction using pure-sulfolane and 2-propanol-sulfolane-mixed solvents

Mohammad Nader Lotfollahi,Jafar Mahmoudi 한국화학공학회 2010 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.27 No.1

The extraction of benzene from a narrow cut of naphtha produced by the Iranian petrochemical company has been studied at the operating temperatures of 40, 45 and 50 oC, and four solvent-to-feed ratios (S/F) varied over the range of 1-4. Two extraction solvents, sulfolane as a pure-solvent and (sulfolane containing 7 wt% 2-propanol) as a mixed-solvent have been investigated for selective removal of benzene from the naphtha cut. The experimental results demonstrated that the mixed-solvent at 40 oC is a suitable solvent to replace sulfolane for an industrial extraction process for the separation of benzene from the naphtha cut because of its lower price and energy savings.

Effect of Mixed Solvents on the Structure and Properties of PLLA/PDLA Electrospun Fibers

Xing Cao,Wei Wang,Jinjing Hu,Jiaming Wan,Li Cui 한국섬유공학회 2020 Fibers and polymers Vol.21 No.5

The electrospinning of poly(L-lactic acid)/poly(D-lactic acid) (PLLA/PDLA) microfiber membranes were carriedout with dichloromethane (DCM), DCM/ethanol, DCM/acetone, DCM/hexane as the spinning solvent. Scanning electronmicroscope observation showed that the electrospun fiber obtained using DCM/ethanol (L/D-DE) mixed solvent washomogeneous without visible bead, which was better than any others. Moreover, plenty of pores could be found on thesurface of the fibers obtained using the mixed solvents. The porous structure of fibers was significantly influenced by theethanol (non-solvent) content. When the DCM/ethanol was 50:10 (v/v), the fibers were uniform and had isolated pores. XRDand DSC results indicated that the exclusive stereocomplex poly(lactide acid) (sc-PLA) crystallites without anyhomocrystallites poly(lactide acid) (hc-PLA) did form in all types of fibers. The crystallinity of sc-PLA in the L/D-DE fiberwas higher than other samples due to the slowest evaporation rate. TGA test further indicated that the thermal stabilities ofPLLA/PDLA electrospun fibers were slightly better than the PLLA. Furthermore, L/D-DE had the excellent mechanicalproperties and underwent the course of ductile fracture. Possible mechanisms accounting for the morphologies and tensileproperties were also proposed in this study.

복합유기용제 폭로 근로자와 종합검진 수검자와의 혈액 및 요검사 비교 분석

정귀원,전진호,김성준,엄상화,김대환,최성용,유영진,이채언 인제대학교 1994 仁濟醫學 Vol.15 No.1

복합유기용제에 노출되어 있는 산업장의 근로자와 노출된 기왕력이 없는 종합검진 수검자, 총 447명을 대상으로 1990년 1월 1일부터 1년간 부산백병원 건강관리과 및 종합검진센터에서 일반 혈액 검사와 요검사를 조사 ㆍ 분석한 결과 혈색소, 적혈구수 백혈구수 항목에서 두 군에서의 평균치는 모두 정상범위 이내였으나, 기준치 이하의 비정상을 비교에서는 상기 세항목이 두 군사이에 차이를 나타냈고, 폭로군에서 실시한 근무년수와의 상관관계에서도 세 항목 공히 역상관관계를 나타내었다. To evaluate the effects on health by exposure to mixed organic solvents, the authors analyzed some laboratory findings of blood(hemoglobin, RBC, WBC, SGOT, SGPT ) and urine(protein, blood, sugar) between chronic exposed workers of mixed organic solvents(male : 132, female : 64) and clients who received health examination(male : 133, female : 118) in Pusan Paik hospital. The subjects were 477 persons in total and the study period was from Jan. 1, 1990 through Dec. 31, 1990. The results are as follows ; 1.The mean values of each hematologic findings were all within normal limit but there were significant differences at hemoglobin, RBC and WBC except their twenties in male at the comparison of mean value between two groups. 2.There were significant defferences hemoglobin, RBC, WBC in male and hemoglobin, WBC in female at the comparison of distribution according to the clinical normal criteria in two groups. 3.There were no differences in urinalysis(protein, blood, sugar) through two groups. 4.In correlation, there were negative relation between working duration and hemoglobin, RBC and WBC through male and female subject, in exposed group. As a result of this study, it is considered that the measurement of WBC with morphology and differential analysis is significant in hematologic findings and Instead of spot urine and urinstix, microscopic and quantitative analysis with 24 hours urineis required in urinalysis at screening test for healthy status of workers who deal with the organic solvents.

PET 섬유의 캐리어 염색에 관한 연구

송경헌,이문수,이래연,Song, Kyoung-Hun,Lee, Mun-Soo,Lee, Rae-Yohon 배재대학교 자연과학연구소 1997 自然科學論文集 Vol.9 No.1

효과적인 캐리어로 알려진 벤질알콜, 벤즈알데히드, 아세트 페놀을 사용하여 PET섬유를 분산염료로 염색함에 있어 캐리어 종류에 따른 염색성 특히 혼합용매의 효과를 평가하고 아울러 일광견뢰도, 세탁견뢰도, 인장강도와 같은 염색후의 물성변화에 대해 연구 검토하였다. 실험결과 벤즈알데히드와 아세트페놀의 혼합용매에서 가장 우수한 염색성을 보였으며 효과적인 캐리어 작용은 일광견뢰도 및 인장강도와 같은 물성을 크게 떨어뜨리는 결과를 가져왔다. In this study, it was investigated about dyeability, light-fastness, wash-fastness and tensile strength in PET fiber using the effective carrier solvent such as benzyl alcohol, benzaldehyde and acetophenone. As a results, dyeability in mixed solvent was better than that of single solvent. And dyeability in mixed solvents of benzyl aldehyde and acetophenone was of them. But effective carrier action was resulted in decrease of properties such as light-fastness and tensile strength of PET fiber after dyeing.

알코올-물 혼합용액을 이용하는 Solvothermal 법에 의한 나노크기의 TiO2 제조

이상근 ( Sang Geun Lee ),박성수 ( Seong Soo Park ),홍성수 ( Seong Soo Hong ),박종명 ( Jong Myung Park ),이승호 ( Seung Ho Lee ),김대성 ( Dae Sung Kim ),이근대 ( Gun Dae Lee ) 한국공업화학회 2011 공업화학 Vol.22 No.6

본 연구에서는 TiCl4 출발물질 및 알코올과 물의 혼합용액을 이용한 solvothermal 법을 통하여 나노 크기의 TiO2를 제조하였다. 이 때 혼합용액 중의 알코올의 종류 및 그 조성이 생성되는 TiO2 입자들의 결정상 혹은 응집상태에 미치는 영향에 대해 조사하였다. 생성물들의 물성은 X-선 회절법과 투과 및 주사전자 현미경을 이용하여 분석하였다. 1-부탄올/물의 부피 비가 각각 다른 혼합용매(1-부탄올/물; 100/0, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75, 0/100)를 이용한 solvothermal 법에 있어서 얻어진 루틸상의 TiO2 입자들의 응집상태는 1-부탄올/물의 비에 따라 변하였으며, 1-부탄올/물의 75/25 부피 비에서 잘 분산된 TiO2 나노 입자가 얻어졌다. 알코올과 물의 비를 75/25로 고정시킨 혼합 용매를 이용한 solvothermal 법에 있어서 알코올의 종류에 따라 생성되는 TiO2 입자들의 결정상이 변함을 확인하였다. 즉 메탄올, 에탄올 및 이소프로필 알코올의 혼합용액을 사용한 경우에는 아나타제상의 입자가 얻어지며 1-부탄올 혼합용액을 사용하면 루틸상의 TiO2 입자가 생성되었다. 이상의 결과들로부터 출발물질로는 TiCl4를 그리고 반응용매로 알코올과 물의 혼합용액을 이용하며 더 이상의 첨가제를 사용하지 않는 solvothermal 법에 있어서는, 단순히 혼합용액의 조성 또는 알코올의 종류를 변화시킴으로써 생성되는 TiO2 입자들의 분산성 향상 및 결정상 조절이 가능한 것을 확인할 수 있었다. In this study, a solvothermal reaction to prepare nanocrystalline titania was carried out using TiCl4 and mixed solvents of alcohol and water. The effects of the type and the composition of alcohol on the crystal structure and agglomeration of final TiO2 products were investigated. The products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In the solvothermal reaction using the n-butanol solutions with different volume ratios of n-butanol/water (100/0, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75, 0/100), the extent of agglomeration of obtained rutile TiO2 was found to change with the volume ratio of n-butanol/water, and the n-butanol/water ratio of 75/25 revealed the best result for the preparation of well-dispersed nanocrystalline TiO2 powders. The crystal phase of TiO2 prepared through the solvothermal reaction changed with the type of alcohol in solvent (alcohol/water = 75/25). TiO2 products obtained with the aqueous solutions of methanol, ethanol and isopropanol have an anatase phase, while that with n-butanol has a rutile phase. The results showed that, in the solvothermal reaction using both TiCl4 as a starting material and the alcohol-water mixed solvents without any other additive, the enhancement of dispersion and control of crystal structure of TiO2 products can be feasible by simply varying the composition and type of alcohol in the mixed solvents.

Preparation of barium sulphate nanocrystals in ethanol - water mixed solvents

V. Ramaswamy,R. M. Vimalathithan,V. Ponnusamy 한양대학교 세라믹연구소 2011 Journal of Ceramic Processing Research Vol.12 No.2

Precipitation of nanoparticles is an important production procedure in industry to receive nano materials that are widely used in many fields. The product properties are strongly dependent on the properties of the particles i.e., average size, size distribution and morphology. The specific properties and applications of barium sulphate nanoparticles have attracted intensive investigation. There are numerous tedious techniques for synthesis of nano particles. However, in this study, barium sulphate nanoparticles were successfully synthesized using an ordinary chemical precipitation technique. Barium sulphate nanoparticles were synthesized using barium chloride and ammonium sulphate as reagents by an ordinary precipitation process in the presence of ethanol/water mixed solvents. Different compositions of ethanol/water mixed solvents were taken for this synthesis process. Precipitated samples were characterized using scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The size and morphology were determined using XRD and SEM techniques respectively. From the XRD results, the sizes of the particles ranged from 85nm to 54nm. The particle sizes are decreased when the vol.% of ethanol is increased.

복합유기용제 노출로 인한 밀초신경장해의 조기진단에 있어 신경전도 검사가 유용한가?

조종훈,정해관,정철,임현술,전재용,류기형 東國大學校醫學硏究所 2003 東國醫學 Vol.10 No.2

목적 : 복합유기용제에 저농도의 유기용제에 장기간 노출된 근로자들에서 말초신경병증을 조기진단 함에 있어서 신경전도 검사의 유용성을 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 다섯 곳의 공장에 근무하는 근로자들 중 노출군 21명과 대조군 20명을 선정하고 두 그룹의 근로자들로부터 종사 기간, 현재 작업에 근무한 기간 그리고 흡연력 등을 포함하는 직업력 및 일반적인 병력을 설문지를 통해 조사하였으며 요중 대사산물인 톨루엔, 크실렌, 스틸렌을 분석하고 진동감각역치 검사, 신경전도 검사, 그리고 색도분별 검사를 시행하였다. 결과 : 두 그룹간에 연령, 흡연 습관, 종사기간 및 현재 작업에 근무한 기간은 중요한 차이를 보이지 않았다(p>0.05). 신경전도 검사, Lanthony desaturated D-15 검사, 진동감각역치 검사는 의미있는 차이를 보이지 않았다(p>0.05). 신경전도 검사와 색도분별 검사, 색도분별 검사와 진동감각역치 검사, 신경전도 검사와 진동감각역치 검사간에는 의미 있는 상관 관계를 보이지 않았다(p>0.05). 결론 : 이에 본 연구에서 신경전도 검사는 복합유기용제에 저농도로 노출된 근로자에게서 말초신경병증을 조기 진단하는데 유용하지 않다고 생각한다. Objectives: To evaluate the utility of nerve conduction study in screening of peripheral polyneuropathy among workers with a low level exposure to mixed organic solvents. Methods: An exposure group of 21 workers and reference group of 20 workers were selected from different sections of the five factories. Workers of both groups were examined with a questionnaire on the occupational and general history, including duration of employment, of present job, and smoking. Urinary metabolites of toluene, xylene, and styrene were analysed. The vibration perception threshold test, the nerve conduction study, and the color discrimination test were done. Results: There were no significant differences in age, smoking habits, and duration of employment and present job (p>0.05) between the groups. There were no significant difference in parameters of nerve conduction study, Lanthony desaturated D-l5 test, and vibration perception threshold examination (p>0.05). There were no significant correlations between the nerve conduction study with the color discrimination test, the color discrimination test with the vibration perception threshold test, and the nerve conduction study with the vibration perception threshold test (p>0.05). Conclusions: The result suggests that the nerve conduction study is not universally useful for the screening of the workers with a low level exposure to mixed solvents.

복합 유기용제 취급 근로자의 혈액 및 뇨검사 결과 분석

정귀원,김대환,엄상화,김성준,김정호,문선순,전진호,김용완,Jeong, K.W.,Kim, D.H.,Ohm, S.H.,Kim, S.J.,Kim, J.H.,Moon, S.S.,Chun, J.H.,Kim, Y.W. 대한예방의학회 1991 Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Vol.24 No.3

To evaluate the effects on health by exposure to mixed organic solvents, the author analyzed some labortory findings of blood (hemoglobin, hematocrit RBC, WBC, SGOT, SGPT) and urine (protein, blood, sugar) that were obtained from 722 workers (male:446, female:276) who worked in plywood, painting and shoes factories in Pusan area from January to December, 1990. The result were as follows ; 1. The mean values of each hematologic findings were all within normal limit but there were significant differences at hematocrit, RBC, WBC, SGOT in male and at WBC, SGPT in female at the comparison of the mean values and the distribution according to the normal criteria by type of work. 2. There were no differences in urinalysis(protein, blood, sugar) by type of work. 3. In stepwise multiple regression, analysis of hematologic findings on age, working duration and type of work, regression coefficients on age and type of work were relatively high in male and female sub1, respectively. As a result of this study, it is considered that the measurement of WBC with morphology is significant in hematologic findings and instead of spot urine and urinstix, 24 hours urine and quantitative analysis is required in urinalysis in screening test for healthy status of workers who deal with the organic solvents.