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金容完 제주대학교 1994 논문집 Vol.38 No.-
There were lost of large thief troops, which appeared in every parts of the whole country at the vefinning of southern Sung Dynasty. The central government of southern Sung dunasty, therefore, established many Chens(鎭) in the frontier. The main reason to establish Chens(鎭) was not to subdue them but to get their support by lending them some territories in order to reinforce the ruling power of the central government. The central government of southern Sung Dunasty had established 28 Chens(鎭) in 52 prefectures(7府ㆍ36州ㆍ9軍) of 7 province from may of the fourth year of Chienyen(建炎, 1130) to April of the third year of Shaohsing(紹興), which lasted up to April of the fifth year of Shaohsing(紹興, 1133). The average lasting period of each Chen(鎭) was one year and seven months and the average occupying area of each Chen(鎭) was 2.7 prefecture(府ㆍ州ㆍ軍). There were only 12 Chens(鎭) whose ruling power transmited more than two generations. All the Chens(鎭) fo Southern Sung dunasty were ceased to exist as a matter of coures within 5 years because the central government oet them disappear naturally or destroy by compelling force. Chenfushih(鎭撫使) had the right of public finance, the right of army commandership, the right of personel mansgement and the right of transmitting his ruling power to his next generation. Under the position of Chenfushih(鎭撫使), there were staff officers ; Chenfufushih(鎭撫副史), Ts'anikuan(參議官), Ssulits'anchun(司理參軍) etc. and the archives and documents bureaucrat; Shuhsiehchiiwentzu(書寫機宜文字), Chukuanchiiwentzu(主管機宜文字) etc. and odd business bureaucrat; kanpankungshih(幹辦公事), chunpeich'ach'ien(准備差遣), Chunpeishissuan(准備使喚) etc. and Yingt'ienkuan(營田官); Yingt'ienshih(營田使), Yingt'ienkuan(營田官), Fuyingt'ienkuan(副營田官) etc. and generals; Tut'ungchih(都統制), T'ungtut'ungchih(同都統制), Futut'ungchih(副都統制), T'ungfutut'ungchih(同副都統制), T'ungchih(統制), T'ungling(統領), Puchiang(部將), Pichiang(裨將) etc.
그룹 ‘Toto’의 팝&록 발라드 전개과정과 특징 -<I Won’t Hold You Back>의 기타 연주법 분석을 중심으로-
김용완,방수경 사단법인 미래융합기술연구학회 2022 아시아태평양융합연구교류논문지 Vol.8 No.3
본 연구는 다양한 수상 이력이 붙은 스티브 루카서의 음악에 대해서 대중적인 팝 요소와 그룹 사운드의 강렬한 사운드인 록의 사운드를 합하여 구현해낸 팝&록 발라드 차원에서 분석하고자 한다. 1982년에 발매된 토토의 네 번째 앨범 「TotoⅣ」는 토토의 이름을 대중에게 명확히 알리게 된 앨범으로 평가된다. 「TotoⅣ」에 수록된 곡 중 <I Won’t Hold You Back>는 1983년 그래미 시상식 여섯 개 부문에서 수상작으로 선정될 정도로 토토를 대중에게 각인시킨 결정적 곡인데, 이 곡을 스티브 루카서가 작곡하였기 때문이다. 세 가지 분석 방법인 형식, 화성, 선율로 구분하여 집중분석하였다. 형식으로는 인트로, 벌스, 프리코러스, 코러스 그리고 솔로로 나누어 마디 수 및 반복 부분을 분석하였고, 화성으로는 곡에서 사용된 코드의 바리에이션을 살펴보았으며, 선율로는 스티브 루카서의 솔로연주가 사용된 선율을 중심으로 코드톤 및 논 코드톤을 적용하여 분석을 진행하였다. 변칙적인 마디 사용과 서브도미넌트의 사용으로 인한 긴장감 유도 그리고 코드톤 중심인 솔로를 밴딩 및 비브라토 그리고 옥타브 주법을 중심으로 적은 노트 수와 긴 서스테인을 활용하며 연주하는 프레이즈로 정적인 연주로 또 다른 표현방법을 제시한 것을 확인할 수 있다. This study aims to analyze Steve Lukather’s music with various awards at the level of pop and rock ballad. It is implemented by combining popular pop elements and rock sound, which is the intense sound of group sound.. The fourth album of Toto, “TotoⅣ”, released in 1982, is evaluated as an album that made Toto’s name clear to the public. Among the songs included in “TotoⅣ”, <I Won’t Hold You Back> is a decisive song that imprinted Toto to the public to such an extent as to be selected as the winner of the 1983 Grammy Awards in six categories, and Steve Lukather wrote the song himself. Three analysis methods, classified as song form, harmony, and melody, were used to analyze the music intensively. In the song form, the number of bars and repetition were analyzed by dividing into introduction, verses, and chorus parts, and in the harmony, the variation of the code used in the song was examined, and the melody, the analysis was conducted by applying code tone and non-code tone centering on the melody used by Steve Lucaser’s solo performance. It can be seen the song presented another way to express the static performance through three methods, to induce tension by the use of anomalous bars and subdominants, to play chord tone centered solo by banding and vibrato, and to play a phrase using a small number of notes and a long sustain, focused on an octave technique.