종합격투기의 기원과 우리나라 도입 및 확산

김복희,박세림 대한무도학회 2020 대한무도학회지 Vol.22 No.3

The purpose of this study is to trace the origin of the mixed martial arts and to specify the introduction and spread of mixed martial arts and mixed martial arts in Korea, and the results are as follows. First, Pancration in ancient Greece was created by Theseus and Hercules, first introduced at the 33rd Olympiad in 648 B.C.E., and the origin of modern mixed martial arts as the most primitive fighting sport using all the techniques of the body, similar to that of a modern mixed martial arts. Second, the current mixed martial arts originated in the Brazilian Balitudo race in the 1920s. Gracie Jiu-Jitsu masters laid the basis for the American mixed martial arts in the late 1970s, and Antonio Inoki introduced the mixed martial arts in Japan in the 1970s. The proliferation of mixed martial arts has spread worldwide since the 1993 US Ultimate Fighting Championships(UFC) and the 2000 US Mixed Martial Arts Regulations. Third, Korea’s first comprehensive martial arts fight, Procaster, was founded in 1964 and held a competition, but disappeared because it was not approved by the Ministry of Education. Since then, the mixed martial arts have been revived with the formation of the martial arts research group in 2000, the first MMA club by Lee Dong-gi in 2001, and Kim Jong-wang and Han Tae-yoon, who played as Pancras players in Japan, acting as domestic leaders. It spread in 2003 with the launch of the Spirit MC. 본 연구는 종합격투기의 기원을 추적하고, 종합격투기 및 우리나라 종합격투기의 도입과 확산에대하여 구체적으로 밝히고자 하는데 목적이 있으며, 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 고대 그리스의 판크라티온은 테세우스와 헤라클레스에 의해 창안되었으며, 기원전 648년 제33회 올림피아드에서최초로 도입되었고 신체의 모든 기술을 사용하는 가장 원시적인 격투스포츠로 현대 종합격투기와흡사하다. 둘째, 현재의 종합격투기는 1920년대 브라질의 발리투도 경기에 기원을 두고 있는데, 1970 년대 후반 그레이시 주짓수 사범들은 미국 종합격투기의 기반을 세웠고, 1970년대 안토니오 이노키는 일본에 종합격투기를 도입했다. 종합격투기의 확산은 1993년 미국의 얼티밋 파이팅 챔피언십(UFC) 대회, 2000년 미국 종합격투기 규정 제정 이후 전 세계로 확산되었다. 셋째, 우리나라 최초의종합격투기인 프로케스처는 1964년 창립되어 대회를 하였으나 문교부의 단체등록 인가를 받지 못하여 사라졌다. 그 후 종합격투기는 2000년 격투기 연구모임 암록 결성, 2001년 이동기가 최초로 MMA 클럽을 창설, 일본에서 판크라스 선수로 활동한 김종왕과 한태윤이 국내 지도자로 활동하면서 부활되었고, 2003년 종합격투기 대회 ‘스피릿MC’가 출범되면서 확산되었다.

12주간의 종목별 무도 수련을 통한 운동체력요소 비교

김상진,김원경,김진선 한국스포츠학회 2018 한국스포츠학회지 Vol.16 No.4

Modern society's industrialization has led to the acceptance of even bad cultures opposed to good developed cultures (Kim Sang-jin, 2015). This prompts the occurrence of brutal crimes. Our society is growing increasingly brutal and the "don't ask"-type crimes against anyone are also increasing, thus leading to general people growing increasingly anxious and fearful about crimes(Kim Min-jung, 2015). The "don't ask"-type crimes are committed between the suspects and the victims who have nothing to do each other or against a unspecified number of people with no reasons for crimes. The "don't ask"-type crimes are committed as the criminals often randomly wield their prepared weapons, leading the victims to suffer significant injuries or even deaths in many cases. According to the data released by the Supreme Court in September 2015, the "don't ask"-type murders or attempted murders increased yearly from 4 cases in the 2000s to 35 cases after 2010 with the crime patterns growing heinous. (Park Mun-gak, 2015) Amid this situation, people need athletic activities through martial arts training so as to not only protect themselves but defend their family members against crimes. On August 22, 2012 when the "don't ask"-type crime involving knife wielding occurred in Yeouido, Seoul, the only citizens who could suppress the knife wielding crime were found to be the mixed martial arts and martial arts master degree holders, professor Lee Gak-su and former Presidential Office security guard Kim Jung-gi (Lee In-young, 2012). In addition, in October 2012 when a taxi driver was physically attacked in a "don't ask" crime in the heart of Gangnam, it was the mixed martial arts champion Kim Ji-hun who suppressed the attacker and transferred him to police.(Go Sang-min, 2012). Given this, martial arts training is believed to help defend not only the trainee himself but also people around him. Martial arts training, however, have been focused on boxing, Judo, Taekwondo, wrestling, and the like with even the focus seeming to be put on elite's athletic activities rather than on ordinary-life athletic activities. Given this, it is deemed that there is a need to develop the martial arts training methods to which general people can have an easy access and that are effective. This study thus seeks to compare the standing strike boxing, ground-performance Jujitsu, and mixed martial arts involving all of standing strike and ground performance, and to verify what influence applies to athletic fitness factors by form of martial arts so as to present the exercise method development methods. Furthermore, this study aims to develop better martial arts training methods so as to enable a greater number of people to participate in the exercise of martial arts. 현대사회 산업화는 좋은 선진문화와 상반되는 나쁜 문화 또한 받아 드리게 되었다(김상진, 2015). 이러한 현상에 따른 흉폭한 범죄들이 일어나고 있는 실정이다. 사회가 갈수록 흉폭 해지고 일면식도 없는 사람들을 대상으로 하는 묻지마 범죄 또한 증가함에 따라 일반국민의 범죄에 불안과 공포가 증가하고 있다(김민정, 2015). 묻지마 범죄는 피의자와 피해자와의 관계에 아무런 상관관계가 존재하지 않거나, 범죄 자체에 이유가 없이 불특정의 대상을 상대로 행해지는 범죄 행위를 말한다. 묻지마 범죄는 사전에 준비한 흉기를 무차별적으로 휘두르는 경우가 많아 피해자가 큰 부상을 입거나, 사망에 이르는 경우가 많다. 대법원이 2015년 9월 발표한 자료에 따르면 묻지마 살인 또는 살인 미수가 2000년대 4건에서 2010년 이후 35건으로 늘어나 범죄의 양태가 점점 흉악해지고 있는 것으로 나타났다.(박문각, 2015) 이러한 실정에 사회에서 자기 자신 보호뿐만 아니라, 가족과 주변을 지킬 수 있는 무도수련을 통한 체육활동이 필요하다고 생각된다. 실제로 2012년 8월 22일 서울 여의도에서 벌어진 묻지마 범죄 칼부림 사건에서 칼부림을 막은 시민은 이종격투기 및 무술유단자인 이각수 교수와 청와대 경호실 출신 김정기 씨였다(이인영, 2012). 또한 2012년 10월 강남 한복판에서 택시기사님을 묻지마 폭행하는 현장에서 가해자를 제압해 경찰에게 인계한 사건도 종합격투기 김지훈 선수였다.(고상민, 2012). 이러한 점에서 볼 때 무도 수련은 자신뿐 아니라 주변까지 지킬 수 있다고 판단된다. 하지만 무도는 지금까지 복싱, 유도, 태권도, 레슬링 등등에 종목별 운동으로만 수련을 해왔으며 그 또한 생활체육에 계념보다 엘리트 체육에만 치중된 경향을 보인다. 이러한 현상에서 일반인들이 쉽게 접 할 수 있고 효과적인 무도 운동법 개발이 필요 하다고 판단되어 진다. 본 연구에서는 스탠딩 타격기 복싱과 그라운드에서 이루어지는 주짓수와 스탠딩 타격, 그라운드 모두 포함되어 있는 종합격투기를 비교해 종목별 운동체력요소에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 검증해 무도 운동법의 발전방안을 제시하고 더 나은 무도 운동법으로 발전시켜 보다 많은 사람들이 참여 할 수 있도록 하는 것에 본 연구에 목적이 있다.

스포츠사회학 : 이종격투기의 세계화: 탈근대와 전근대의 만남

박수정(SooJungPark),정희준(HeeJoonChung) 한국체육학회 2004 한국체육학회지 Vol.43 No.4

This article attempted to take a view of Mixed Martial Art that has appeared at Korean socity recently through sociocultural approach. Investigator had deduced result through depth interview and nonpariticipation observation, literature investigation with Mixed Martial Art amateur manias for this. Mixed Martial Art that have existed at underground for a long time has been globalized since 1990 and passes over national, racial boundary ccording to commercial strategy of the United States of America and Japan. Subject that Mixed Martial Art does as can advent at Korean societ is 'Generation which is no border' that grow within globalism and the path is Internet community in cyberspace. Therefore, Mixed Martial Art became a 'Goods that is no border'. Instinctive special quality of Mixed Martial Art gives past nostalgia through representation satisfaction to grobal infinity competition and persons who is neglected on civilized society and great scale and planning ability, production power makes new cultural experience with mixing postmodernity images. This is, mixs various elements, makes by interesting spectacle and rebirth by one hybrid sports for pursuit of pleasure and interest. Mixed Martial Art stardom is created as 'Private hero' by inclination that is reconstructed from space of symbol and image than 'Ethnic hero' now here

Martial Methods: A Taekwondo-based Program to Improve Classroom Performance and Playground Behavior in Primary School-aged Students

( Youngho Bae ),( Chris Chapparo ),( Joanne Hinit ),( Amanda Parsons ) 국제태권도학회 2017 International Symposium for Taekwondo Studies Vol.2017 No.-

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine whether participation in a Taekwondo martial arts program resulted in improvement in classroom performance and playground behavior in male primary-school-aged students. A study was conducted to measure the success of using martial arts activities to address behavioral regulation and motor skill outcomes for typical boys in primary school grades. We hypothesized that after a mixed martial arts (MMA) program that including Taekwondo, 1 time per week for one school term (8 weeks), boys in typical primary grades 3 and 4 would show improved behavioral regulation and motor skills as measured by the PRPP Classroom Performance Rating Scale (CPRS) and a teacher-generated achievement scale. Methods: The participants were 45 boys in typical Grade 3 and Grade 4 with no formal diagnoses identified by the school. The study design was a non-equivalent group comparison design. Group selection was made by parent nominated participation in the program. Teachers blinded to students who did/did not receive program. The study was conducted at a Catholic school in Sydney’s North Shore. The school principal indicated need for a program to address the previously observed behavior of Grade 4 boys in particular. Data from students who initially nominated to participate in the program but did not participate for at least 6 weeks were eliminated. Group 1 was the No Martial Arts/Control Group (n = 15), and Group 2 was the Martial Arts Group (n = 30). Comparison of scores obtained by Control and Martial Arts groups on all measures at week one of the program indicated no significant difference with data normally distributed within the two groups. To obtain subsequent results, a paired t-test was carried out on Group 2’s pre- and post-group average scores to determine the magnitude of change between pre- and post-scores on the CPRS and Teacher Achieve ment Subscales. An independent sample t-test was carried out on change scores (difference between pre- and post-tests) to determine the difference between Control and Martial Arts group scores on CPRS and Achievement Scales. Results: Results demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in the students who participated in the 8-week program. Those results are as follows: CPRS scores (p < 0.001), Respect Achievement Scale (p<0.018), Self-discipline and Regulation Achievement Scale (p < 0.001); Motor Achievement Scale (p < 0.001). Differences in changes noted by teachers between control group and martial arts group revealed a significant difference between Group 1 and Group 2 in improvement in Classroom Behaviour Rating Scale scores, Self-discipline and Regulation Scale, and Motor Achievement Scale. No significant difference in improvements was noted for the Respect Achievement Scale. Conclusions: Boys in Grades 3 and 4 who participated in a MMA activity program based in Taekwondo over one school term were rated by their teachers as demonstrating greater improvement in classroom performance, self-discipline, and motor skills than those boys who did not participate. This initial research data resulted in a larger sample collection across male and female students from all primary education years. Results of this further study will be released in June 2017. Reasons for the improvement will be explored and discussed in the paper.

종합격투기 동호인들의 참여경험에 관한 내러티브 탐구

임성진 ( Seong Jin Leem ),이원일 ( Weon Il Lee ) 중앙대학교 학교체육연구소 2020 Asian Journal of Physical Education of Sport Scien Vol.8 No.3

본 연구의 목적은 종합격투기 동호인들의 참여경험을 통해 그들이 종합격투기에 참여하고 무엇을 경험하고 있으며, 어떻게 변화되어 가는지를 알아보고자 하는 데 있다. 이를 위해 종합격투기에 참여하는 6명의 연구참여자를 선정하여 연구를 수행하였다. 자료 분석은 귀납적 분석 방법을 사용하였으며 연구 참여자들 각각의 내러티브 형식으로 결과를 기술하였다. 6명의 내러티브를 토대로 이루어진 예비 종합격투기인의 모습, 종합격투기인 되어가기, 종합격투기인으로 살아가기라는 주제로 풀어나갔다. 본 연구의 결과를 통해서 종합격투기 동호인들의 참여경험을 통해 그들이 어떠한 동기로 참여하고 어떻게 참여하고 어떻게 변화되어 가는지를 알아볼 수 있었다. 종합격투기라는 스포츠가 우리에게 아직은 위험하고 관람 스포츠라는 인식이 존재하지만 본 연구의 결과들을 토대로 종합격투기에 대한 인식의 전환이 이루어졌으면 한다. The purpose of this study was to find out they participate in and experience what they are changing through the experience of the participation of the mixed martial arts. To this end, six study participants in a mixed martial art using the nomadic sampling method. For data analysis, an inductive analysis method was used, and the results were described in a narrative format for each research participant. As a result Based on the narrative of six people, the theme was to become a preliminary general martial artist, become a general martial artist, and live as a general martial artist. Through the results of this study, it was possible to find out what motives they participated in, how they participated, and how they are changing through the participation experiences of martial arts martial artists. Although there is a perception that sports, which was a mixed martial art, is still dangerous to us, it was hoped that the perception of a mixed martial art will be converted based on the results of this study.

이종격투기 관람만족요인이 충성도 및 재관람의사에 미치는 영향

김정헌(Jeong Heon Kim),신승엽(Seung Yup Shin),육종술(Jong Sul Youk) 한국사회체육학회 2009 한국사회체육학회지 Vol.0 No.37

The purposes of this study are analyzing the factors to improve the number of spectators, finding out what makes them repurchase the tickets for Mixed Martial Arts, and providing basic data for Mixed Martial Arts` marketing strategies. The subjects of this research were spectators who participated in mixed martial arts` tournament. By appling the SPSSWIN 12.0 program, the response were treated in reliability, correlation, and regression analysis. Those research methods and procedures led to the following conclusions: First, the spectator satisfaction, loyalty, and re-attend intention of mixed martial arts were showed corelation. Second, Special favors, facilities, events for the fans, and facilities` environment of spectator satisfaction are related to revisit and satisfaction for mixed martial arts.

무도종목별 이미지 비교분석

신승호(Seung-Ho Shin),권중기(Jung-Ki Kwon) 대한검도학회 2005 대한검도학회지 Vol.21 No.2

본 연구에는 무도종목별 이미지의 비교분석을 통하여 검도, 태권도, 합기도, 유도장을 경영하는 관리자들에게 효율적인 경영을 위한 기초 자료를 제공하고자 한다. 이와 같은 목적을 달성하기 위한 조사 대상은 서울에 거주하는 고등학교 재학생을 포함한 성인남녀 일반인을 모집단으로 설정하고, 편의할 당표집법(convenient quota sampling)을 이용하여 총 452부를 회수하여 연구에 사용되었다. 이 연구를 위해 사용된 설문지의 신뢰도 Cronbach‘s α 값은 .660~.842로 나타났으며, 요인분석(Factor analysis)을 통해 타당도를 확보하였다. 자료처리는 SPSS V12.0을 이용하여 빈도분석(Frequency analysis), 기술통계(Descriptive statistics), 독립 t-test(Independent t-test), 일원변량 분석(one-way ANOVA), 다차원척도법(Multidimensional scaling)을 사용하였다. 전체적으로 무도 종목들 중에서 검도와 태권도의 이미지가 대중들에게 보다 긍정적인 속성들을 많이 포함하고 있는 반면에, 합기도와 유도는 상대적으로 긍정적인 속성들에 대한 인식이 낮게 나왔다. 이제는 무도 도장을 개관하고 수련생들을 앉아서 기다리는 시대는 이미 지났다. 일선의 무도 도장 경영자들은 대중들이 인식하고 있는 자기 종목에 대한 긍정적인 속성과 부정적인 속성들을 파악하여 긍정적인 이미지는 유지, 발전시키고 부정적인 이미지는 수정, 보완시키고, 각 종목의 특성에 맞는 장기적인 측면의 경영활성화 방안을 모색해야 할 것이다. This study was to examine the image of Martial-art in order to provide basic data for effective management of private Martial-arts club such as Kumdo, Taekwondo, Hapkido, and Judo. To achieve this purpose, survey method was used and 452 subjects were collected. The questionnaire obtained reliability through 'Cronbach's ? as .660~.842 and validity was acquired by using 'factor analysis'. For analysing data, SPSS V12.0 was used and 'frequency analysis', 'descriptive statistic', 'independent t-test', 'one-way ANOVA' were adopted. The following results were derived. First, Kumdo, Taekwondo, Hapkido, and Judo were high in order in preference of martial-art image. Second, in product among marketing mix factors, Kumdo was the highest in suitability of women training, getting rid of stress, age restriction, and concentrating attention and Taekwondo was higher than Hapkido and Judo in developing physical strength. Third, in place, Kumdo was the highest in safety facility, scale, and subsidiary facility. In addition Taekwondo was the highest in martial-art's location. Forth, in price(registration fee and equipment), Kumdo was the highest. Fifth, in promotion(international image, game rule, and training way), Taekwondo was the highest, sixth, Judo(concentration), Hapki-do, Taekwondo(safety facility) and Kumdo(registration fee and equipment) were not similar to other martial-arts at similarity of marketing mix image in each martial-art. On the other hand, Hapkido and Kum-do as well as Judo and taekwondo were similar in game rule and training way.

인문,사회과학편 : 무도종목별 이미지 분석을 통한 합기도장 경영 활성화 방안

신승호(SeungHoShin),권중기(JungKiKwon) 한국체육학회 2006 한국체육학회지 Vol.45 No.1

This study was to offer how to activate management in Hapki-do club through analysis of martial arts image in order to provide basic data, which can overcome spontaneously difficulties in Hapki-do dub. Besides, it gives some practical aid to management of Hapki-ido club to establish superiority in other martial arts competition.To achieve this purpose, this study choose the samples targeting those who are high school students and publics living in Seoul. Total 540 questionnaires were distributed to seven regions v\tee concentrate on Hapki-do club in Seoul by using convenient quota sampling. The 452 subjects(withdrawal ratio 83.7%) were analyzed. The questionnaire which was used for this study obtained reliability through Cronbach's a as .660~.842 and validity was acquired by using 'factor analysis'. For analyzing data, SPSS V12.0 was used and ’Frequency analysis’, ’Descriptive statistic’, ’Independent t-test’, and ’one-way ANOVA' were adopted.According to the study procedures, this study was analyzed and following conclusions were derived as follows. First, Kum-do, Taekwon-do, Hapki-do, and ju-do were high in order in preference of martial arts image. Second, in product among marketing mix factors, Kum-do was the highest in suitability of women training, getting rid of stress, age restriction, and concentrating attention and Taekwon-do was higher than Hapki-do and Judo in developing physical strength. Third, in place, Kunvdo was the highest in safety facility, scale, and subsidiary facility. In addition Taekwon-do was the highest in martial arts location Forth, in price(registration fee and equipment), Kum-do was the highest. Fifth, in promotion(intemational image, game rule, and training way), Taekwon-do was the highest. Sixth, Judofconcentration), Hapki-do, Taekwon-do(safety facility) and Kuin-do(registration fee and equipment) were not similar to other martial arts at similarity of marketing mix image in each martial arts. On the other hand, Hapki-do and Kunvdo as well as Judo and Taekwon-do were similar in game rule and training way.

종합격투기 수련생들의 열정이 수련만족 및 대회참가의도에 미치는 영향

공성배(Kong, Seong-Bae),한대호(Han, Dae-Ho),박성배(Park, Seong-Bae),김종철(Kim, Jong-Chul) 한국체육과학회 2015 한국체육과학회지 Vol.24 No.1

This study examined the effect of Mixed-martial Arts trainee’s passion on training satisfaction and contest participation intention. The research was made with 330 trainees from martial arts gym which are located in Seoul, Kyunggi, and Incheon province. Survey data were collected through survey questionnaires and were analyzed with SPSS 18.0 programs. The results of this study based on above methods and procedures were as followings. First, compulsion and harmony passion which are sub factors of passion had positive effect on physical and social satisfaction which are sub factors of training satisfaction. Meanwhile, harmony passion sub factor of passion had positive effect on social satisfaction. Second, compulsion and harmony passion sub factors of passion had positive effect on contest participation intention. Third, physical and social satisfaction sub factors of training satisfaction had positive effect on contest participation intention.

Gyeolryeon Game Method in the Korean Martial Art of Taekkyeon

( Yeong Man Kim ),( Jong Kyun Choi ) 국제태권도학회 2017 International Symposium for Taekwondo Studies Vol.2017 No.-

The purpose of the study is shed new light on Gyeolryeon Taekkyeon, thereby contributing to the restoration of the original form of the Taekkyeon game. This study investigated Gye-olryeon Taekkyeon through literature reviews by searching for preceding studies and interviews as qualitative research. The conclusions are as follows. First, the game method of Gyeolryeon Taekkyeon is a winning streak game in which a player plays until he/she loses. Second, players begin the game with a six-step distance between one another. Third, there are differences among organizations as to the rules of Gyeolryeon Taekkyeon; some organizations perceive it was a fight while others as a game. Fourth, Gyeolryeon Taekkyeon is a mixed martial art.