한국어 음소 최소대립쌍의 계량언어학적 연구: 초성 자음을 중심으로

정지은 한국음성학회 2019 말소리와 음성과학 Vol.11 No.1

The paper investigates the minimal pair of Korean phonemes quantitatively. To achieve this goal, I calculated the number of consonant minimal pairs in the syllable-initial position as both raw counts and relative counts, and analyzed the part of speech relations of the two words in the minimal pair. 『Urimalsaem』 was chosen as the object of this study because it was judged that the minimal pair analysis should be done through a dictionary and it is the largest among Korean dictionaries. The results of the study are summarized as follows. First, there were 153 types of minimal pairs out of 337,135 examples. The ranking of phoneme pairs from highest to lowest was ‘ㅅ-ㅈ, ㄱ-ㅅ, ㄱ-ㅈ, ㄱ-ㅂ, ㄱ-ㅎ, ..., ㅆ-ㅋ, ㄸ-ㅋ, ㅉ-ㅋ, ㄹㅃ, ㅃ-ㅋ’. The phonemes that played a major role in the formation of the minimal pair were /ㄱ, ㅅ, ㅈ, ㅂ, ㅊ/, in that order, which showed a high proportion of palatals. The correlation between the raw count of minimal pairs and the relative count of minimal pairs was found to be quite high r=0.937. Second, 87.91% of the minimal pairs shared the part of speech (same syntactic category). The most frequently observed type has been ‘noun-noun’ pair (70.25%), and ‘vowel-vowel’ pair (14.77%) was the next ranking. It can be indicated that the minimal pair could be grouped into similar categories in terms of semantics. The results of this study can be useful for various research in Korean linguistics, speech-language pathology, language education, language acquisition, speech synthesis, and artificial intelligence-machine learning as basic data related to Korean phonemes.

The matched and mismatched interlanguage speech intelligibility benefit for listeners (ISIB-L): Chinese L2 talkers’ production of English liquids

Joo-Kyeong Lee,Xiaojiao Xue 한국음운론학회 2013 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.19 No.1

This paper attempts to investigate the interlanguage speech intelligibility benefit for listeners (ISIB-L), focusing on Chinese talkers’ production of English liquids and its perception of native listeners and non-native Chinese, and Korean and Japanese listeners. The English liquids /l/ and /r/ produced by Chinese talkers were considered in terms of positions (syllable initial and final), contexts (segment, word and sentence) and minimal/non-minimal pair contrasts to see if these factors play a role in the ISIB-L. Results showed that the initial /l/ was significantly more intelligible to native listeners than non-native listeners, eliciting no ISIB. The matched ISIB-L was observed for the other three target sounds (final /l/, initial /r/, final /r/), but not consistently with talkers’ proficiency. The mismatched ISIB-L was found only for the low proficient talkers and reflected the L2 phonological/phonetic system of liquids. Korean listeners outperformed native listeners for the identification of the initial /r/, Japanese listeners’ identification for the final /l/ was more accurate than that of native listeners, and both Korean and Japanese listeners performed better than native listeners for the perception of the final /r/. The matched ISIB-L occurred in word context rather than segment or sentence contexts and in the minimal, as opposed to non-minimal, pairs, when the stimuli were produced by low proficient talkers. To sum up, the success of recognizing foreign accented speech depends on talkers’ proficiency and language background, context, and minimal/non-minimal pair contrast, supporting many previous studies (Bent and Bradlow 2003, Hayes-Harb et al. 2008, Lee and Xue 2011). (University of Seoul)

MERGE and Pair-Merge of Heads

심재영 현대문법학회 2022 현대문법연구 Vol.115 No.-

Chomsky (2019a,b, 2020) reformulates the standardly assumed conception of Merge in terms of workspace, arguing that the operation only operates over syntactic objects placed in a workspace. Alongside this revised version of Merge, often referred to as ‘(capital) MERGE’ in the literature, he proposes a principle of Resource Restriction which, he claims, MERGE ought to meet. In this paper, I first review the workspace-based operation MERGE and present its empirical and conceptual advantages over its predecessor, Merge. I then examine the two proposals on pair-Merge of heads put forward in Chomsky (2015) and Epstein, Kitahara and Seely (2016) with discussions on their potential conceptual problems with respect to rule ordering and Anti-Locality. I further show that possible implementations of pair-Merge of heads in the MERGE-based system give rise to some new problems in terms of accessibility defined by Minimal Search. Finally, focusing on pair-MERGE of R and v*, I present an alternative analysis to resolve the addressed problems, arguing that the pair-merged structure of R and v* is generated, not in the course of derivation but inside the Lexicon via a merging process I call Lexical Merger, or l-merger.

최소대립어에 기초한 모음목록 설정

임석규 한국방언학회 2009 방언학 Vol.0 No.10

This study aims at proposing methodology of Establishing vowel inventories in korean dialects. Vowel inventories must be thoroughly established on the basis of minimal pairs. And suspicious oppositions must be explained sufficiently. Resorting to field-worker's observation, the results cannot be unbelievable. the vowel inventories of any sub-dialect also be reported out of six vowels to nine vowels by field-worker. This could be also based on difference of research spot and of age. Only it is a question that minimal pairs are not present. This study proposes many minimal pairs of ǝ/ɨ, e/ɛ, ǝ/o, and ɨ/u that are made the most of in dialectal study. Reorganization of these pairs for each sub-dialect can be done flexibly. 본 논의에서는 여러 최소대립어에 근거하여 음소목록을 확정하고, 변별성이 의심스러운 모음에 한해서는 밀도 있는 논의가 이루어져야 함을 강조한다. 현지조사자의 관찰에만 의지한다면 바람직한 결론이 도출되기 어렵다. 특정지역어의 모음목록은 논자에 따라 6모음에서 9모음으로 보고되기도 한다. 이는 조사지점의 차이 혹은 제보자의 연령차에 의한 것이라 볼 수도 있다. 다만 최소대립어가 제시되지 않으니 문제가 될 뿐이다. ‘이/으’, ‘아/애’ 등에 대한 최소대립어는 하나로 족할 수 있다. 다만 지역어에 따라 변별성이 의심되는 몇몇 모음의 경우에는 적어도 3∼5개 정도의 대립어가 제시되어야 비로소 의미를 지닐 수 있겠다. 본고에서는 방언연구에 긴요하게 쓰일 ‘으/어’, ‘에/애’, ‘으/우’, ‘어/오’에 대한 최소대립어를 가능한 한 많이 제시하려 하였다. 이들은 각 하위방언권별로 탄력 있게 활용될 수 있다.

국어 최소대립쌍의 설정에 대하여

이진호(Lee Jin-Ho) 한국어문학회 2010 語文學 Vol.0 No.107

It needs many factors for a good selection of minimal pair, but has not been paid sufficient attention to this problem. Rigidly, two words composing the minimal pair must have equal conditions except for the sound compared. That is, the number of phoneme should be same and the major class of the compared phonemes cannot be different. In addition, the number and the kinds of morpheme have to be equal. If there is some unequality in these conditions, the meaning distinction between two words composing the minimal pair cannot be considered as due to sound itself, so it doesn’t satisfy the definition of minimal pair.

사전 기반 최소대립쌍 검색 도구

김태훈(Tae-Hoon Kim),이재호(Jae-Ho Lee),장문수(Moon-Soo Chang) 한국지능시스템학회 2014 한국지능시스템학회논문지 Vol.24 No.2

최소대립쌍이란 한 음소의 차이만으로 다른 의미를 갖는 단어의 쌍을 말한다. 본 논문은 최소대립쌍을 이용한 국어음운학 연구의 효율성을 위해 최소대립쌍 검색도구를 제안한다. 검색 도구 개발에 앞서 기존 프로그램과 몇 가지 비교 분석을 통해, 개발해야할 한국어 최소대립쌍 검색 도구의 방향을 제시한다. 제안하는 검색도구는 컴퓨터 사용에 익숙하지 않은 국어학자를 위해 키보드 입력을 최소화한 사용자 친화적인 인터페이스를 제시한다. 효율적인 최소대립쌍 연구를 위해 분류 검색 기능을 제공함으로써 더욱 면밀한 최소대립쌍 연구가 가능하도록 한다. 그리고 성능 향상을 위해 유니코드 분석으로 음소를 분리하여 사전 로딩 속도를 향상시키고, 검색의 효율성을 위해 사전 구조를 최적화한다. 검색 알고리즘은 음절 개수를 이용한 해시 탐색으로 검색 속도를 높인다. 제안하는 도구는 초기 버전에 비해 사전 변환 속도는 5배, 검색 속도는 3배 향상되었다. The minimal pairs mean the pairs that have same phonotactics except just one sound in the sequences cause different lexical items. This paper proposes the searching tool of minimal pairs for efficiency of phonological researches with minimal pairs. We suggest a guide to develop Korean minimal pair searching programs by comparing to other programs. Proposing tool has user-friendly interface, minimizing key inputs, for linguistics who are not fluent in computer programs. And it serves the function which classifies the words in dictionary for the detailed researches. And for efficiency, it increases speed of dictionary loading by separating syllables through Unicode analysis, and optimizes dictionary structure for searching efficiency. The searching algorithm gains in speed by hashing algorithm using syllable counts. In our tool, the speed is improved more than earlier version about 5 times at converting dictionary and about 3 times at searching.

A Study of Voiced Alveolar and Palato-alveolar Fricative Production by Korean Learners of English

서미선,임자연 한국영어학회 2009 영어학 Vol.9 No.4

This study explores the production of voiced alveolar and palato-alveolar fricatives by Korean learners of English. A production experiment of minimal pairs with /z, ʒ/ was conducted with Korean learners of English and native English speakers. The results indicated Korean learners' use of acoustic cues were different from that of native English speakers in their discrimination of minimal pairs. In one pair, Korean learners of English did not make distinctions at all. Segmental error patterns of Korean learners of English attested a preference of one pattern over the other: vowel insertion or affrication.

어휘 피치 궤적의 세대별 차이: 대구방언 화자를 중심으로

손일권 언어과학회 2021 언어과학연구 Vol.- No.98

This study examined the differences in lexical pitch trajectories between speakers in their 20s and 50s from Daegue speakers, using two-syllable and one-syllable minimal pairs. For two-syllable minimal pairs, speakers in their 20s showed similar pitch trajectories, but speakers in their 50s represented different pitch trajectories depending on tones. Speakers in their 20s did not show the significant F0 difference between the two syllables in [HL] and [LH] as much as speakers in their 50s. For one-syllable minimal pairs, speakers in their 50s showed partially different pitch trajectories, but speakers in their 20s did not. These results indicate that speakers in their 50s use pitch trajectory differences better than speakers in their 20s in order to distinguish lexical meaning. However, for speakers in their 50s, a gentle slope in rising-high and rising-falling pitch trajectory shows that a change in tones has been undergone.

최소대립쌍을 이용한 한국인 학습자의 프랑스어 모음 지각 양상 연구

김선희 한국프랑스어문교육학회 2020 프랑스어문교육 Vol.69 No.-

본 논문은 프랑스어와 한국어의 모음 체계의 차이를 근거로 설계한 최소대립쌍을 이용하여 프랑스어 모음에 대한 한국인 학습자들의 지각 양상을 고찰하는 것을 목표로 한다. 실험을 위하여 전체 모음을 개구도와 조음위치를 기반으로 모음군으로 묶고, 이 모음군을 기준으로 최소대립쌍 484개로 구성된 분별 테스트와 197개의 최소대립쌍으로 구성된 식별 테스트를 만들었다. 실험은 웹기반으로 개발된 분별 테스트와 식별 테스트 페이지를 이용하여 수행되었다. 실험 참여자로는 능숙도를 구분하지 않은 18명이 참여하였다. 실험 결과 분별 테스트와 식별 테스트에서 모두 후설모음군과 중저모음군의 순서로 지각 정확도가 낮게 나왔다. 이러한 결과는 프랑스어 모음의 특징인 전설성, 원순성, 비음성, 그리고 중모음의 이중 개구도 가운데 중모음의 이중 개구도와 관련된 것으로 이중 중모음의 구분에서 어려움을 보인다고 해석할 수 있다. 또한, 전체적으로 높은 지각 정확도를 보이는 참여자들의 경우에도 개별적으로는 정확도가 낮은 모음군에 있어서 다른 양상을 보이는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 연구는 실험을 통하여 한국인 학습자들이 청취에 어려움을 느끼는 프랑스어 모음 대립쌍을 규명하고, 나아가 이를 바탕으로 발음 듣기 훈련 시스템을 개발하는 데 기여할 수 있을 것이다. Cet article vise à examiner la perception des voyelles françaises par les apprenants coréens en utilisant des paires minimales. Les expériences de perception se composent de tests de discrimination, qui consistent en 484 paires minimales, et de tests d'identification, qui consistent en 197 paires minimales. Les expériences sont menées sur des pages web développées en coréen. Au total, 18 étudiants ont participé aux expériences sans tenir compte de leurs niveaux de compétence. Les résultats montrent que la précision de perception était faible pour les groupes de voyelles postérieures-arrondies et pour les groupes de voyelles mi-basses dans les deux types de tests. D'autre part, malgré la haute précision de perception en moyenne, chaque participant dénote une faible précision sur différents groupes de voyelles. Ainsi, cette étude contribuera au développement d'un système de formation à l'écoute de la prononciation pour les apprenants du français en général.

경남 남해 지역의 언어 -모음 음소 설정 문제를 중심으로-

김봉국 ( Bong Gook Kim ) 배달말학회 2010 배달말 Vol.46 No.-