Development of Methodology for Choosing the Best Mattress-A Subjective Evaluation Study

( Se Jin Park ),( Seung Nam Min ),( Heeran Lee ),( Murali Subramaniyam ),( Seoung Eun Kim ),( Hyoung Jin Park ) 한국감성과학회 2015 추계학술대회 Vol.2015 No.-

A comfortable mattress is said to be an important factor for the quality of sleep. The ratio of mattress user is continuously increasing in Korea. However, individuals finding difficulties to choose a proper mattress suitable for them. The purpose of this study is to develop a methodology for choosing the best mattress for individuals using subjective evaluation. A total of 100 healthy individuals participated and they were classified into 5 different BMI groups. A total of 30 mattresses (5 spring x 6 padding = 30 mattresses) with different hardness and material were tested subjectively. The subjective questionnaire evaluated the comfortable level of whole body and individual part of the body (head, back, hip, and leg). For the subjective evaluation individuals laid on each mattress for a 10 min period and rated their comfort level. Analyses of variance (ANOVA) with a repeated measures design (BMI group (5) x mattress (30)) were used to investigate the main and interaction effects. In addition, regression analysis was performed. The subjective evaluation results showed that there were significant (p <0.01) interaction effect (BMI and mattress). The BMI group (underweight, normal, and overweight) were satisfied with all mattress combinations. Based on the results, this study proposed the regression equation (R2 = 0.87) for selecting a suitable mattress based on BMI. This study results could help to choose a suitable mattress depends on individuals BMI.

매트리스의 종류에 따른 체압 및 주관적 편안함 비교 연구

김영희(Young-Hee Kim),정홍인(Hong-In Cheng) 대한인간공학회 2018 大韓人間工學會誌 Vol.37 No.1

Objective: This study examines body pressure and subjective comfort for four different mattresses (latex, memory foam, soft multi-hardness polyurethane and hard multi-hardness polyurethane mattress) in three different sleeping postures (back lying, left side lying and right side lying sleeping posture). Background: Mattress is very significant for satisfactory sleeping and well-being life. Many people are suffering from the sleep disorder these days. Not enough studies have been performed for the mattress especially for recently developed cutting-edge mattresses. Method: Thirty five participants evaluated the mattresses in the different sleeping postures. Mean body pressures and peak body pressures were measured and analyzed for the study and subjective comfort of the mattresses was also assessed by the participants. Results: Mean body pressure of each mattress was significantly different. Memory foam mattress and hard multi-hardness polyurethane mattress showed significantly lowest and highest mean body pressure in the back lying posture. In the other sleeping postures, similar results were also observed. Peak body pressure of memory foam mattress was significantly lower than other mattresses. The participants assessed hard multi-hardness polyurethane mattress was less comfort comparing to the other mattresses. Conclusion: Memory foam mattress produced lower mean body pressure and higher comfort regardless sleeping posture. The relationship between softness and quality of mattress would be explored in the future study. Hardness of mattress would be related to the mean body posture and subjective comfort. Application: The hardness of a mattress could be adjusted to improve the quality of mattresses. The results of the study can be applied to develop new mattresses as well.

매트리스와 자세 변화에 따른 신체-침대면 압력 및 피부 혈류량 변화

조강희,윤승호,이호 대한재활의학회 2010 Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine Vol.34 No.2

Objective: To determine the effects of mattresses and positioning on interface pressure (IP) and skin blood flow in young healthy persons. Method: Ten healthy subjects were included. Three types of mattresses including standard hospital mattress, alternating pressure pump and pad, and alternating pressure air mattress (APAM) and four positions including supine, 30 degree trunk elevation, 30 degree leg elevation, and right 90 degree lateral position were evaluated. IP over the buttock was measured with force sensing array (FSA) pressure mapping system for every subjects lying in four positions on each mattresses. Skin blood flow was measured with laser doppler flowmeter probes that placed over the sacrum and right greater trochanter. Results: IP was significantly lower on the APAM than on the other types of mattresses in all positions. In the right 90 degree lateral position, the IP was significantly higher on all mattresses than that in the other positions, and in the 30 degree leg elevation, the IP was significantly lower on standard hospital mattress and APAM than that in the supine position. There were significant differences in the skin blood flow over the greater trochanter between the APAM and the other types of mattresses, while there were no significant differences over the sacrum on all mattresses. Conclusion: APAM is likely to be the most effective as a preventive and treating measure for pressure ulcers. However, combined use of the APAMs with periodic position change might be necessary over the trochanter for effective pressure relief. (J Korean Acad Rehab Med 2010; 34: 214-219) Objective: To determine the effects of mattresses and positioning on interface pressure (IP) and skin blood flow in young healthy persons. Method: Ten healthy subjects were included. Three types of mattresses including standard hospital mattress, alternating pressure pump and pad, and alternating pressure air mattress (APAM) and four positions including supine, 30 degree trunk elevation, 30 degree leg elevation, and right 90 degree lateral position were evaluated. IP over the buttock was measured with force sensing array (FSA) pressure mapping system for every subjects lying in four positions on each mattresses. Skin blood flow was measured with laser doppler flowmeter probes that placed over the sacrum and right greater trochanter. Results: IP was significantly lower on the APAM than on the other types of mattresses in all positions. In the right 90 degree lateral position, the IP was significantly higher on all mattresses than that in the other positions, and in the 30 degree leg elevation, the IP was significantly lower on standard hospital mattress and APAM than that in the supine position. There were significant differences in the skin blood flow over the greater trochanter between the APAM and the other types of mattresses, while there were no significant differences over the sacrum on all mattresses. Conclusion: APAM is likely to be the most effective as a preventive and treating measure for pressure ulcers. However, combined use of the APAMs with periodic position change might be necessary over the trochanter for effective pressure relief. (J Korean Acad Rehab Med 2010; 34: 214-219)

고령자 중심 욕창예방 매트리스 사용성 평가

김영아(Kim, Young-A),양영애(Yang, Young-ae) 대한고령친화산업학회 2018 대한고령친화산업학회지 Vol.10 No.1

본 연구의 목적은 욕창예방 매트리스의 주 사용자인 고령 환자와 보호자, 치료사를 대상으로 설문 조사 및 인터뷰를 통해 사용성 평가를 실시하여, 이를 통해 보다 안전하고 편리한 욕창예방 매트리스 발전에 기여하며 욕창 중재발전에 보탬이 되고자 하는데 있다. 전문가 자문을 받아 작성된 욕창예방 매트리스 사용성 평가 설문지를 부산 및 경상도 지역의 노인 요양병원 등 8개 기관을 직접 방문하여 300부를 배부하였으며, 그 중 180부를 대상으로 SPSS 21.0 을 사용하여 빈도분석과 기술통계로 분석하였다. 현재 사용하고 있는 욕창예방 매트리스 구조적 부분은 이음새 부분 55.5%, 공기 압력 조절의 소음 상태 부분 78.9%의 보통 이하 수준의 부정적인 응답이 나타났으며, 욕창예방 매트리스의 모양 및색깔에 대한 외관은 71.7%, 촉감 및 쿠션감의 재질은 63.3%로 보통 이하 수준의 부정적인 응답이 나타났다. 사용자의 73.4%는 욕창예방 매트리스가 환자에게 도움이 된다고 생각하면서도, 욕창예방 매트리스 사용의 주의사항 등의 지식수준에 사용자의 73.9%가 모른다고 응답하였다. 욕창예방 매트리스 구조에 있어서 이음새 부분의 홈을 최소화하고 홈의 깊이를 낮추어 청소와 관리가 용이하도록 하며, 공기 흡입 및 배기구 구조 변경을 통해 배기 소리를 최소화 하는 것이 필요하다. 매트리스의 외관을 고려하여 다양한 색깔과 디자인 및 재질 개발로 사용자의 만족감을 높여주는 것도 필요하다. 또한 고령화 시대의 욕창예방의 중재적 방안의 발전과 더욱 편리하고 안전한 욕창예방 매트리스 사용을 위해 관련인들의 교육 활성화가 필요한 것으로 보인다. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of bedsore mattress by using questionnaires and interviews with elderly patients, caregivers and therapists who are the main users of bedsores prevention mattresses, to contribute to the development of safe and convenient bedsore prevention mattresses. Method : A questionnaire survey on the use of bedsore prevention mattresses was prepared by an expert and administered in 8 departments including a rehabilitation hospital for the elderly in Busan and the Gyeongsang area. 300 copies were distributed and finally 180 data sets were analyzed using SPSS 21.0. Result : In the currently used bedsore preventive mattresses satisfaction with structural parts showed a mainly negative response. Specifically seams with 55.5% and noise of the air pressure regulation with 78.9% non-positive impressions. For appearance 71.7%, of responses were not satisfied while 63.3%, were not satisfied with the material and cushioning of the mattresses. While 73.4% of the users thought that the bedsore prevention mattress was helpful to the patient, 73.9% of the users were not well informed about bedsore prevention mattresses and relevant procedures. Conclusion : In bedsore prevention mattresses the structure should be optimized by minimizing the grooves of the joints and reducing the depth of the groove to facilitate cleaning and maintenance. Furthermore, the noise of the air pressure regulation should be minimized by changing the air intake and exhaust structure. Considering the appearance of the mattress, it seems necessary to improve user satisfaction by developing various colors, designs and a variety of materials. It is also necessary to improve the education of bedsore mattress users in order to develop intervention plans for the prevention of the bedsores in the age of aging and to develop mattresses which are more convenient and safe.

Mattress/Filter 채움재의 공극률에 따른 하천수질 개선효과

고진석(Ko Jin Seok),이승윤(Lee Sung Yun),허창환(Heo Chang Hwan),지홍기(Jee Hong Kee) 대한토목학회 2006 대한토목학회논문집 B Vol.26 No.1B

산업활동으로 인해서 발생하는 제강슬래그와 최근 선진국에서 환경개선 및 오염방지를 위한 용도로 활용하고자 활발히 연구되고 있는 제올라이트 등의 다공성 재료를 오염된 하천의 정체수역에 설치하여 저비용으로 수질을 개선시킬 수 있는 기법은 폐기물의 재이용 측면과 하천수질개선 측면에서 매우 필요하다. 현재 제철소에서 발생하는 부산물인 제강슬래그의 화학적 성분은 주로 CaO, SiO₂, Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃ 등으로 이루어져 있으며, 침전유발물질 및 흡착성물질이 함유되어 있다. 제강슬래그는 다공질 형태의 비표면적을 가지고 있어서 정화용 필터나 흡착재로 이용하기에 좋은 이점을 지니고 있다. 그리고 제올라이트는 양이온 교환특성, 흡착특성, 촉매특성, 탈수 및 재흡수특성 등의 이점을 지니고 있어서 축산농가의 환경개선, 도시의 생활하수의 처리, 공업폐수 처리, 음료수 수질개선, 방사성폐기물 처리 및 방사성 물질의 오염방지 등에 응용되고 있다. 그러므로 제강슬래그나 제올라이트를 Mattress/Filter의 채움재 및 수질정화용 여재로 활용함으로써 수질개선 등 효과를 동시에 얻을 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 제강슬래그와 제올라이트가 정체수역에 설치되는 Mattress/Filter시스템의 채움재로 활용할 때 공극률에 따른 수질개선효과를 파악하기 위하여 공극률을 38.6%인 p1, 45.8%인 P2 및 49.8%인 P3로 변화시켜 각각의 유입수와 유출수의 pH, DO, T-N, T-P 등을 측정하여 비교하였다. 수질개선에 사용된 Mattress/Filter시스템은 오염된 하천수가 Mattress/Filter시스템의 공극사이를 통과하면서 채움재에 형성된 다공질에 의한 여과작용과 생물막에 의한 접촉작용, 흡착작용 및 생물분해작용 등을 촉진시키는 기능을 가지고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 제강슬래그 및 제올라이트를 채움재로 사용한 Mattress/Filter 시스템은 쉽게 생물막을 형성시키고 유기물의 흡착을 촉진시켜 오염물질을 정화하는데 필요한 자정작용의 효과를 증대시키고 수질개선을 촉진시킬 수 있는 자연환경에서 하천정화에 이용될 수 있는 시스템임을 확인할 수 있었다. Water quality improvement in mattress/filter system using porous material like slag from industrial activity and zeolite that has been studied for environment improvement and pollution abatement is very useful in polluted stagnant stream channel. Slag is consisted of CaO, SiO₂, Al₂O₃ and Fe₂O₃. Slag with large specific surface area of porosity has been used such as sludge settling and adsorptive materials. Because slag is porous, it can be used for purification filter. As slag is used as filled materials of mattress/filter system and the system has good advantages for the waste water treatment, water recycling, and the improvement of water quality at the same time and so on. Because zeolite has much advantage of cation exchange, adsorption, catalyst and dehydration characteristics, It is used for environment improvement of livestock farms, treatment of artificial sewage and waste water, improvement of drinking water quality, radioactive waste disposal and radioactive material pollution control. In this study, according to verifying effects of water quality improvement of fill materials by porosity that 38.6%, 45.8% and 49.8% respectively in the stagnant stream channel, water quality monitoring of inflow and outflow was conducted on pH, DO, BOD, COD, SS, T-N and T-P. Mattress/filter system was able to accelerate water quality improvement by biofilter as waste water flows through gap of mattress/filter fill materials and by contact catalysis, absorption, catabolism by biofilm. Mattress/filter system used slag and zeolite forms biofilm easily and accelerates adsorption of organic matter. As a result, mattress/filter system increases water self-purification and accelerates water quality improvement available for stream water clean-up.

Analysis of Human Body Suitability for Mattresses by Using the Level of PsychoPhysiological Relaxation and Development of Regression Model

Seung Nam Min,Jung Yong Kim,Dong Joon Kim,Yong Duck Park,Seoung Eun Kim,Ho Sang Lee 대한인간공학회 2015 大韓人間工學會誌 Vol.34 No.3

Objective: The purpose of this study is to find the level of physical relaxation of individual subject by monitoring psychophysiological biofeedback to different types of mattresses. And, the study also aims to find a protocol to make a selection of the best mattress based on the measured information. Background: In Korea, there are an increasing number of people using western style bed. However, they are often fastidious in choosing the right mattress for them. In fact, people use their past experience with their old mattress as well as the spontaneous experience they encounter in a show room to finally decide to buy a bed. Method: Total five mattresses were tested in this study. After measuring the elasticity of the mattresses, they were sorted into five different classes. Physiological and psychological variables including Electromyography (EMG), heart rates (HR), oxygen saturations (SaO2) were used. In addition, the peak body pressure concentration rate was used to find uncomfortably pressured body part. Finally, the personal factors and subjective satisfaction were also examined. A protocol was made to select the best mattress for individual subject. The selection rule for the protocol considered all the variables tested in this study. Results: The result revealing psychological comfort range of 0.68 to 0.95, dermal comfort range of 3.15 to 6.07, back muscle relaxation range of 0.25 to 1.64 and personal habit range of 2.0 to 3.4 was drawn in this study. Also a regression model was developed to predict biofeedback with the minimal use of biofeedback devices. Moreover results from the proposed protocol with the regression equation and subjective satisfaction were compared with each other for validation. Ten out of twenty subjects recorded the same level of relaxation, and eight subjects showed one-level difference while two subjects showed two-levels difference. Conclusion: The psychophysiological variables and suitability selection process used in this study seem to be used for selecting and assessing ergonomic products mechanically or emotionally. Application: This regression model can be applied to the mattress industry to estimate back muscle relaxation using dermal, psychophysiology and personal habit values.

침대 스프링 매트리스의 내구성 및 꺼짐(Dipping)특성에 미치는 영향 분석

한현조,김형석,강석구 한국가구학회 2018 한국가구학회지 Vol.29 No.2

The right sleep environment for modern people is very important. While a person is sleeping, it relieves body and mental fatigue, replenishes energy, and strengthens mental functions and brain memory. Sound sleep means sleeping deeply, sleeping continuously and getting enough time. Bed mattress plays the most important role in environmental conditions for sound sleep. According to the survey when using bed mattress, the noise and dipping was the most abundant. The purpose of this study is to analyze the durability and dipping characteristics of spring mattresses of different kinds and to examine the factors affecting dipping. First, we reviewed the spring characteristics and internal structure of the four bed mattress types. And the durability test, the vertical load (hardness) test, the tensile strength test of the outer surface, and compression set of the internal material were performed for each type of mattress. As a result, the amount of dipping for each type was different. As the thickness of the internal material increased, the amount of dipping decreased. It was judged that the internal material plays an auxiliary role by alleviating the load and impact directly transmitted to the spring mattress. There was no difference in the tensile strength of the outer surface. And there was a slight difference in the elastic performance of the internal material of each type of spring mattress. The factors that have the greatest effect on dipping and durability will vary depending on the presence, thickness, and elastic performance of the internal material.

DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM TO SELECT A SUITABLE MATTRESS FOR BODY TYPES

Hyun-Ja Lee(이현자) 대한인간공학회 2007 대한인간공학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.- No.-

The purpose of this study is to develop a system of suitable mattress selection for body types and to investigate the relations between spinal curvature, body pressure distribution and body type on suitable and unsuitable mattresses. In this study eighteen mattresses were tested with 214 subjects including teenagers. Spinal curvature and contact pressure in a lying position were measured along with subjective ratings of the experimental mattresses. The individually favored mattresses were found by figuring out the spinal curvature most similar to that when standing and comparing this with the spinal curvature on a bed with different levels of firmness. In the teenager group there was a wide difference between the distribution of back pressure and the distribution of hip pressure in comparison to the adult group. Finally it was found that suitable mattresses could be found using the relations between spinal curvature, body pressure distribution and body type.

교대 부양 욕창 방지 매트리스의 정량적 측정과 비교 방안

곽동기(Dong-Gi Gwak),손동섭(Dong-Seop Sohn),서갑호(Kap-Ho Seo) 한국생산제조학회 2020 한국생산제조학회지 Vol.29 No.2

Alternating pressure mattresses are generally used for bed sore prevention as they inhibit the formation of pressure ulcers. However, several alternating pressure mattresses do not provide sufficient information, such as their numerical pressure, making it difficult for consumers to compare products. In this study, we propose a method for the objective measurement and comparison of alternating pressure mattresses. We measure the body pressure using a body pressure distribution sensor and obtain different frames depending on the air pressure state of the mattress. The frames are categorized into three types depending on the pressure ulcer factor. Although the patterns, shapes, and count of the mattresses are alternating, this method aids in comparing the performance of various mattresses. Furthermore, this measurement and data processing method can be applied to bed sore cushions.

침대 매트리스 온풍기 발화 연구

이필우 한국화재감식학회 2016 한국화재감식학회 학회지 Vol.7 No.1

The setting of this study is to heat the mattress of beds in love motels that treat room-renting customers by attaching a fan heater and to keep the mattress warm like an ‘ondolbang’, a room with Korean floor heating system. When fan heaters are attached on the existing mattresses, heat will be created through electric heating element to forcefully circulate the internal air and keep the external temperature of mattress at 38˚C, causing the fire from fan heater of mattress. Considering the characteristics of room-renting, when the up and down motional shock of 120㎏ weight by two adults are consistently applied, the ignition factor and source of heat from operation of fan heater as well as the combustibles of mattress should be found through case of fire and reappearance experiments and alternatives and solutions will be sought and taken into measure.