Safety Assessment of Mainstream Smoke of Herbal Cigarette

박종호,이승민,임흥빈 한국독성학회 2015 Toxicological Research Vol.31 No.1

Owing to the increase in price of cigarettes in Korea, herbal cigarettes have received increasing attentionas a non-smoking aid; however, its safety has hardly been studied. We analyzed some of the toxic componentsin the mainstream smoke of herbal cigarettes, performed a mutagenicity test on smoke condensatesfor safety assessment, and compared the results with the corresponding values of a general cigarette withthe same tar content. Herbal cigarette “A” was smoked using automatic smoking machine under ISO conditionsin a manner similar to general cigarette “T”. The tar content measured was higher than thatinscribed on the outside of a package. The mainstream smoke of herbal cigarette “A” did not containdetectable levels of tobacco-specific nitrosamines and nicotine. Carbon monoxide and benzo(α)pyrenecontents in herbal cigarette “A” were higher than those in the general cigarette “T”. The phenolic contentssuch as hydroquinone, resorcinol, and catechol in herbal cigarette “A” were higher than those in the generalcigarette “T”, but cresol contents in herbal cigarette “A” were lower than those in the general cigarette“T”. The content of aromatic amines such as 4-aminobiphenyl in herbal cigarette “A” was higher thanthat in the general cigarette “T”; however, this difference was not statistically significant. On the otherhand, 1-aminonaphthalene, 2-aminonaphthalene, and 3-aminobiphenyl contents in herbal cigarette “A”were lower than those in the general cigarette “T”. The smoke condensates of herbal cigarette “A” exhibiteda higher mutagenic potential than the condensates from the general cigarette “T” at the same concentration. We concluded that the mainstream smoke of herbal cigarette contains some toxic components, thesmoke condensates of herbal cigarettes are mutagenic similar to general cigarette because of combustionproducts, and that the evaluation of the chemical and biological safety of all types of herbal cigarettesavailable on the market.

Risk assessment of toxicants on WHO TobReg priority list in mainstream cigarette smoke using human-smoked yields of Korean smokers

Pack, Eun Chul,Kim, Hyung Soo,Jang, Dae Yong,Koo, Ye Ji,Yu, Hong Hyeon,Lee, Seung Ha,Lim, Kyung Min,Choi, Dal Woong Elsevier 2019 Environmental research Vol.169 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Recently, the World Health Organization Study Group on Tobacco Product Regulation (WHO TobReg) announced a priority list of 38 toxicants among the more than 7000 chemicals found in cigarette smoke, building upon previous lists of toxicants in cigarette smoke. Here, we conducted a comprehensive study on the quantitative exposure and risk characterization of these priority toxicants in mainstream cigarette smoke listed by the WHO TobReg. The human-smoked toxicant yields estimated from spent cigarette butts of a total of 361 smokers using the part-filter method (PFM) were applied to current exposure and risk estimation for the first time. The PFM can estimate human-smoked yields of toxicants using smokers’ maximum mouth-level exposure. The human-smoked yield of each toxicant was converted to systemic uptake by considering bioavailability. Risk indicators—including the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR), cumulative ILCR, hazard quotient (HQ), hazard indices (HIs), and margin of exposure (MOE)—were estimated from the systemic uptake of toxicants combined with Korean exposure factors by gender and age group as well as for total smokers. It was demonstrated that cigarette smoking results in significant cancer and non-cancer health risks. A sensitivity analysis showed that the human-smoked toxicant yield is one of the most important contributors to risk level variations. Our risk estimation suggested that previous risk assessments might have ignored or underestimated the uncertainty of risk assessment. In conclusion, we assessed the risk level of the 38 toxicants on the priority list developed by the WHO TobReg and provided a Korean-specific priority list for the regulations on the emission of cigarette smoke.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Comprehensive risks of toxicants in the mainstream cigarette smoke of Korean smokers were assessed. </LI> <LI> Human-smoked yield using the part-filter method was applied to risk estimation for the first time. </LI> <LI> Cigarette smoking was found to have significant cancer risks or non-cancer hazards. </LI> <LI> Human-smoked yield was determined as a greater contributor to risk level variations. </LI> <LI> The WHO TobReg priority list was reevaluated with risk levels, and a Korean-specific priority list was provided. </LI> </UL> </P>

담배 Mainstream Smoke중 Semi-volatile 화합물 연구

김정열,신창호,김종열,김영호,이근회 한국연초학회 1998 한국연초학회지 Vol.20 No.1

The semi-volatile fraction of cigarette mainstream smoke contains the most important aroma and taste that enhance smoke flavor. The components in mainstream smoke were analysed for commercially available cigarettes. To compare the semi-volatile components delivered from mainstream smoke of domestic cigarette with imported cigarette, we analyzed three types of filter cigarettes such as cellulose acetate mono filter, carbon dual filter and slim filter cigarette. Mainstream smoke was collected with a combination of Cambridge filter pad and liquid trap containing a small amount of acetone cooled by dry ice-methanol. We have identified 43 components from mainstream smoke by GC and GC/MS and found that benzene, toluene, 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone, 5-methyl-2-furaldehyde, acetic acids nicotine and triacetin were the main peaks in mainstream smoke. Also we have compared the relative amounts of semi-volatile compounds delivered from the domestic and imported cigarettes with three different filters. From the results of this study, the relative amounts of limonene, acetic acid, 5-methyl-Lfuraldehyde delivered from the imported cigarettes were generally higher than those of the domestic one's.

Mixture risk assessment of selected mainstream cigarette smoke constituents generated from low-yield cigarettes in South Korean smokers

Pack, Eun Chul,Jang, Dae Yong,Kim, Hyung Soo,Lee, Seung Ha,Kim, Hae Young,Song, Seok Ho,Cho, Hoon Sik,Kwon, Kyeng Hee,Park, Kun Ho,Lim, Kyung Min,Choi, Dal Woong Elsevier 2018 Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology Vol.94 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>A total of 38 hazardous constituents in mainstream cigarette smoke of low-yield cigarettes sold in Korea were selected and analyzed using established methods. Risk calculations were performed using risk algorithms employed in previous studies and Korean population-based exposure parameters. The median cumulative incremental lifetime cancer risk of male smokers could vary from 828 × 10<SUP>−6</SUP> to 2510 × 10<SUP>−6</SUP>, and that of female smokers could range from 440 × 10<SUP>−6</SUP> to 1300 × 10<SUP>−6</SUP>, depending on the smoking regimens. The median hazard index as the sum of hazard quotients of male smokers varied from 367 to 1,225, and that of female smokers varied from 289 to 970, depending on the smoking regimens. The sensitivity analysis for this risk assessment indicated that the constituent yields in mainstream cigarette smoke, average number of cigarettes smoked per day or year, and mouth-spill rate are the main risk factors. Statistical positive correlations between the average daily dose calculated by the exposure algorithm used in this study for individual smokers and biomarkers verified the reliability of this assessment. It could be concluded that inhalation of the constituents present in the mainstream of low-yield cigarettes has significant cancer and non-cancer health risks, although its effect on risk reduction is still unknown under the fixed machine-smoking conditions.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Selected 38 constituents levels of mainstream smoke for low-yield cigarettes are presented. </LI> <LI> Bioavailability of smoke constituents is considered using respiratory retention and mouth-spill models. </LI> <LI> Our work adds the evidence of cancer and non-cancer risks from smoking of low-yield cigarettes. </LI> <LI> This study highlights the risk in comparison to regular cigarettes. </LI> </UL> </P>

Analysis of Acrylamide in Mainstream Cigarette Smoke and Effects of Total Nitrogen and Reducing Sugars on Acrylamide Content

Kim, Ick-Joong,Lee, John-Tae,Min, Hye-Jeong,Kim, Hyo-Keun,Hwang, Keun-Joong The Korean Society of Tobacco Science 2007 한국연초학회지 Vol.29 No.2

Acrylamide has been found in many foods. Acrylamide in foodstuffs were analyzed by a GC/MS after bromination of acrylamide or by a LC/MS for underivatized acylamide. Time consuming and laborious clean up procedures is applied for the purification of the extract, in these methods. In this study, a simple and fast method without clean up step for the analysis of acrylamide in mainstream cigarette smoke was developed by using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) and the effects of tobacco leaf constituents on acrylamide content was observed. The analysis of acrylamide in mainstream cigarette smoke started to collect TPM (total particulate matter) from smoking and to extract by 0.1 % acetic acid solution and then to detect by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry using electrospray in the positive mode. The recovery of acrylamide in 2R4F reference cigarette was 98 % and the reproducibility was 2.5 % and the limit of detection was 1.6 ng/mL. Reducing sugars and amino acids are considered to be main precursors of acrylamide in foodstuffs. Cut tobacco contain substantial amounts of reducing sugars and amino acid which may be explained the occurrence of acrylamide in mainstream cigarette smoke. The effects of reducing sugars and total nitrogen studied in an experiment with a various tobacco types. This result indicated that reducing sugars are not limiting factor for acrylamide formation, but the level of acrylamide in cigarette smoke was significantly correlated with the total nitrogen contents.

Continuous Flow Analyzer(CFA)를 이용한 담배 주류연 중 Hydrogen Cyanide(HCN)의 최적 분석방법 구명

나승주,어성재,김도연,복진영,황건중,Na, Seung-Ju,Eo, Sung-Je,Kim, Do-Yeon,Bock, Jin-Young,Hwang, Keon-Joong 한국연초학회 2009 한국연초학회지 Vol.31 No.1

Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is present in both the particulate and vapor phase of cigarette mainstream smoke. It is one of the 44 harmful substances on Hoffmann's list and is known to be a major ciliatoxic agent in cigarette mainstream smoke. Typically the determination of HCN in cigarette mainstream smoke has been done through colorimetric and electrochemical techniques, such as UV-spectrophotometry (UV), continuous flow analyzer (CFA), ion chromatography (IC) and capillary GC-ECD. In particular, CFA commonly has been using analysis hydrogen cyanide in cigarette smoke and the basic principle is pyridine-pyrazolone reaction. In this study, the more optimized analytical method is suggested isonicotinic acid-pyrazolone reaction method than previous pyridine-pyrazolone reaction method, a commonly used method for the determination of cyanide in water and air, by CFA. Sample collection was optimized by trapping particulate and vapor phase of smoke separately. The optimum NaOH concentration of the trapping solution was shown to be 0.2 M. HCN was stable up to 6 hours in this concentration but only 3 hours in 0.1 M solution. The sensitivity of this method was fairly good and it might be used in analysis of HCN in cigarette mainstream smoke.

Comparative Smoke Analysis of CORESTA Monitoring Cigarettes

이승용,지상운,신해근,Lee, Seung-Yong,Ji, Sang-Un,Shin, Hea-Geun The Korean Society of Tobacco Science 2011 한국연초학회지 Vol.33 No.1

This experiment was conducted as a part of Asia collaborative study on purpose of verifying the difference between CM6 and CM7 including 3R4F for reference. It carried out using various analytical categories for example, main stream, sidestream and Av. smoke. Additional analysis such as physical properties, blending ratio, combustibility and general leaf component analysis also implemented in order to investigate the difference. We complied with ISO standard and CORESTA recommended method during analytical operating procedures. In this study, we described that comparative analytical result for CM6 and CM7 known as reference or monitoring cigarettes including 3R4F for reference. All sample cigarettes were conditioned at $22^{\circ}C$, 60% relative humidity for 48 hours. Av. Smoke, MS and SS smoke analysis were performed over five times with two smoking condition, ISO and Health Canada with the exception of Av. smoke analysis. We complied with ISO standard method during analytical operating procedures. And, we conducted additional analysis, such as physical properties, blending ratio, combustibility and leaf component analysis also in order to investigate the difference. In conclusion, we found out some differences between CORESTA monitoring cigarette No. 6 and No 7. The smoke components such as total particulate matters, NFDPM, nicotine and carbon monoxide contents of CM7 were a little lower than CM6. And, these phenomena were the same as not only main stream smoke but also side stream smoke and Av. smoke. This tendency was consistent with ISO and Health Canada smoking condition. Besides, leaf constituents' color of CM7 was darker than CM6. In case of combustibility, it showed short combustion time approximately 30 seconds.

Solid-Phase Extraction을 이용한 담배연기 중 Aromatic Amino의 분석

김익중,이존태,이정민,민혜정,장기철,김효근,황건중,민영근,Kim, Ick-Joong,Lee, John-Tae,Lee, Jeong-Min,Min, Hye-Jeong,Jang, Gi-Chul,Kim, Hyo-Keun,Hwang, Keon-Joong,Min, Young-Keun 한국연초학회 2006 한국연초학회지 Vol.28 No.2

A new procedure has been developed for the quantitation of aromatic amines in mainstream cigarette smoke. Two solid-phase extraction (SPE) clean up steps, using a different retention mechanisms, are required to process the samples. The first step used a cation-exchange cartridge, followed by a second step that used a cartridge with a hydrophobic retention character. The aromatic amines eluted from the second SPE cartridge are derivatized with pentafluoropropionic anhydride. This new method have advantages over other reported techniques, being sensitive, robust, and easily automated. The detection limits were ranged from 0.12 ng/mL for 1-aminonaphthalene to 0.16 ng/mL for 3-aminobiphenyl and the recoveries were from 97 to 106%. Compared with other reports for analysis of 2R4F reference cigarette, this method shows a close analytical data and good repeatability.

담배 흡연이 생쥐의 흉선 및 비장의 면역 기능에 미치는 영향

홍성실(Sung-Sil Hong),박윤아(Yun-A Park),이진우(Jin-Woo Lee),김미자(Mi-Ja Kim),남궁승(Seung Namkoong),구현정(Hyun-Jung Koo),손은화(Eun-Hwa Sohn) 한국산학기술학회 2021 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.22 No.9

본 연구에서는 담배필터를 통해 호흡기로 노출되는 주류연 흡연 장치를 구현하여 직접 흡연에 의한 주류연의 노출이 면역시스템에 미치는 영향을 생쥐모델을 이용하여 규명하고자 하였다. 실험동물(n = 15)은 대조군(sham군)과 담배 2개비/일 노출군 및 4개비/일 노출군으로 각각 나누고, 7일 동안 주류연을 노출시킨 후 체중변화와 면역기관 지수를 측정하였다. 주류연 노출이 면역세포의 기능에 미치는 영향을 확인하기 위해, lipopolysaccharide(LPS) 또는 concanavalinA(ConA) 자극에 대한 비장세포와 흉선세포의 증식력과 nitric oxide(NO) 분비량을 측정하였다. 실험결과, 4개비/일 고용량 노출군의 흉선, 비장, 간 무게가 대조군에 비해 각각 0.3, 0.2 및 0.2배 유의적으로 감소하였고(P<0.05), 흉선세포 생존율과 B세포 및 T세포 증식력이 감소하였다. 또한, LPS에 의한 비장세포의 NO 분비능도 감소하였다. 본 연구는 주류연 노출이 흉선과 비장에 직접적인 손상을 주며, 자극원에 대한 면역세포의 증식력과 NO 분비 등 방어능력을 유의적으로 약화시킨다는 것을 보여주었다. 이는 흡연과 관련된 면역질환 발생이 주류연의 노출에 대한 직접적인 면역기관의 손상과 자극에 대한 방어 기능의 약화가 관련되어 있음을 제시한다. This study investigated the effect of exposure to mainstream smoke (MS) through cigarette filters on the immune system in mice. Fifteen mice were divided into 3 groups; control (sham), 2 cigarettes smoked/day (CS), 4 CS. Changes in body weight and organ index were measured after exposure to MS for 7 days. The effects of exposure to MS on nitric oxide (NO) production and cell proliferation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or concanavalin A (ConA) in murine lymphocytes were also determined. Exposure to 4 CS reduced the organ indices of the thymus, spleen, and liver by 0.3-, 0.2-, and 0.2-fold (P<0.05), respectively. Exposure to MS also inhibited the lymphocyte proliferation by LPS or ConA and the NO production by LPS. This study confirmed that the immune organs were directly damaged as well as weakened in their cell function by exposure to MS. It provides direct evidence that the occurrence of various immune diseases caused by smoking is closely related to the impairment of immune functions by exposure to MS.

Safety Assessment of Mainstream Smoke of Herbal Cigarette

Bak, Jong Ho,Lee, Seung Min,Lim, Heung Bin Korean Society of ToxicologyKorea Environmental Mu 2015 Toxicological Research Vol.31 No.1

Owing to the increase in price of cigarettes in Korea, herbal cigarettes have received increasing attention as a non-smoking aid; however, its safety has hardly been studied. We analyzed some of the toxic components in the mainstream smoke of herbal cigarettes, performed a mutagenicity test on smoke condensates for safety assessment, and compared the results with the corresponding values of a general cigarette with the same tar content. Herbal cigarette "A" was smoked using automatic smoking machine under ISO conditions in a manner similar to general cigarette "T". The tar content measured was higher than that inscribed on the outside of a package. The mainstream smoke of herbal cigarette "A" did not contain detectable levels of tobacco-specific nitrosamines and nicotine. Carbon monoxide and benzo(${\alpha}$)pyrene contents in herbal cigarette "A" were higher than those in the general cigarette "T". The phenolic contents such as hydroquinone, resorcinol, and catechol in herbal cigarette "A" were higher than those in the general cigarette "T", but cresol contents in herbal cigarette "A" were lower than those in the general cigarette "T". The content of aromatic amines such as 4-aminobiphenyl in herbal cigarette "A" was higher than that in the general cigarette "T"; however, this difference was not statistically significant. On the other hand, 1-aminonaphthalene, 2-aminonaphthalene, and 3-aminobiphenyl contents in herbal cigarette "A" were lower than those in the general cigarette "T". The smoke condensates of herbal cigarette "A" exhibited a higher mutagenic potential than the condensates from the general cigarette "T" at the same concentration. We concluded that the mainstream smoke of herbal cigarette contains some toxic components, the smoke condensates of herbal cigarettes are mutagenic similar to general cigarette because of combustion products, and that the evaluation of the chemical and biological safety of all types of herbal cigarettes available on the market.