Correlation between the original word knowledge and the strategy of connecting with the original words in the acquisition of loanword in Korean by Chinese speakers

Eun ji Choi 경희대학교 언어정보연구소 2020 언어연구 Vol.37 No.S

The current study aimed to examine the correlation between knowledge of original words and strategy of connecting loanwords with original words in Chinese students at an intermediate/advanced level of proficiency in Korean language. A total of 47 participants were selected for the study and underwent testing with 29 English loanwords in Korean selected from advanced vocabularies and paired with their origins in English to assess their knowledge and recognition of original words and loanwords and ability to associate loanwords with the corresponding original words. The data were used to determine the correlation between these variables. Correlation analyses revealed a strong significant correlation between original word knowledge and loanword knowledge across participants. However, no significant correlation was observed for original word knowledge with loanword recognition and the ability to connect loanwords and original words. In terms of the English loanwords tested, a significant correlation was found for original word knowledge with loanword knowledge, loanword recognition, and loanword-original word connection. In short, knowledge level of original words was not positively correlated with the abilities to recognize and associate them with the corresponding loanwords. However, knowledge of original words was helpful when learning a loanword that is cognate with the original words. Hence, the current study underscores the need for teaching strategies that allow students who learn Korean as a second language to utilize their knowledge of original words as a means of identifying the loanwords in Korean derived from the original language and uncovering their meaning as well.

적혈구 침강속도 예측을 위한 딥러닝 적용

이재진(Jaejin Lee),홍현지(Hyeonji Hong),염은섭(Eunseop Yeom) 대한기계학회 2020 대한기계학회 춘추학술대회 Vol.2020 No.12

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) can indirectly measure the degree of inflammation of blood in the body. Conventional ESR analysis requires a relatively long measurement time about 1 hour. In this study, Deep Learning models are applied to reduce the measurement time of ESR considering that Artificial Intelligence(AI) has been developed unprecedentedly in every region. Through image processing methods, the sedimentation information of the blood samples is acquired in time series. For the prediction of ESR value based on Deep Learning, Mean Absolute Error(MAE) is used as the measurement for the comparison of each model. From the results, the ensemble of Wide and Deep Neural Network model shows the best fit. This model has a good performance of predicting ESR value in a stable way, with lowest MAE (0.0164) and standard error (0.0030) among other models. By applying Deep Learning, the measurement time of ESR diagnosis can be significantly reduced with less uncertainty.

고급 한국어 학습자의 외래어 능력에 미치는 요인

최은지 국제한국어교육학회 2019 한국어 교육 Vol.30 No.2

In the present research, the researcher examines the variables affecting loanword proficiency of advanced-level Korean learners through regression analysis. In particular, the researcher focuses on the knowledge of original words, competence of awareness of loanwords, and the competence of associating loanwords to the original word, which are associated with strategic abilities among diverse factors with the possibility of affecting loanword proficiency. The researcher examines how these factors affect loanword proficiency. The knowledge of original word, awareness of loanwords, and competence of association loanwords to the original word of 47 advanced-level Korean learners in Chinese speaking countries were investigated in order to analyze their impact on the knowledge of foreign words through multiple regression analysis and logistic regression analysis. The result demonstrated that the knowledge of original word and the competence of associating loanwords to the original word affected the loanword proficiency of the learners. The existence of knowledge in the original word, awareness of loanwords, and competence of associating loanwords to the original word affected the knowledge of loanwords. The present research signifies that improving awareness of loanwords and competence of associating loanwords to the original word are critical when teaching foreign words to Korean learners.

香港當前日語借詞初探

張紫薇 한국한자한문교육학회 2016 漢字 漢文敎育 Vol.40 No.-

본고에서는 일본어 차용 문제, 특히 일본어 한자어의 홍콩사회로의 전파 및 영향에 대해 중점적 으로 논술하였다. 본고에서는 趙元任과 鄒嘉彥(1976년)의 “더 넓은 시각으로 차용어 문제를 바라 봐야 한다”는 견해를 빌어, 더 넓은 관점에서 차용어 어휘의 현상을 묘사했을 뿐 아니라, 음역어, 방역어(仿譯詞), 일부 ‘사교귀국(詞僑歸國)’어 및 형태나 의미를 변화시킨 차용어 등을 차용어 범 위에 포함시켰다. 홍콩에서는 이제껏 많은 외래 차용어가 유행하였는데, 그 중 ‘일본어 차용어’는 여러 형태로 열풍 을 일으키며 큰 영향력을 행사하였다. 주목할 점은, 최근 이러한 일본어 차용어의 사용이 더 이상 ‘시대의 요구’에 의해서가 아닌 단순한 홍보나 유행, 대중 영합을 위해 이루어지며, 어의 차용에서 형태소 변형, 심지어 일본어 문형과 중문 한자가 뒤섞인 칼럼이나 문장들이 창작되기에 이르렀고, 이러한 전달 혹은 응용 방식이 중국어의 규범을 혼란시킬 수 있다는 사실이다. 본고에서는 홍콩 잡지 미디어에 사용된 일본어 차용어를 수집하여, 이를 대상으로 대중 시민들의 인지 상황에 대해 설문조사를 실시하였다. 이러한 연구를 통해, 홍콩사회에 전파된 일본어 차용어의 현상과 규칙을 탐색하고자 하였고, 이를 통해 나타날 수 있는 언어 오염 현상에 대해 지적하여 교학 자 및 문자 학자들에게 참고 자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 한편 최근 홍콩에서 유행하는 일본어 어휘를 수집하고 그 안에 나타난 문화 및 언어 추세를 분석 하였다. 대부분의 언어 자료는 일상 회화나 청소년들 사이에 유행하는 잡지에서 수집하고 일본어 한자 사전을 참고한 뒤, 일본어 번역자를 통해 일본어 한자 및 관련 차용어의 자형, 자음, 자의를 감수하였다. 본고에서는 교사, 사회인사, 대학생 및 중고등학생을 포함한200여 명을 대상으로 설문 조사를 실시하여, 서로 다른 연령대의 일본어 차용어에 대한 인지 상태를 이해하고 광둥어에 대한 침투 정도를 파악하였고, 그 결과 일본어 한자의 원형 차용과 기존 한자와의 의미 관계를 통해 일부 자형 및 자음의 혼란이 야기됨을 발견하였다. 결론적으로, 차용어의 유입은 문화언어 접촉 및 교류 아래 불가피한 현상이다. 긍정적인 측면에 서, 일본어 차용어의 대량 사용으로 홍콩 광둥어가 더욱 풍부해지고 활력을 유지할 수 있게 해 준 다. 그러나 다른 한편으로, 차용어 사용자들은 취사 선택을 신중히 하고, 그 의미를 규범화하여 어 음 및 어의상의 혼란을 줄임으로써 언어의 표현 능력을 강화시킬 필요가 있다. This study focuses on discussions on Japanese loanwords, especially the spreading and influence of Japanese Kanjiin Hong Kong. In this paper we adopted Chao, Zoujia Yan (1976) and other advocates: "In a broader perspective to define loanwords." Apart fromdescribinga single loanword vocabulary phenomenon, this paperalso narratesdefiningloanwordsin a broad perspective, including transliteration of the word, imitation translation of the word, some "word overseas returnees"words and those loanwords withshape or meaning changed etc. In fact, many loanwords arepopular in Hong Kong, including "Japanese loanwords". The media use Japanese loanwords in various forms of expression to set fashion trends, whichhas great influence in the culture. It arousesconcern forthe applications of these Japanese loanwords in recent yearsin Hong Kong. Instead of being compelled bythe situation for using Japanese loanwords, people borrow the semantics, change sememe and even mixJapanese sentence structure withChinese characters in writing articles or disseminationin order tocreate public uproar. These formats of writing will disturb and upset the Chinese language specifications. The study collected a number of Japanese loanwords applied in Hong Kong magazines. The study focusedon the way of word applicationsandthe awareness of the general public to these Japanese loanwords. Attempt was madeto find out how the way of Japanese loanwords spread and the patternof usage. The study discussedwhether the useof Japanese loanwords in the media wouldbring to language pollution,which will providethe experience and analysis for educators and text workers for reference. The research methods included reporting the popular Japanese vocabulariesappearingin Hong Kong in recent yearsandanalysingthe cultural and linguistic aspectsof the trend. Most of the major sources of the data were collected from daily life and popular magazines. After referring tothe dictionary, advice from Japanese Kanji translation experts was consulted to verifythe relevant word glyph, pronunciation and meaning. In order to understand the perception of Japanese loanwords in different ages and to understand the infiltration of Japanese words in the Chinese language, over 200 questionnaires were delivered to society members, teachers, college students and high school students. The study found out that the usage of Japanese Kanji prototype had createdconfusion overthe Chinese language. All in all, the input of loanwords is unavoidable. This phenomenon was the result of cultural contacts and exchanges. On a morepositive note, Japanese loanwords absorbed intothe language enrich the Cantonese in Hong Kongand enable the Cantonese dialect topreserve and maintain lively vitality, whichmay be related to the merging with thelarge number of loanwords. On the other hand, the usersshould be awareofthe usage of the loanwords and carefully regulate their meaning, so as to reduce the confusion in the voice semantics.It will enhance the language expressiveness.

외래어 교육 내용 구성의 방향

남지애 ( Jiae Nam ) 한국문법교육학회 2015 문법 교육 Vol.23 No.-

The purpose of this study is to introduce the potential of loanwords teaching from the critical language awareness standpoint. Therefore, the learners` awareness on loanwords usage was investigated. There is significance in knowing the definition of the “learner`s awareness” to investigate their understanding of language based from their preconceived thoughts as well as in the form of linguistic setting. This study analyzed the learners` awareness of using loanwords in three dimensions; the learners` understanding of loanwords, the awareness of using loanwords in social and cultural context and the learners` stance on using loanwords or refinement of loanwords usage. Based on the results of this critical understanding of learners` awareness, the study suggests the need of the development loanwords teaching in Korean language. The conception of loanwords and wider acceptance of loanwords in Korean education must be considered. The integrative grammar education needs to be developed in order to bring about the critical language awareness of using loanwords. Lastly, the Korean education should have a relevant connection with social change.

English Loanword Development and Chinese People’s Attitude Changes

Guo Sisi,Lee Borim 원광대학교 인문학연구소 2021 열린정신 인문학연구 Vol.22 No.2

이 논문은 중국어에 사용되는 영어 외래어의 발전 과정을 연구하는 것이다. 영어 외래어의 역사를 세 시대로 나누어 각 시대상에 따른 독특한 특징들을 살펴보는 한편 현대 중국인들의 영어 외래어에 대한 생각과 태도를 분석하였다. 영어 외래어가 중국어에 유입되는 과정에서 중국의 사회 문화적 상황과 필요에 따라 많은 변화가 일어났다. 외래어가 중국어에 적응하는 과정에서 두 가지 주요 현상을 찾아볼 수 있었는데, 음성적 외래어가 의미적 외래어로 변환되는 추세와 그와 정반대로 의미적 외래어가 음성적 외래어로 변환되는 추세를 볼 수 있었다. 현대 중국인들의 영어 외래어에 대한 태도변화 등을 알아보기 위하여 영어 외래어에 대한 온라인 조사를 진행하였다. 총 735명의 다양한 연령대와 교육 정도, 영어 능력 수준을 가진 중국어 화자들이 음성적 외래어와 의미적 외래어, 영어 알파벳 외래어와 그에 상응하는 중국어 단어, 그리고 영어 외래어와 고유 중국어를 대비하여 어떤 단어 사용을 선호하는가를 묻는 조사에 참여하였다. 조사 결과 영어 외래어는 현재 중국인들 사이에서 매우 대중적인 인기를 얻고 있으며 이러한 결과는 중국 사회의 교육과 문화 전반에 대한 최근의 변화를 반영하고 있음을 알 수 있었다. The goal of this study is to introduce the historical backgrounds of English loanword development in Chinese by examining the unique features of the three different periods of English loanword history and to understand the Chinese people’s current attitude toward English loanwords. In the adaptation process of English loanwords, the outputs have undergone many changes to meet the different needs of the Chinese people under different circumstances. In the adaptation history, there existed two main trends that were exactly opposite: phonemic loans to semantic loans and then semantic loans to phonemic loans. An on-line survey was conducted on 735 Chinese people of various age groups and English backgrounds to investigate the Chinese people’s current attitude towards English loanwords: specifically, between phonemic loans and semantic loans, between alphabetical loans and Chinese native correspondents, and between English loanwords and Chinese native words. Overall, English loanwords are quite popular among Chinese people, and the results seem to reflect the recent changes in the Chinese society.

텍스트 강화 이론 기반의 외래어 교육 교재 개발 방안 연구 - 쓰기 기능과의 통합 교육을 중심으로 -

이소영 ( Lee So-young ) 영주어문학회 2021 영주어문 Vol.48 No.-

이 연구는 한국어를 학습할 때 외래어를 어려워하는 학문 목적 외국인 유학생을 위한 외래어 교육 방안 연구 및 교재 개발을 목적으로 한다. 단순히 외래어를 제시하는 방식이 아니라 텍스트 강화 이론을 배경으로 쓰기 기능과의 연계를 통한 방안을 제시하고자 한다. 이를 위해 학문 목적 외국인 유학생에 적합한 외래어 교육 방안에 대해 고찰하고, 충분히 검토된 내용을 바탕으로 이를 구체화할 수 있는 교재 개발에 필요한 초석을 마련하는 것이 연구의 주요 목표이다. 이렇게 고찰한 방안을 바탕으로 개발한 교재를 통해 외국인 학습자들이 더 쉽고, 효율적으로 외래어를 학습할 수 있게 하는 것이 본 연구의 최종 연구 목적이다. 지금까지의 외래어 교육 방식과 교재는 표제어를 선정하고, 표제어의 의미 제시와 예문 제시를 통한 사전 형태의 방안이 주를 이루었다. 하지만 이 연구에서는 외래어를 외워야 한다는 인식에서 출발하는 것이 아니라 외래어를 인식하고 외래어를 이해하고, 외래어를 사용(기억)하는 단계로 나아갈 수 있도록 교재를 구성한다는 점이 기존 방식과의 차이점이라 할 수 있다. 그렇기 때문에 외래어를 인식하는 단계에서 이를 효과적으로 인식할 수 있는 ‘텍스트 강화’를 연구의 이론적 배경으로 고려하였으며, 외래어를 이해하고 사용할 수 있도록 읽기 텍스트와 쓰기 과제를 연계하여 제시하고자 한다. This study aims to seek loanword education plans and develop a teaching material for foreign students with academic purposes, who have difficulty with loanwords when learning Korean language. This study is focused on suggesting plans that are linked to writing skills, based on the text reinforcement theory, not simply offering loanwords. The main purpose of this study is to consider loanword education plans appropriate for foreign students with academic purposes and lay the foundation for development of a teaching material that can give shape to these plans, based on a full consideration. Ultimately, this study is intended to enable foreign learners to learn loanwords more easily and efficiently using the teaching material developed, based on these considerations. Loanword education plans and teaching materials so far have most adopted dictionary-typed methods, which present meanings of headwords and example sentences. However, not starting from the preception that learners must memorize loanwords, this study differentiates itself from the existing studies by suggesting a teaching material that help learners recognize, understand and use(memorize) loanwords by themselves. Therefore, the theoretical background of this study is ‘Text Reinforcement’ that makes learners perceive loanwords effectively, and this study puts forward a linkage between reading text and writing task so learners can understand and use loanwords.

한국인학습자의 일본어 외래어 발음 습득 횡단 분석 ―ACTFL-OPI 방식의 회화 음성을 대상으로-

민광준 ( Min Kwang Joon ) 한국일본어교육학회 2016 日本語敎育 Vol.0 No.77

In this paper, we analyze the loanword pronunciation of Korean learners of Japanese, shown in Japanese conversation speech of ACTFL-OPI format. Based on the results, I discuss the following: the level of difficulty in loanwords, correlation between loanword skillfulness and Japanese proficiency, individual differences in acquiring Japanese loanword pronunciation, and Korean phoneme system`s influence on loanword pronunciation learning. The results are as follows: First of all, the pronunciation error was the most frequent in shortening of long vowels, followed by vowels, consonants, devoicing of consonants in the word-initial position and palatalization of consonants; these 5 types of error takes up 82.5% of the entire errors. Secondly, analysis on Japanese proficiency (OPI level) and Korean learners` loanword pronunciation status showed us that the Japanese proficiency itself didn`t necessarily correlate with the accuracy of pronunciation. The inaccurate pronouncing habit acquired in the early stage of Japanese learning is hard to be corrected, even when the Japanese proficiency itself gets advanced. Therefore, acquisition of accurate loanword pronunciation in the early stage of Japanese learning is important. Third, based on the analysis on pronunciation error frequency and inclination of errors for each learners, the individual differences in Japanese loanword proficiency and the procedures to acquire it are shown to be quite huge. Therefore, more integrated understanding is needed to grasp the individuals` problems in Japanese loanword pronunciation, and we ought to make strategic approaches accordingly. Fourth, the reason that Korean learners make mistakes in pronouncing Japanese loanwords was found to be because that the different phoneme rules are applied when English-which takes 80% of Japanese loanwords-is used in Japanese or used in Korean. Further studies are needed on education of Japanese loanword pronunciation using expanded Japanese syllabary table.

효율적인 어휘 확장을 위한 외래어 효용성 연구

황은하(Hwang Eun ha) 우리말교육현장학회 2014 우리말교육현장연구 Vol.8 No.2

이 연구는 해외에서의 한국어 학습 상황(KFL)에서 효율적인 어휘 확장을 위한 도구로서 외래어 활용의 가능성을 실제적으로 검증하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 일반적으로 어휘 학습에서 외래어는 '학습 용이성'과 '모국어 전이'의 긍정적 역할을 하여 그 활용 가치가 높다고 이론적으로 인식되어 왔다. 그러나 실제로 한국어교육에서 외래어를 활용하는 것이 얼마나 효과가 있을지에 대한 효용성 검토는 이루어지지 않았던 것으로 보인다. 따라서 이 연구에서는 영어권 초급 학습자의 동일 집단을 대상으로 어휘지식 평가척도(Vocabulary Knowledge Scale)를 바탕으로 고안된 외래어 인식 테스트를 통해 학습자의 모국어 지식을 활용한 어휘 유추와 외래어 이해의 상관관계를 검토해 보고자 하였다. 조사 결과 피험자들은 어휘 유추를 통해 이해 가능한 어휘량의 양적인 증가를 보였으며, 질적인 부분에서는 외래어의 유형에 따라 어휘 유추에 성공하거나 실패하는 결과를 낳았다. 본 연구를 통한 외래어 학습의 효용성 검증은 그동안 이론적으로만 논의되었던 외래어 활용 교육에 실제적인 증거를 제시해 주는 동시에, 귀납적으로 학습자들의 전반적인 외래어 지식을 측정해 본 것에 의의가 있다. 따라서 본고에서 논의한 바와 같이, 앞으로 특별히 초급 단계에서 한국어 발음과 철자 교육에 활용되는 명시적인 외래어 교수-학습 및 외래어와 문화 교육과의 연계가 실제 교육 현장에서 구체적으로 실현되어 풍성한 교수-학습 효과를 낳기를 기대한다. This study examines the validity to use Korean Loanwords for effective and efficient vocabulary expanding in KFL. Many studies agree with the importance of loanwords in vocabulary expanding with regard to its positive transfer from L1, which is English in this case, and learnability. Consequently, there are several researches focusing on Korean loanwords in effective Korean vocabulary teaching: presenting an essential loanwords list for academic purpose, insisting on teaching a notational system of loanwords, and emphasizing cultural changed meanings of Korean loanwords for learners. However, when it comes to the validity of using loanwords in KFL and KSL for rapid vocabulary expanding it is very hard to find a research that attempt to prove it with empirical evidence. Therefore with the purpose of examining the validity of using Korean loanwords for expanding vocabulary knowledge from a receptive perspective, in this study, lexical inferencing using KFL learners' L1 was encouraged. Participants went through a word list containing 223 Korean loanwords. The checklist using modified version of Vocabulary Knowledge Scale(VKS) was utilized to measure the learners' size and depth of vocabulary knowledge. Results indicate a notable progress after lexical inferencing. While lexical inferencing was effective on most of the loanwords, some words, such as having sociocultural changes in their meanings, and new word formations, were difficult to presume with L1 knowledge. As a result, this study suggests an explicit loanwords teaching for efficient vocabulary expanding not only by using lexical inferencing but also by focusing on semantically changed loanwords.

日韓の新聞からみた共通外来語の使用実態について -計量的 · 文法的側面から-

임정수 한국일본어학회 2020 日本語學硏究 Vol.0 No.63

This paper examines the usage of common loanwords in Japanese and Korean language systems in terms of the quantitative and grammatical perspectives. The findings are as follows: (1) From the quantitative perspective, there is no difference in the actual total usage for the loanwords that exist in both Japanese and Korean. However, an observation of the individual loanwords reveals that Korean shows a higher rate in top-frequency loanwords. Top 30 loanwords account for 45% in Korean, and 33% in Japanese. (2) From the grammatical perspective, it is a common feature in both languages that most common loanwords are mainly used as nouns, and the usage becomes lower in the order of: verbs > nominal adjectives (adjectives for Korean) > adverbs. However, there is a significant difference observed between the two languages in the usage proportion: that is, the grammatical status of a loanword may be changed when adopted to these languages and in Japanese twice as many loanwords are used in multiple word classes than in Korean, reflecting the fact that verbs in Japanese can be derived from nouns more easily than in Korean. (3) As a result of comparing the loanwords that are derived to verbs in only one language, either Japanese or Korean, it was revealed that in Japanese, most loanwords can be verbalized by attaching suru 'do' whereas in Korean, loanwords can be verbalized by attaching verbalization markers other than hada 'do'. From this result, it can be said that the two languages have different ways of expressing things; to be more specific, there is a higher tendency to use loanwords as nouns in Korean than in Japanese.