환경요인이 서체 판독성에 미치는 비정형적 영향에 관한 연구

임학래 한국디자인문화학회 2019 한국디자인문화학회지 Vol.25 No.3

The purpose of this study is to empirically verify the impact of environmental factors on legibility of typefaces with experiments. It attempts to explore the characteristics of atypical effects of environmental factors on typeface legibility by delving into not only the innate legibility of typefaces, or the forms of letters, but the degrees of extraneous legibility perceived differently according to varying environmental factors. The study of typeface legibility can be largely divided into two: one is to investigate letterforms; and the other is to examine the environment in which letters are read. The study defined ‘legibility’ as the degree of ease in which forms of individual letters or words are discernable and recognizable, and derived key environmental factors to find out the impact of varying degrees of them on typeface legibility. To delineate the properties of the effects environmental factors exerted on legibility, a conjoint analysis was applied as the design of the experiment to measure the effects of the degree of three environmental factors – ‘contrast, angle, and pollution’ – on typeface legibility. To be concrete, picture cards that adopted five different levels of individual environmental factors were presented and arranged in order from the highest to the lowest legibility perceived by the participants of the experiment, thereby allowing the assessment of relative importance by different environmental factors. The experiment results disclosed that environmental factors have a direct influence over changes in typeface legibility. Such changes in legibility vary depending on different typefaces and even the same typeface may take extremely irregular patterns according to changes in environmental factors. The researcher paid attention to the causes behind how changes in environmental factors may exert atypical changes of typeface legibility and attempted to offer practical and academic implications by identifying the mechanism of how environmental factors may influence typeface legibility. Furthermore, it is expected that the outcomes of this research may stimulate a shift from the current research that revolve around letterforms to environmental factor-oriented ones that take account of operational environmental changes. 이 연구는 실험을 통해 환경요인이 서체 판독성에미치는 영향을 검증하는 데 목적을 두고 있다. 서체즉, 글자의 형태가 지닌 고유의 판독성이 아닌, 환경요인의 변화 강도에 따라 다르게 지각되는 서체 판독성의 변화 정도를 살펴, 궁극적으로는 환경요인이 서체 판독성에 미치는 비정형적 영향의 특성을 살펴보려 한다. 서체 판독성 연구는 환경요인의 관점에서 글자 형태에 관한 연구와 글자를 읽는 환경에 관한 연구로 구분할 수 있다. 이 연구에서 서체 판독성은 낱글자나 낱말의 형태를 분별하여 알아보기 쉬운 정도로 규정하였고, 주요 환경요인을 선정하여 환경요인의강도를 변화시켜 서체 판독성에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 환경요인이 서체 판독성에 미치는 영향의 특성을밝히기 위해 컨조인트 분석(Conjoint Analysis)을 사용해 실험을 설계하여 ‘대비, 각도, 오염’의 3가지 환경요인의 작용 강도가 서체 판독성에 미치는 영향을측정하였다. 구체적으로 개별 환경요인의 강도를 5단계로 적용한 그림카드를 제시하여 실험 참여자가 판독성이 높다고 지각한 순서대로 순위를 배열하도록하여 환경요인별 상대적 중요도와 작용 강도별 가치가 평가될 수 있도록 하였다. 실험 결과, 환경요인은 서체 판독성 변화에 직접적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 서체 판독성 변화는 서체별로 다를 뿐만 아니라, 동일한 서체라도 환경요인과 그 변화 강도에 따라 매우 불규칙한양상을 보였다. 연구자는 환경요인이 서체 판독성의비정형적 변화에 미치는 원인임에 주목하고, 환경요인이 서체 판독성에 미치는 영향의 메커니즘을 파악하여 실무적, 학문적 시사점을 제시하고자 하였다. 또한, 이 연구의 결과는 서체 판독성 관련 연구가 현재의글자 형태 중심 연구에서 사용 환경 변화를 고려한환경요인 중심 연구로 확장하는 데 중요한 계기가 될것으로 기대한다.

타이포그래피 분야에서 가독성과 판독성의 정의 유형 분석

석재원(Seok Jaewon),구자은(Ku Jaeun) 한국타이포그라피학회 2021 글짜씨 Vol.- No.20

가독성과 판독성은 타이포그래피 분야에서 빈번히 언급되는 용어이다. 그럼에도 그 정의가 명확히 정립되어 있지 않아 혼용되거나 오용되는 경우가 많다. 특히, 번역 과정에서 가독성과 판독성, legibility의 readability의 의미가 불규칙하게 연결되어 소통의 혼란이 일어나기도 한다. 이 연구의 목적은 혼란의 원인을 파악하고, 불분명하게 통용되고 있는 용어의 윤곽을 명확히 하여 정확한 소통의 발판을 마련하는 것이다. 이를 위해 타이포그래피 분야에서 가독성·판독성·legibility·readability가 각각 어떻게 정의되고 있는지 수집하고 분석해 유형화했다. 연구 범위는 명망 있는 국내외 타이포그래피 연구자가 직접 저술하거나 번역한 단행본 스물세 권으로 선정했다. 국내 서적 열 권과 해외 서적 열세 권으로 구성되며 구체적으로 가독성·판독성·legibility·readability를 정의한 사례만 포함했다. 가독성·판독성·legibility·readability의 용례는 다음의 세 가지 유형으로 정리할 수 있다. 첫째, A 유형에서 가독성은 텍스트의 형태 인지 능률을 의미하고 판독성은 낱자의 형태 인지 능률을 의미한다. 가독성=readability, 판독성=legibility로 번역된다. 둘째, B 유형에서 가독성은 텍스트의 내용 독해 능률을 의미하고 판독성은 낱자 및 텍스트의 형태 인지 능률을 의미한다. 가독성=readability, 판독성=legibility로 번역된다. 셋째, C유형에서 가독성은 낱자의 형태 인지 능률, 텍스트 형태 인지 능률, 텍스트의 독해 능률을 모두 포괄하여 의미한다. 가독성=legibility로 번역된다. 따라서 타이포그래피 연구자는 소통의 혼선을 피하고자 다음과 같은 노력을 기울일 필요가 있다. 첫째, 가독성·판독성·legibility·readability의 정의가 의도한 바와 다르게 해석될 수 있음을 분명히 인지한다. 둘째, 이들 용어를 사용할 때는 의도하는 바를 구체적으로 부연한다. 셋째, 번역할 때에는 가급적 원문에서 사용한 용어를 병기한다. The term Gadokseong (가독성, a quality of being readable) and Pandokseong (판독성, a quality of being legible or deciphered) are frequently used terms in the field of typography. Nevertheless, their definitions have not been clearly established yet in Korea so they are often confusing or misused. The meanings of legibility and readability are inconsistently matched particularly in translation, which sometimes incurs confusion in communication. This research aims to identify what causes the confusion and clarify the outline of these terms with unclear use so as to lay the foundation for accurate communication. To this end, this study collected, analyzed and categorized different definitions of Gadokseong, Pandokseong, legibility and readability respectively in the field of typography. The scope of the research covers twenty-three volumes of books either written or translated by noted Korean and foreign typography researchers. This includes ten Korean and thirteen foreign books which provide concrete definitions of Gadokseong, Pandokseong, legibility and readability. Usage of Gadokseong, Pandokseong, legibility and readability can be classified into three categories as follows. First, Type A covers cases in which readability means perception efficiency of text forms while legibility means perception efficiency of letter forms. Each of the words Gadokseong and Pandokseong is translated as readability and legibility. Second, Type B exhibits cases in which readability means comprehension efficiency of text contents while legibility means perception efficiency of letter and text forms. Each of the words Gadokseong and Pandokseong is translated as readability and legibility. Third, Type C refers to cases in which Gadokseong has extended meanings of with perception efficiency of letter forms, perception efficiency of text forms and text comprehension efficiency all together. The word Gadokseong is translated as legibility in this category. Thus, a typography researcher is required to make the following efforts in order to avoid confusion of communication. First, be clearly aware that definitions of Gadokseong, Pandokseong, legibility and readability can be interpreted differently from what is intended. Second, elaborate on what is intended when using these terms. Third, annotate a translated version with terms used in the original text as far as possible.

A Review on Robot Motion Legibility for Human-Robot Interaction

Sukyeong Kim,Woojin Park 대한인간공학회 2017 대한인간공학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2017 No.11

Objective: The purpose of this study was to critically review and synthesize existing studies on robot motion legibility and suggest future directions for human factors research on human-robot interaction (HRI). Three questions were considered: ‘Why is the robot’s legibility important to humans?’, ‘What robot expressions improve robot’s legibility?’, and ‘How does the legibility of robots affect human performance and well-being?’. Background: As robots are quickly becoming an intrinsic part of our daily lives, the demand for technology necessary for the human-robot coexistence beings is increasing. The robot’s legibility is being increasingly recognized as an important design factor for creating human friendly robots. Method: This study critically reviewed and synthesized 30 research articles on the legibility of robot motions. Major findings and limitations of past research studies were examined and suggestions on future human factors research directions were provided. Results: From the psychology point of view, the robot’s legibility has fundamental significance concerning HRI as it is related to the basic human tendency of predicting the goal of a system from its observed behaviors. Also, designing legible robot motions can be understood as creating robot behaviors compatible with human mental models. Many studies have attempted to create highly legible behaviors through approaches, such as imitating human behaviors, considering human abilities, meeting human preferences, and using additional motion cues. Design factors such as actor characteristics, motion trajectory and velocity, were found to affect the legibility of robot. Legible robot motions were found to not only improve the task performance of the whole human-robot collaboration system but also enhance the perceived safety, comfort, trust and positive affect of robots. Conclusion: Although the robot motion legibility is an important human factors research topic concerning HRI, there are currently many research voids that require extensive future research. Application: The current literature review provides an understanding of the recent research trends on the legibility of robot motions and would help human factors researchers define future HRI research problems.

한글꼴의 속공간 넓이가 가독성에 미치는 영향: 234개 낱자를 중심으로

전은선,김성계 한국기초조형학회 2021 기초조형학연구 Vol.22 No.5

In this study, an empirical analysis was attempted on how the width of the inner space of the Batang was formed and how they affect legibility. Experimental method, First, through the analysis of preceding data, three characters (234) of square fonts with serifs are selected to obtain the area of the inner space. Second, a survey is conducted with samples prepared for the legibility experiment. Third, by substituting the legibility experimental evaluation result into the derived space width for each font, the effect of the inner space width of Hangul fonts on legibility is analyzed. Accordingly, the width of the inner space of fonts with high legibility was 66.06~75.02%, and the average width of inner space of characters with high legibility was derived as 70.67%. Compared to the dropped letters, the inner space is relatively wide, and the gray shades mixed with the blanks played a role in moving the reader's eyes. And the width of the inner space of the letter with high legibility was balanced with the external factors and scored high in five factors. Also, two characteristics appeared in fonts with low legibility. First, the inner space (77.29~78.54%) was very wide in Hanyang (HY) Semyeongjo and YD Yunmyeongjo 110. Second, Sandoll Myeongjo Neo EB, YD Yun Myeongjo 160, and Hanyang (HY) Special Myeongjoo had a very narrow inner space (46.63-50.07%). In this study, It was possible to verify that the concept of inner space is an important factor suggesting the direction of vitality of the text through the relationship with the width of inner space. In addition, it is meaningful that an empirical review was conducted on how the width of the inner space affects legibility in the absence of existing studies on the inner space among the studies related to legibility. 본 연구에서는 바탕체 낱자의 속공간 넓이의 평균비율을 이용하여 가독성에 어떠한 영향을 미치는가에 대한 실증적인 분석을 시도하였다. 실험 방법으로 첫째, 선행자료 분석을 통하여 세리프가 있는 네모틀 글꼴 3종의 낱글자(234개)를 선정하여 속공간 넓이를 구한다. 둘째, 가독성 실험을 위하여 제작된 샘플로 설문조사를 실시한다. 셋째, 도출된 글꼴별 속공간 넓이에 가독성 실험평가 결과를 대입하여 한글꼴의 속공간 넓이가 가독성에 미치는 영향을 분석한다. 이에 가독성이 높은 글꼴들의 속공간넓이는 66.06~75.02%이고, 가독성이 높은 낱자들의 평균 속공간 넓이 70.67%로 도출되었다. 이는탈락한 낱자들에 비하여 속공간 넓이가 비교적 넓은 편이며, 여백과 혼합되어 나타난 회색의 농담은독자의 시선을 이동하게 하는 역할을 하였다. 그리고 가독성이 높은 글자의 속공간 넓이는 외부 요인과 균형을 이루면서 5가지 요인에서 높은 점수를 받았다. 또한 가독성이 낮은 글꼴들에서는 2가지의특징이 나타났는데 첫째, 한양(HY)세명조와 YD윤명조110은 속공간 넓이(77.29~78.54%)가 아주 넓게나타났다. 둘째, 산돌명조네오EB, YD윤명조160, 한양(HY)특견명조는 속공간 넓이(46.63~50.07%)가아주 좁게 나타났다. 본 연구에서는 속공간 개념이 본문 활력의 방향을 제시하는 중요한 요인이라는것을 속공간 넓이와의 관계를 통하여 검증할 수 있었다. 더불어 가독성에 관련된 연구 중 속공간에 대한 기존 연구가 부재한 현실에서 속공간의 넓이가 가독성에 어떠한 영향을 미치는가에 대한 실증적인검토를 하였다는데 의의가 있다.

원색 간판의 색채인식 연구 - 문자형 간판의 색채조화와 가독성을 중심으로 -

원세화,이윤진 한국디자인트렌드학회 2020 한국디자인포럼 Vol.25 No.3

연구배경 간판에 대한 다양한 연구가 실행되고 있지만 원색 간판에 대한 연구는 부족하다. 또한 기존의 간판 가이드라인은 데이터를 기준으로 제정된 것이 아니다. 따라서 이에 대한 연구가 필요한 실정이다. 본 연구의 목적은 지역별, 건물별, 원색 간판(문자형)의 색채조화와 가독성에 대한 색채 인식을 탐구하는 것이다. 연구방법 본 연구는 피험자에게 권역-건물-간판 조합에 대한 77개의 자극물을 제시하고 이에 대한 색채조화와 가독성에 대한 평가를 실시하였다. 77개의 색 자극물은 권역 5종(일반, 중점, 역사보존, 수변, 자연녹지), 건물 3종(벽돌, 석조, 커튼월), 원색 간판 5종(빨강, 노랑, 초록, 파랑, 보라)을 조합하여 구성하였다. 연구결과 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 원색 간판의 색채조화와 가독성은 관계가 높지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 원색 간판의 색채조화는 건물이나 주변 환경이 달라져도 전체적으로 조화롭지 않다고 평가되었다. 셋째, 원색 간판의 색채조화와 가독성 평가에 있어서 대부분의 경우 건물외관의 영향이 큰 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 원색 간판의 색채조화와 가독성 평가에 있어서 대부분의 경우 권역의 영향은 적은 것으로 나타났다. 결론 원색 간판의 경우 가독성이 높다고 평가되어도 주변 환경과 조화롭다고는 평가되지 않을 수 있으며, 원색 간판을 사용할 경우 건물외관과의 배색관계를 고려해야한다. 본 연구는 원색 간판의 색채조화와 가독성에 대해 지역별, 건물별 인식 차이가 있는지 데이터를 기준으로 세밀하게 살펴보았다는데 연구의 의의가 있으며, 이를 통해 간판 디자이너와 정책 입안자에게 데이터를 기준으로 한 원색 간판에 대한 이해와 기초자료를 제공할 것이다. Background Signboards has been studied at various angles. However, studies on primary color signboards are rare. Thus, the aim of this study is to explore how color harmony and legibility of primary color signboards are perceived when building exteriors and areas are different. Methods Fifty-three participants evaluated 77 area-building-signboard combinations against two scales of color harmony and legibility. The stimuli consisted of 5 areas (residential area, building area, seaside area, historic area, and green area), 3 building exteriors (brick building, stone building and curtain wall) and 5 primary colors of signboards (red, yellow, green, blue, and purple). Result Findings of the study are as follows. First, the relationship between color harmony and legibility in all three types of building exteriors and five types of areas was moderate. Second, in terms of color harmony, primary color signboards were generally rated disharmonious in all three building exteriors and five areas. In terms of legibility, yellow signboards in brick buildings, red, green, blue, and purple signboards in stone buildings, and red signboards in curtain walls were rated most legible. Third, the effects of building exteriors on color harmony and legibility of primary color signboards were strong. Forth, the effects of areas on color harmony and legibility of primary color signboards were weak. Conclusion It is concluded that primary color signboards, which are considered to have high legibility, can be evaluated as disharmonious, and when using primary color signboards, types of building exteriors should be considered rather than types of areas. The study findings provide an understanding of the characteristics of primary color signboards on color harmony and legibility in different building exteriors and areas.

고령자에 의한 한글 서체 순간판독 수행도 평가

홍승권(Seung Kweon Hong) 대한인간공학회 2018 大韓人間工學會誌 Vol.37 No.6

Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the glance legibility of three types of Hangul typeface by the elderly. Background: There are situations where people need to read letters in a short time. Especially elderly people are vulnerable to reading letters in a short time. Therefore, it is necessary to develop Hangul typefaces for the elderly and to evaluate the legibility of the typefaces. Method: The legibility of the three Korean typefaces was evaluated in a short period of 300ms. One typeface was a commercial typeface and the other two typefaces were a regular and bold type of typefaces redesigned to improve legibility. In addition to the type of the typefaces, the size of the letters and the complexity of the letters were set as independent variables. Results: The analysis of variance on the number of fault reading showed that redesigned typefaces were better read in a short time by the elderly. The effect of this legibility improvement was better when the letters were small in size and when the letters were more complex. Conclusion: The redesigned Hangul typefaces have wider spacing between strokes and strokes, more enlarged internal space of the letters and less ambiguous forms of strokes than the commercial typeface. Such a Hangul typeface redesign contributed to the glance legibility of the elderly. Application: The result of this study might be used as a guide for developing Hangul typeface with high glance legibility performance.

길찾기 과정에서 실내색채계획이 환경 명료성과 색채 기여도 인지에 미치는 영향

민영희,하미경 한국실내디자인학회 2018 한국실내디자인학회논문집 Vol.27 No.6

Wayfinding problems due to repetitive symmetries often occur in geometrical building shapes of hospitals, public buildings, and schools. Color has powerful influence on our perception and cognition to convey visual information contributive to wayfinding and environmental legibility. This research aimed to investigate the possibility of enhancing subjective architectural legibility and perceived color contribution by contrasting interior schemes, yet maintaining harmonious color properties as a whole. Participants explored one of twelve different virtual environments, simulating three different geometrical wards and four interior color schemes. After navigating virtual space, participants evaluated the environmental legibility and color contribution to wayfinding. Environmental legibility was evaluated in seven aspects, simplicity, differentiation, describability, memorability of structure and scene, orientation, and systematicity of layout in 7-point Likert scale. Color contribution was assessed in three items, differentiation by colors, orientation by colors, and systematic organization by colors. In results, main color scheme effect was significant in differentiation, describability, and orientation in assessing legibility. Color scheme affected color contribution to wayfinding significantly by differentiating environment, enhancing systemacity and orientation by color. Among four color schemes, monochromatic(chromatic-achromatic) color scheme with complementary accent colors between zones was perceived as the most contributive color scheme to wayfinding and subjective environmental legibility. 종합병원이나 학교, 공공건물 유형에서 특징적으로 나타나는 기하학적인 건물형태는 그 반복적이고 대칭적인 구조로 인해 실내에서의 길찾기에서 방향감각을 상실하는 요인이 되곤 한다. 색채는 인간이 환경을 지각하고 인지하는데 있어서 강력한 시각정보로, 이러한 상황에서 환경의 명료성을 증진시킬 수 있는 수단이 될 수 있다. 본 연구는 이러한 건물에서 전체적으로 조화로우면서도 구역 간의 대비되는 실내색채계획을 통하여 사용자들이 건축적 명료성과 색채가 길찾기에 도움이 된다고 느낄 수 있는 가능성에 대하여 알아보고자 하였다. 참가자가 기하학적 특성이 다른 3개의 종합병원 병동평면에서 색채계획을 달리한 가상공간을 직접 탐색하고 길찾기 과제를 수행한 후에 환경 명료성의 정도와 색채가 길찾기에 기여한 정도를 7점 척도의 설문으로 평가하도록 하였다. 환경 명료성은 단순성, 차별성, 설명용이성, 구조와 장면의 기억용이성, 방향감각, 배치의 체계성의 측면에서 평가되었다. 색채의 기여도는 색채에 의한 차별화, 방향감각과 체계성의 측면에서 평가되었다. 그 결과 색채조합에 따라 차별화, 설명용이성, 방향감각의 증진의 측면에서 환경 명료성 평가의 유의미한 차이가 나타났다. 또한 색채에 따라 차별화와 방향감각, 배치의 체계성 모든 측면에서도 길찾기에 기여하는 정도가 유의미하게 차이가 있었다. 환경 명료성을 가장 높이고 길찾기에 가장 도움을 준 색채계획은 구역 내에서 무채색과 함께 단일색상으로 강조색이 쓰이고 구역 간의 강한 보색 대비로 쓰인 색채계획으로 나타났다.

화소 밀집도, 화소 하부구조, 휘도, 조명 조도가 스마트폰 가독성에 미치는 영향

박종진 ( Jong Jin Park ),이형철 ( Hyung Chul Lee ),김신우 ( Shin Woo Kim ) 한국감성과학회 2014 감성과학 Vol.17 No.3

Since the domestic introduction of iPhone in 2009, use of smartphones rapidly increased and many tasks, previously performed by various devices, are now performed by smartphones. In this process the importance of reading little text using small smartphone screen has become highly significant. This research tested how display factors of smartphone (pixel density, sub-pixel structure, luminance) and environmental factor (illumination) affect legibility related discomfort in text reading. The results indicated that legibility related discomfort is largely affected by pixel density, where people experience inconvenience when the pixel density becomes lower than 300 PPI. Illumination has limited effect on legibility related discomfort. Participants reported more legibility related discomfort when stimulus presented in various levels of illumination rather than single illumination level. Sub-pixel structure and luminance did not affected legibility related discomfort. Based on the results we suggest lower limit resolution of smart devices (smartphones, tablet computers) of different sizes for text legibility.

글자의 복잡성이 청년층의 한글 일음절 글자 가독성에 미치는 영향

송영웅 ( Young Woong Song ) 대구가톨릭대학교 자연과학연구소 2013 자연과학연구논문집 Vol.11 No.1

This study investigated the effects of the font type (gothic, myungjo), color contrast (black on white, white on black), distance (50 cm, 200 cm), complexity (simple, complex) on the Korean characters`` legibility. Total eighteen subjects (male: 10, female: 8) participated in the legibility experiment. Subjects were instructed to read a target panel presented in the distance of 50 cm or 200 cm. The target panel was made with different font type, character complexity, and color contrast. Results showed that simple characters revealed better legibility than complex characters, and gothic type showed better legibility than myungjo type. From the analysis of variance of the minimum size for the 0% correct answer, it was found that the main effects of the distance, font type, and complexity were statistically significant (p<0.05). These main effects were also statistically significant for the 100% correct answer. Thus, it was recommended that the character complexity should be considered when designing or making guidelines for the letter size of the medical products, pesticide products, or other presentation materials.

키네틱 타이포그라피와 관찰자 이동 상황에서 한글판독능력

홍승권(Seung Kweon Hong) 대한인간공학회 2018 大韓人間工學會誌 Vol.37 No.4

Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the legibility of Hangul characters in two situations; moving characters and moving observers. Background: The legibility study of Hangul has been primarily focused on the case in which a static observer reads static characters. With the advent of kinetic typography, characters have begun to move, and drivers have to read road signs while moving. Research on legibility of Hangul in a moving situation is needed. Method: In order to compare the legibility of Hangul in the context of observer movement and Hangul movement, the character size (visual angle of character = 2.5°, 5.5°, 8.5°), the reading time (1 Sec. 2 Sec. 3 Sec.), and the difficulty of the letter (the number of stroke in a character = 1~5, 6~10, 11~15) were set to be the same and the legibility was compared. Results: Under the same experimental conditions, the reading rate of moving observers was higher than that of moving letters. In both situations, the reading rate increased as the letter size and reading time increased and the difficulty of letters decreased. In the case of moving characters, the reading rate sharply changed with the change of the character size and the difficulty of the character. On the other hand, moving observers did not change sensitively to these changes. Conclusion: In contrast to the situation where moving observers read Hangul characters, the reading rate of the kinetic typography is sensitive to the difficulty of the character and the size of the character. Therefore, when designing the kinetic typography, it is necessary carefully to adjust the size and difficulty of the characters in consideration of legibility. Application: The results of this research will be helpful in designing kinetic typography and designing Hangul typography which should be read by moving observers.