통영 바다목장 해역의 종속영양세균의 계절적 변화

김말남 ( Mal Nam Kim ),임아현 ( A Hyun Lim ),이진환 ( Jin Hwan Lee ),김종만 ( Jong Man Kim ) 한국환경생물학회 2004 환경생물 : 환경생물학회지 Vol.22 No.1

2000년부터 2002년까지 통영 바다목장 해역 5개 정점 표층수와 저층수에서 종속영양세균의 개체수를 평판계수법으로 측정하여 종속영양세균군집의 계절별 변동추이를 비교 분석하고, 우점종을 선별하여 동정하였다. 7월과 8월의 하절기에 채수한 해수에는 봄 혹은 가을 및 겨울에 채수한 해수에 비하여 모든 정점에서 훨씬 더 많은 종속영양세균이 검출되었다. 저층수에 비하여 표충수에서 종속영양세균의 수가 더 많았으나 동절기 (2001년 12월과 2002년 2월)에는 해수 온도가 낮으며 해수의 대류가 느려짐에 따라 부유물질이 저층에 축적되는 관계로 저층수의 종속영양세균의 수가 표층수의 경우 보다 오히려 더 많이 검출되었다. 해수 내 종속영양세균의 수와 태풍의 빈도는 뚜렷한 상관관계를 보이지 않아 태풍의 빈도 이외에 태풍의 진로와 강도 및 태풍을 수반하는 집중 호우와 해수의 온도 변화가 종속영양세균의 수에 영향을 미치는 것으로 판단되었다. 통영 바다목장 해역의 종속영양세균의 우점종은 Pseudomonas Fluorescens, Pseudomonas stutzeri, Acinetobacter lwoffii 및 Sphingomonas paucimobilis로 동정되었다. Surface and bottom sea water samples were harvested from the 5 stations in the marine ranching ground of Tongyeong coastal water from year 2000 to 2002. Cell number of heterotrophic bacteria was determined by using the plate counting method to explore the variation of the cell population of heterotrophic bacteria. Sea water samples collected in summer (in July and August) contained much larger number of heterotrophic bacteria than those harvested in spring, autumn and winter. Heterotrophic bacteria were usually more abundant in surface sea than in bottom sea water. However the reverse was true for sea water collected in December 2001 and February 2002 due to suspended solids accumulating more abundantly in seabed area because of the slower convective current of the sea water in winter. Number of heterotrophic bacteria did not have a strong relationship with frequency of typhoon indicating that the path and powerfulness of the typhoon, localized torrential downpour and temperature variation accompanying the typhoon should be considered all together at the same time as well as the frequency of typhoon to explain clearly the variation of cell number of heterotrophic bacteria. The dominant species isolated from the marine ranching ground of Tongyeong were identified to be Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas stutzeri, Acinetobacter lwoffii and Sphingomonas paucimobilis.

영남지역 지하수에서 대장균군의 분포 및 분리한 세균의 특성

이인환,김수경,최윤희,김종설,Lee In-Hwan,Kim Soo-Kyung,Choi Yun-Hee,Kim Jong-Seol 한국미생물학회 2006 미생물학회지 Vol.42 No.2

생활용수로 사용하는 영남지역 지하수의 세균학적 수질을 평가하기 위해, 여름 123개 지점, 겨울 117개 지점에서 지하수 시료를 채수하였다. 일반세균 수의 중앙간은 여름 30 CFU/ml, 겨울 40 CFU/ml이었고, 25% 이상의 조사지점에서 일반세균 수는 먹는물 수질기준 100 CFU/ml을 초과하였다. 전체 조사지점 중 여름 46%, 겨울 30%의 지점에서는 대장균군이 검출되었으며, 이들 지점에서 대장균군 수의 중앙간은 여름 20 CFU/ml, 겨울 4 CFU/ml로 여름이 겨울보다 높았다. 분리한 대장균군 세균은 Citrobacter속, Enterobacter속, Eschericitia속, Klebsiella속, Pantoea속, Rahnella속, 그리고 Serratia속으로 동정되었으며, Enterobacter속이 48%를 차지하여 가장 많았다. 종별로는 E. cloacae, E. amnigenus, K. pneumoniae등이 빈도가 높게 분리되었으며, 반면 E. coli는 1개 조사지점에서만 분리되었다. 대장균군 수는 일반세균 수와 양의 상관관계를 보였으며, 일반세균 수는 수온과도 양의 상관관계가 있었다. 본 연구의 결과는 지하수에서 대장균군의 오염에 대한 보다 자세한 정보를 제공해 주며, 영남지역의 지하수에서 병원성 미생물의 오염 가능성이 여전히 높음을 시사한다. To evaluate bacteriological water quality of groundwater in Yeungnam Province, samples were taken from 123 locations during summer and 117 locations during winter. The medians of heterotrophic plate counts.(HPCs) were 30 CFU/mL for the summer samples and 40 CFU/ml for the winter, and more than 25% showed HPCs higher than 100 CFU/ml. Coliform bacteria were detected from 46% of the summer samples and 30% of the winter. In these coliform-positive samples, the medians of coliform counts were 20 CFU/ml for the summer samples and 4 CFU/ml for the winter. Genera such as Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Klebsielia, Pantoea, Rahnellia, and Serratia were identified from the coliform isolates; among them, 48% were members of the genus Enterobacter. While E. cloacae, E. amnigenus, and K. pneumoniae were the most frequently isolated species, E. coli was isolated only from 1 location. The coliform counts were positively correlated with the HPCs, which also positively correlated with water temperature. The results of present study provide further insight on the extent of groundwater contamination with coliform bacteria.

Seasonal characteristics of heterotrophic bacteria and antibiotic resistance transfer in Mankyoung River, Korea

Lee Geon-Hyoung,Lee Kyu-Choun 江原大學校 附設 環境硏究所 1992 環境硏究 Vol.9 No.-

Physico-chemical and microbiological water qualities were investigated from surface water of Mankyoung River. Isolates were tested 29 characters and numerical taxonomic analyses were performed. To determine the distribution of antibiotic resistant bacterial populations in a freshwater environment, a total of 106 bacterial strains isolated were examined for susceptibility to 8 antibacterial agents. Isolates identified as to genus by API kits were revealed as pseudomonas spp. (26 strains), Enterobacter spp. (25). Acinetobacter spp. (17). Escherichia spp.(16). Shigella spp.(6). Moraxella spp. (5). klebsiella spp. (4). Citrobacter spp. (3). Aeromenas spp. (1). and 2 unidentified strains. Isolates by the high concentration disk diffusion technique showed higher incidence of resistance to ampicillin(AM). cephalothin(CF), and tetracycline(Te), but most of them showed sensitivity to gentamicin(GM) and amikacin(AN). A total of 20 different patterns of multiple antibiotic resistance were observed. An increase of multiple antibiotic-resistant bacteria was partly ? 새 the plasmid-containing bacteria. The potential for natibiotic resistance transger to indigenous bacteria must be considered on risk assessment of the release of antibiotic resistant microorganisms in the environment.

음식물류폐기물의 호기성 퇴비화에 있어서 팽화재 투입비에 따른 타가영양세균의 균락형성단위의 변화에 관한 연구

박석환,Park, Seok-Hwan 한국환경보건학회 2006 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.32 No.4

This study was performed to evaluate the effects of input ratios of bulking material in aerobic composting of food wastes on variation of colony forming units of heterotrophic bacteria. Wood chips were used as a bulking material. Volume ratios of food wastes to wood chips in reactor of Control, WC-1 and WC-2 were 10/0, 10/5 and 10/10, respectively. Reactors were operated for 24 days with 1hour stirring by 1rpm and 2 hours of the forced aeration per day. WC-2 reached high temperature range faster than WC-1, and the maximum temperature of WC-2 was higher than that of WC-1. This means that the reaction velocity of composting of WC-2 was faster than that of WC-1. Judging from the profile of pH changes, composting of WC-1 proceeded slowly and continuously. Composting of WC-2 proceeded rapidly in the former half reaction period, and kept steady state of high pH in the latter half reaction period. Namely, composting of WC-2 was nearly completed in the former half reaction period. In the case of WC-1 and WC-2. the maximum temperature was followed by the rapid pH increase in 2-3 days, and this was followed by the maximum Colony Forming Units(CFU) in 3 days. But, these three items of WC-2 always appeared faster and higher than those of WC-1.

염소소독에 의한 하수처리장 방류수의 소독부산물 발생에 관한 연구

김증운(Jeung-Woon Kim),송현실(Hyun-SiI Song),배병욱(Byung-Uk Bae) 대전대학교 환경문제연구소 2004 환경문제연구소 논문집 Vol.8 No.-

본 연구에서는 대전광역시 하수종말처리장 4단계 방류수를 대상으로 염소소독 실험을 수행하고 염소 주입농도에 따른 대장균군 및 일반세균의 살균효율과 소독부산물의 생성정도를 조사하였다. 2003년 2월부터 10월까지의 대상하수처리장 4단계 방류수의 대장균군수는 1,100~2,800 개/㎖, 균은 3,500~21,600 개/㎖ 이었으며, 기타 항목별 평균농도는 BOD₅ 10.2, COD_Mn 13.5, SS 7.4 리고 T-N 과 T-P 가 각각 16.243, 0.994 mg/ℓ 이었다. 또한 하수처리장 방류수의 SUVA(specifi absorbance) 값은 2.27 로 친수성, 비방향족, 그리고 저분자량의 물질들로 구성되어 있어 생분해 성이 클 것으로 판단된다. 염소소독 실험결과 pH 7.0, 수온 20±0.5℃ 상태에서 99%이상의 소독을 얻기 위해서는 대장균군의 경우 염소주입농도 1.0 mg/ℓ 에서 10분, 일반세균의 경우 1.0 mg/ℓ 30 분, 2.0 mg/ℓ 에서는 20분, 그리고 3.0mg/ℓ 및 5.0 mg/ℓ 에서는 각각 10분의 접촉시간이 필요한 로 나타났다. 미국의 하수처리장 방류수 대장균군 기준은 1,000 MPN/1OO㎖ 로 염소주입농도 1.0 에서 10분간 접촉시킬 때 이 기준을 만족할 수 있었으며, 이 조건에서 trihalomethanes haloacetonitriles는 검출되지 않았다. pH 7.0, 수온 20±0.5℃, 염소주입농도 20 mg/ℓ, 접촉시 에서 trihalomethanes, haloacetonitriles, 그리고 haloacetic acids의 생성농도는 각각 29.86 그리고 3.1107μg/ℓ 이었으며, chloroform은 22.3467μg/ℓ으로 전체 trihalomethanes의 75.0 내었다. 파과점 염소주입 실험결과, 초기 암모니아성 질소의 농도 1.646 mg/ℓ 의 약 9.1 배까지 염소 입량을 증가시켰을 때 파과점에 도달하였다. 소독부산물의 생성정도는 암모니아성 질소 농도에 반비례하였는데, 암모니아성 질소와 각 소독부산물과의 상관관계(R²)는 trihalomethanes이 O. haloacetonitriles이 0.8169, 그리고 haloacetic acids는 0.7206 이었다. 일반적으로 하수처리는 유기물과 세균이 많기 때문에 높은 농도의 염소소독이 필요할 것이라고 생각되어지나, 본 연구의 결과 수온 및 초기 pH의 영향에 크게 상관없이 소량의 염소주입만으로도 충분한 소독효과를 기대할 수 있었다. 아울러 방류수역의 희석율을 고려하면, 염소소독 후 발생되는 소독부산물은 자체의 휘발과 희석작용에 의해 그 양이 현저히 감소됨으로써 소독부산물이 상수원으로 유입되는 문제는 크지 않을 것으로 판단된다. In Korea, the disinfection of discharged wastewater has become mandatory in 20 municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) have to satisfy the discharge limits. investigate the disinfection efficiency of chlorine and the effect of chlorination on the DBPs (disinfection by-products) in the discharged wastewater. chlorine disinfection conducted. For these purpose, the Daejeon municipal WWTP was selected as a targ water samples were taken from the final sedimentation basin. Based on the experiment the optimum disinfection strategy was proposed, which would satisfy the newly disinfection limits. Typical concentrations of index microorganisms in the discharged wastewater was in the range of 1,100 ~ 2,800 CFU/㎖ for total coliforms and 3,500 ~ 21,600 CFU/㎖ for heterotrophic bacteria. Analysis of other water quality parameters showed that discharged wastewater contained 10.2 mg/ℓ of BOD₅, 13.5 mg/ℓ of COD_Mn, 7.4 mg/ℓ of SS, 16.243 mg/ℓ of T-N, and 0.994 mg/ℓ of T-P The SUVA (specific UV absorbance) value of discharged wastewater was 2.27. This result indicates that the organic component of discharged wastewater is mainly consisted of non-humic substances, which are characterized by hydrophilic, non-aromatic, and low-molecular weights. In the case of total coliforms, the survival rate was 8.9% when 0.5 mg/ℓ of chlorine was contacted for 30 min at pH 7.0, 20±0.5℃. In order to get more than 99% of disinfection efficiency, it was proved that more than 10 min of contact time was required when chlorine dose was 1.0 mg/ℓ. In the case of heterotrophic bacteria, in order to achieve more than 99 % of disinfection efficiency at pH 7.0, 20±0.5℃, the required contact time was 30 min at chlorine dose of 1.0 mg/ℓ, 20 min at 2.0 mg/ℓ, and 10 min at 3.0 mg/ℓ and 5.0, respectively When the discharged wastewater was disinfected with 1.0 mg/ℓ chlorine for 10 min, it was possible to satisfy the U.S. EPA's total coliforms standard (1,000MPN/100㎖). The residual chlorine concentration was 0.42 mg/ℓ in this experimental condition, but both THMs and HANs were not detected probably due to the formation of combined chlorine. When the discharged wastewater was disinfected with 20 mg/ℓ of chlorine for 180 min at pH 7.0, 20±0.5℃, the concentrations of THMs, HANs, and HAAs was 29.8, 2.9, and 3.1 μg/ℓ, respectively. The concentration of chloroform was 22.3467 μg/ℓ, corresponding to 75 % of the total THMs. When the NH₃-N concentration of discharged wastewater was 1.646 mg/ℓ, about 9.1 times of chlorine dosage was required to obtain breakpoint chlorination. It was found that the formation of DBPs was inversely proportional to the concentration of NH₃-N present in wastewater. The correlation coefficient (R²) between NH₃-N and three kinds of DBPs was 0.9647 for THMs, 0.9038 for HANs, and 0.8489 for HAAs, respectively.

Modeling of Recycling Oxic and Anoxic Treatment System for Swine Wastewater Using Neural Networks

Park, Jung-Hye,Sohn, Jun-Il,Yang, Hyun-Sook,Chung, Young-Ryun,Lee, Minho,Koh, Sung-Cheol The Korean Society for Biotechnology and Bioengine 2000 Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering Vol.5 No.5

A recycling reactor system operated under sequential anoxic and oxic conditions for the treatment of swine wastewater has been developed, in which piggery slurry is fermentatively and aerobically treated and then part of the effluent is recycled to the pigsty. This system significantly removes offensive smells (at both the pigsty and the treatment plant), BOD and others, and may be cost effective for small-scale farms. The most dominant heterotrophic were, in order, Alcaligenes faecalis, Brevundimonas diminuta and Streptococcus sp., while lactic acid bacteria were dominantly observed in the anoxic tank. We propose a novel monitoring system for a recycling piggery slurry treatment system through the use of neural networks. In this study, we tried to model the treatment process for each tank in the system (influent, fermentation, aeration, first sedimentation and fourth sedimentation tanks) based upon the population densities of the heterotrophic and lactic acid bacteria. Principal component analysis(PCA) was first applied to identify a relationship between input and output. The input would be microbial densities and the treatment parameters, such as population densities of heterotrophic and lactic acid bacteria, suspended solids(SS), COD, NH$_4$(sup)+-N, ortho-phosphorus (o-P), and total-phosphorus (T-P). then multi-layer neural networks were employed to model the treatment process for each tank. PCA filtration of the input data as microbial densities was found to facilitate the modeling procedure for the system monitoring even with a relatively lower number of imput. Neural network independently trained for each treatment tank and their subsequent combined data analysis allowed a successful prediction of the treatment system for at least two days.

Chlorella sp. MF1907의 광합성 활성에 미치는 다양한 종속영양 세균의 영향

노영진 ( Young Jin Noh ),정소연 ( So-yeon Jeong ),김태관 ( Tae Gwan Kim ) 한국미생물생명공학회(구 한국산업미생물학회) 2021 한국미생물·생명공학회지 Vol.49 No.1

다양한 환경에서 미세조류와 종속영양세균(heterotrophic bacteria) 사이의 상호작용은 일반적이다. 본 연구에서는 미세조류 Chlorella sp. MF1907와 서로 다른 속(genus)에 속하는 31종의 종속영양세균을 공배양(co-culture)하여 MF1907의 광합성 활성에 미치는 종속영양세균의 영향을 규명하였다. 6종의 종속영양세균(Agromyces, Rhodococcus, Sphingomonas, Hyphomicrobium, Rhizobium, Pseudomonas)은 MF1907의 광합성 활성을 증가시켰으며(p < 0.05), 12종의 종속영양세균(Burkholderia, Paraburkholderia, Micrococcus, Arthrobacter, Mycobacterium, Streptomyces, Pedobacter, Mucilaginibacter, Fictibacillus, Tumebacillus, Sphingopyxis, Erythrobacter)은 MF1907의 광합성 활성을 저해하였다(p < 0.05). 종속영양세균 중 MF1907의 광합성 활성에 유의미한 효과(positive, negative, neutral)를 나타낸 16종을 선택하여 MF1907의 종속영양에서 독립영양으로의 활성 전환에 미치는 이들의 영향을 평가하였다. 8종의 종속영양세균은 공배양 결과와 동일하게 MF1907의 종속영양에서 독립 영양으로의 활성 전환에 영향을 미쳤다. 하지만 나머지 8종은 공배양 결과와 MF1907의 종속영양에서 독립영양으로의 활성 전환에 미치는 결과가 반대를 나타내었다. 공배양과 활성 전환 실험 모두에서 일관되게 Pseudomonas와 Agromyces는 MF1907의 광합성 활성을 강하게 증가시켰으며(p < 0.05), Burkholderia, Streptomyces, Erythrobacter는 MF1907의 광합성 활성을 강하게 저해하였다(p < 0.05). 본 연구 결과는 다양한 종속영양세균과 미세조류 사이의 상호작용 이해를 도모하고 종속영양세균을 활용하여 자연 환경과 공정 시스템에서 미세조류의 바이오매스를 조절할 수 있음을 시사한다. Interactions between microalgae and heterotrophic bacteria are common in natural environments. This study investigated the effect of heterotrophic bacteria on the activity of the photosynthetic eukaryotic alga Chlorella sp. MF1907 when cocultured. A total of 31 heterotrophic bacterial isolates belonging to different genera were cocultured with MF1907. Interactions of the alga with Agromyces, Rhodococcus, Sphingomonas, Hyphomicrobium, Rhizobium, and Pseudomonas were positive, while those with Burkholderia, Paraburkholderia, Micrococcus, Arthrobacter, Mycobacterium, Streptomyces, Pedobacter, Mucilaginibacter, Fictibacillus, Tumebacillus, Sphingopyxis, and Erythrobacter were negative (p < 0.05). A turnover experiment demonstrating a switch from heterotrophic to autotrophic activity of MF1907 was performed using 16 isolates exhibiting apparent effects (positive, negative, or neutral). Compared with the results of the coculture experiment, eight isolates exhibited the same outcomes, while the others did not. Consistently, Pseudomonas and Agromyces showed a remarkable positive effect on MF1907 activity, and Burkholderia, Streptomyces, and Erythrobacter had a marked negative effect. Our results suggest that it may be possible to use the isolates for controlling populations of microalgae in natural and engineered environments.

위생적인 가정용 역삼투 정수시스템 개발에 관한 연구

김영진(Young Jin Kim),손영환(Young Hwan Son),정문호(Moon Ho Chung) 한국환경보건학회 1999 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.25 No.1

This study was carried out to prevent heterotrophic bacterial growth in home reverse osmosis systems with a complex filter and the bioceramic ball during the period from March 1997 to February 1998. The activated carbon filters in home reverse osmosis systems are generally used to improve the taste of purified water. When the activated carbon filters have been operating, heterotrophic bacteria have been generated in them. To solve this problem, a complex filter composed of two parts of silver impregnated activated carbon and MF membrane was developed to remove heterotrophic bacteria during filtration. Home reverse osmosis system needs a reservoir for small flux, and it tends to be contaminated by heterotophic bacteria from the air. The bioceramic ball was installed in the reservoir that contained purified water through a reverse osmosis membrane and a complex filter to suppress heterotrophic bacterial growth. The results were as follows ; 1. The inhibition effect of the bioceramic ball to heterotrophic bacterial growth was persisted after 48 hours and was appreciate to the Korean Standard of Drinking Water. 2. The complex filter composed of two parts of silver impregnated activated carbon and MF membrane was prevented the heterotrophic bacteria from being generated for 30 days. 3. The number of heterotrophic bacteria have been kept up with below 5 cfu/㎖ for 12 months when the bioceramic ball was installed in the top of reservoir.

강진만에서 미생물의 년 변화

박종천,오재영,정용욱,주현수,이원교,유춘만,이우범 國立 麗水大學校 환경문제硏究所 2001 環境硏究論文集 Vol.4 No.-

The biological surveys were performed at seven sites in the Gangjin bay from February, 1998 to November, 2001. In order to analysis of environmental variation, numbers of heterotrophic bacteria, general fungus and fecal coliforms were enumerated in each sample. The result showed that variation range of heterotrophic bacteria, general fungus, and fecal coliforms were 2.9 x 10^(3)~9.6 x 10^(3) CFU/ml, 17.2~80.1 CFU/ml, and 6.3~682.5 CFU/100ml for four tears(1988~2001), respectively. Density of heterotrophic bacteria and general fungus were gradually decreased for four tours, while fecal coliforms were suddenly increased. Specially, numbers of fecal colifoms were increased the more 100 times in 2001 than that 1998. We think that it was probably caused a little rainfall in February, 2001. There result suggests that ecosystem of Gangjin bay were mainly regulated by 2~3 factors, which were inflow of fresh water, salinity and variation of water temperature.

수돗물 배급수 계통의 유리잔류염소농도에 따른 종속영양세균의 거동에 관한 연구

윤태호,이윤진,이옥재,이의광,김현,이동찬,남상호 한국환경보건학회 2002 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.28 No.3

This study was to observe the occurrence of heterotrophic bacteria in terms of free chlorine residuals in two different water distribution systems belong to both K and Y water treatment plant. The data analyzed in this study showed that in distribution systems(DS), the free chlorine residuals were decreased from 0.10 to 0.56 ㎎/1 for K, and 0.51 and 0.78 ㎎/l for Y The decay of free chlorine were clearly higher in both March and August than those in January. The HPC in DS were ranged from 0 to 40 CFU/ml for K,0 to 270 CFU/ml for Y, on R2A medium. In particular, Its level was relatively high at consumers ground storage tanks, taps and point-of-end area of Y, The predominant genera found in the distribution systems were Acinetobacter, Sphingomonas (branch of Pseudomonas), Microroccus, Bacillus, Staphylococcus. The diversity of heterotrophic bacteria was increased in the end-point area. Most of them were either encapsulated cells or cocci of gram-positve. In conclusion, the point-of-end area in distribution systems showed that the longer flow distance from WTP the greater diversity and higher level of heterotrophic bacteria due to the significant decay of free chlorine residuals.