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열처리된 김치 첨가가 그라탱의 이화학적 품질 특성과 항산화 활성에 미치는 영향
김태준(Taejoon Kim),서정희(Jeonghee Surh) 한국식품영양과학회 2017 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.46 No.10
그라탱과 김치의 퓨전을 위해 먼저 열처리가 김치의 항산화 활성에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 김치를 100°C에서 최대 60분까지 열처리하였을 때 가열시간이 길어질수록 김치의 갈변도와 색 강도는 유의적으로 증가하였으며 이 현상은 상대적으로 숙성이 더 진행된 김치에서 뚜렷하게 관찰되었다. 이는 김치 숙성에 따른 고분자 물질의 분해와 고온에서 가속화된 Maillard 갈변반응의 결과로 해석되었다. 총 환원력, 금속 소거능, DPPH 라디칼 소거 활성으로 측정된 김치의 항산화 활성 역시 가열시간이 길수록, 숙성이 진행될수록 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 이는 숙성과 열처리로 증가한 김치 속 비당체 형태의 페놀과 Maillard 반응 생성물(Maillard Reaction Products)의 환원성에서 기인한 것으로 보인다. 특히 100°C, 10분 동안의 열처리에도 김치의 항산화 활성이 유의적으로 증가하였으며, 따라서 이 조건으로 가열한 김치를 20% 농도로 첨가하여 그라탱을 제조하였다. 열처리 김치 첨가로 그라탱은 식이섬유, GABA, 오르니틴 함량이 유의적으로 증가하였다. 반면 김치 첨가로 우려되는 염 함량의 실질적 변화는 관찰되지 않았다. 열처리 김치에서 확인된 항산화 활성이 그라탱에서도 동일하게 관찰됨에 따라 김치의 항산화 기능성이 열처리 후에도 그라탱에 부가되었음을 확인해주었다. 이 결과들은 김치 그라탱 제조로 전통 발효식품인 김치의 영양성과 기능성이 그라탱에 실질적으로 부가되었음을 보여주었다. 이는 서구 음식과 우리 전통 발효 음식과의 다양한 퓨전을 통한 건강 지향적 제품 개발의 가능성을 시사해준다. Two types of kimchi with a different total acidity (TA, 0.75% or 1.19%) were heated at 100°C for up to 60 min to develop a gratin added with heated-kimchi. Their browning index and color intensity increased with increasing heating time, which was more apparent for the kimchi with the higher TA. This was attributed to the Maillard reaction facilitated at a higher heat intensity and by the smaller fermentation products. The same tendency was also observed for the antioxidant activities determined by the total reducing capacity, metal-chelating activity, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. In particular, heating kimchi at 100°C only for 10 min increased the activities significantly. Therefore, the heated-kimchi was added to gratin at 20%. With the addition, the dietary fiber, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and ornithine contents in the gratin were increased appreciably (P<0.01). Nevertheless, there was little change in its salinity. The antioxidant activities of the gratin were significantly (P<0.001) higher than the control gratin without kimchi, with DPPH radical scavenging activity being 3.6 times higher. The results suggest that the functionality of kimchi could be effectually added to gratin even after heat treatment.
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크림 굴(Crassostrea gigas) 그라탕의 제조공정 최적화
이창영,김예율,손숙경,이석민,오선화,김진수 한국수산과학회 2022 한국수산과학회지 Vol.55 No.2
This study was conducted to optimize the processing process for the oyster Crassostrea gigas gratin with cream sauce (OG-CS). The optimum concentration of added milk for oyster extract with milk (OE-M) was 35.0% based on the frozen-boiled oyster (F-BO), as suggested by the results of sensory evaluation. Response surface methodology was performed with whipping cream (WC)/[OE-M+mixed powder (garlic powder:onion powder=1:1) (MP)] (X1) and OE-M/MP (X2) as independent variables and viscosity (Y1), amino acid nitrogen (Y2), and overall acceptance for sensory evaluation (Y3) as dependent variables. The optimal proportions were 74.55% of WC, 20.25% of OE-M, and 5.2% of MP, and the predicted multiple response optimal values for the dependent variables were 3,735.6 cP of Y1, 197.0 mg/100 g of Y2, and 6.2 score of Y3. Under optimal conditions, the experimental values for Y1, Y2, and Y3 were 3,711.9±30.0 cP, 198.1±1.9 mg/100 g, and 6.3±0.5 score, respectively, which were not significantly different from the predicted values (P>0.05). Further, the results of sensory evaluation suggested that the optimum concentration of macaroni:cheese (1:2) to be 46.2% based on the F-BO. The OG-CS prepared under these optimal conditions was superior to the commercial seafood gratin in overall acceptance.
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크림 굴(Crassostrea gigas) 그라탕의 관능 및 영양 특성
강상인,이창영,김예율,박지훈,조혜정,윤인성,김진수 한국수산과학회 2022 한국수산과학회지 Vol.55 No.3
This study was conducted to investigate the sensory and nutritional properties of oyster Crassostrea gigas gratin with cream sauce (OG-CS) and to compare with commercial seafood gratin with cheese (control). The proximate composition (%, w/w) of OG-CS was 61.8 of moisture, 8.5 of protein, 16.1 of lipid, 1.2 of ash, 12.4 of carbohydrate, of which the moisture was lower and protein, lipid, ash, and carbohydrate values were higher than those of the control. Based on the results of sensory evaluation by panel members, OG-CS was superior to the control for all parameters, including taste, flavor, texture, nutrition, and overall acceptance. The total amino acid content of OG-CS (7.33 g/100 g) was higher than that of the control (5.20 g/100 g). The major amino acids of OG-CS were glutamic acid (18.8%), proline (9.8%), and leucine (8.2%). The mineral levels of OG-CS were 134.5 mg/100 g for calcium, 164.9 mg/100 g for potassium, 0.8 mg/100 g for iron, and 4.5 mg/100 g for zinc, which were all higher than those of the control. The major fatty acids of OG-CS were 12:0 (28.2%), 16:0 (24.9%), and 14:0 (13.6%), which were the same as those in the control.
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