대학생들의 어두 경음화 실현 및 인지 양상 연구

한명숙 겨레어문학회 2011 겨레어문학 Vol.46 No.-

This study discusses word-initial glottalization of modern Korean language and focuses on college students' word-initial glottalization in verbal language and indication of word-initial glottalization. For this purpose, the presentations made by 293 college students(149 male and 144 female) were recorded to examine how word-initial glottalization occurs in verbal language and 420 college students were selected for dictation to investigate how word-initial glottalization affects written language. In result, 40.6% of students showed word-initial glottalization in verbal language and the most frequently used word was ‘Jon’ pronounced as /Jjon/. Other frequently used words were ‘Jogeum(/Jjogeum/)’, ‘Dareun(/Ddareun/)’, and ‘Jakda(/Jjakda/)’. Generally, words from Sino-Korean words writing do not show glottalization, but ‘Gyesok’ also showed relatively frequent 9 tines use of glottalization. In case of written language, the most frequently used words associated with word-initial glottalization were ‘Juggumi(Jjuggumi)(90.0%)’ and ‘Gomjangeo(/Ggomjangeo/)(90.0%)’. It seems that many people believe the glottalization words are correct and write them as they as they sound. Other words that are frequently written with word-initial glottalization include ‘Sukmaek(/Ssukmaek/)(61.7%)’ and ‘Golcho(/Ggolcho/)(48.8%)’. It is generally believed that male use more glottalized words than female, but this study found that there is no difference between male and female in terms of word-initial glottalization. The significance of this study was that it understood that word-initial glottalization appears differently according to speaker and each individual word and glottalization of each word is quantitatively examined. However, it was limited to verbal language used in formal presentations and it is necessary to examine word-initial glottalization that appears in everyday conversation in more natural settings. 이 연구는 현대국어의 어두 경음화 현상에 대한 일련의 연구로, 대학생을 대상으로 구어에서 어두 경음화 실현 실태와 어두 경음화에 대한 표기 인식 태도를 연구하는 것이 목적이다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 대학생 293명(남성 149, 여성 144)의 발표를 녹취하여 구어에서의 어두 경음화 실태를 살펴보고, 어두 경음화 현상이 표기에도 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위해 대학생 420명을 대상으로 받아쓰기를 하였다. 연구 결과, 발표자에 따라 구어에서 어두 경음화가 실현된 비율은 40.6%였으며, 가장 빈도가 높은 것은 ‘좀’을 /쫌/으로 발음하는 경우였다. 그밖에, ‘조금(/쪼금/)’, ‘다른(/따른/)’, ‘짝다(/짝다/)’ 등이 높은 순으로 나타났다. 일반적으로 한자어는 경음화가 잘 일어나지 않는데 ‘계속(/꼐속/)’의 경우 빈도수 9로 상대적으로 높은 경음화 빈도를 보였다. 표기 면에서 어두 경음화 비율이 가장 높은 어휘는 ‘주꾸미(/쭈꾸미/)(90.0%)’와 ‘곰장어(/꼼장어)’(90.0%)’이다. 이는 언중들이 어두 경음화된 발음을 표준어로 인식하고 이것이 그대로 표기에 반영된 것으로 보인다. 그 외에 어두 경음화 표기 비율이 높은 어휘로는 ‘숙맥(/쓱맥/)(61.7%), 골초(/꼴초/)(48.8%)’ 등이 있다. 일반적으로 남성이 여성에 비해 경음을 많이 사용하는 것으로 알려져 있지만, 본 조사에서는 남성과 여성의 어두 경음화 정도에 큰 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 이 연구는 어두 경음화 현상이 화자와 개별 어휘에 따라 실현 정도가 다르다는 점을 인식하고 개별 어휘에 따른 경음화의 정도를 계량적으로 살폈다는 데에 의의가 있다. 다만 본 연구가 다소 격식을 갖춘 발표 구어를 대상으로 하였다는 점에서 앞으로 좀더 자연스러운 일상 대화에서 실현되는 어두 경음화 양상을 살펴볼 필요가 있다.

한국어 용언의 어두 경음화 현상 연구

한명숙 ( Myeong Suk Han ) 겨레어문학회 2013 겨레어문학 Vol.51 No.-

This study discusses word-initial glottalization of Korean which appears in predicate and considers not only word-initial glottalization in modern Korean diachronically and synchronically, but also examines the function of word-initial glottalization in predicate. The major predicate as research object dealt with in the paper is pure Korean words. First, distinguish standard pure Korean words from Korean language dictionary and make a list of genuine(=pure) predicate except for derivative. Here, the followings are excluded: (a) both onomatopoeic and mimetic words are ruled out because they could make the differences in nuance. (b) both lax consonants and tense consonants in the beginning of a word are defined as headwords in Korean dictionary are exempted. The aspects of word-initial glottalization in predicate are investigated in two sides. One is the aspect of diachronic word-initial glottalization. The other is word-initial glottalization of predicate in modern Korean. Word-initial glottalization is a phonetic phenomenon which has steadily developed since Middle Korean. This is not a phenomenon that suddenly appears due to psychological reasons in modern society but this phenomenon can be viewed as an extension of diachronic changes. The analysis of word-initial glottalization in predicate in Modern Korean reveals that the extent of word-initial glottalization is varied depending on each vocabulary. Of these, language community is considered naturally and the recipient does not feel awkward when ``saeda`` is pronounced as ‘ssaeda’ that is a form of fortis. With regard to the function of word-initial glottalization, this is examined in terms of meaning, expression effect, and lexicalized. First, the main function of word-initial glottalization in predicate deals with meaning. Especially, the functions of meaning emphasizes its meaning, distinguishes from meaning to meaning, and discriminates the social meaning difference. In short, meaning functions have emphasis, meaning discrimination, and the realization of social meaning differences. Second, regarding the function of expression effect, this deals with the physical intensity of an object that a speaker describes or the degree of emotion or maximizes speakers` state of mind. Final function is lexicalized. This is the case that a form of word-initial glottalization is ctually used as lexicon. This study is significant in the sense that it is specialized in parts of speech in comparison with previous researches which have suggested the lists of word-initial glottalization uniformly. This is also worthwhile when it comes to trying to find out functions of word-initial glottalization in predicate.

대학생들의 어두 경음화 실현 및 인지 양상 연구

한명숙 ( Myeong Suk Han ) 겨레어문학회 2011 겨레어문학 Vol.46 No.-

이 연구는 현대국어의 어두 경음화 현상에 대한 일련의 연구로, 대학생을 대상으로 구어에서 어두 경음화 실현 실태와 어두 경음화에 대한 표기 인식 태도를 연구하는 것이 목적이다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 대학생 293명(남성 149, 여성 144)의 발표를 녹취하여 구어에서의 어두 경음화 실태를 살펴보고, 어두 경음화 현상이 표기에도 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위해 대학생 420명을 대상으로 받아쓰기를 하였다. 연구 결과, 발표자에 따라 구어에서 어두 경음화가 실현된 비율은 40.6%였으며, 가장 빈도가 높은 것은 ``좀``을 /쫌/으로 발음하는 경우였다. 그밖에, ``조금(/쪼금/)``, ``다른(/따른/)``, ``짝다(/짝다/)`` 등이 높은 순으로 나타났다. 일반적으로 한자어는 경음화가 잘 일어나지 않는데 ``계속(/꼐속/)``의 경우 빈도수 9로 상대적으로 높은 경음화 빈도를 보였다. 표기 면에서 어두 경음화 비율이 가장 높은 어휘는 ``주꾸미(/쭈꾸미/)(90.0%)``와 ``곰장어(/꼼장어)``(90.0%)`이다. 이는 언중들이 어두 경음화된 발음을 표준어로 인식하고 이것이 그대로 표기에 반영된 것으로 보인다. 그 외에 어두 경음화 표기 비율이 높은 어휘로는 ``숙맥(/쓱맥/)(61.7%), 골초(/꼴초/)(48.8%)`` 등이 있다. 일반적으로 남성이 여성에 비해 경음을 많이 사용하는 것으로 알려져 있지만, 본 조사에서는 남성과 여성의 어두 경음화 정도에 큰 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 이 연구는 어두 경음화 현상이 화자와 개별 어휘에 따라 실현 정도가 다르다는 점을 인식하고 개별 어휘에 따른 경음화의 정도를 계량적으로 살폈다는 데에 의의가 있다. 다만 본 연구가 다소 격식을 갖춘 발표 구어를 대상으로 하였다는 점에서 앞으로 좀더 자연스러운 일상 대화에서 실현되는 어두 경음화 양상을 살펴볼 필요가 있다. This study discusses word-initial glottalization of modern Korean language and focuses on college students` word-initial glottalization in verbal language and indication of word-initial glottalization. For this purpose, the presentations made by 293 college students(149 male and 144 female) were recorded to examine how word-initial glottalization occurs in verbal language and 420 college students were selected for dictation to investigate how word-initial glottalization affects written language. In result, 40.6% of students showed word-initial glottalization in verbal language and the most frequently used word was ``Jon`` pronounced as /Jjon/. Other frequently used words were ``Jogeum(/Jjogeum/)``, ``Dareun(/Ddareun/)``, and ``Jakda(/Jjakda/)``. Generally, words from Sino-Korean words writing do not show glottalization, but ``Gyesok`` also showed relatively frequent 9 tines use of glottalization. In case of written language, the most frequently used words associated with word-initial glottalization were ``Juggumi(Jjuggumi)(90.0%)`` and ``Gomjangeo(/Ggomjangeo/)(90.0%)``. It seems that many people believe the glottalization words are correct and write them as they as they sound. Other words that are frequently written with word-initial glottalization include ``Sukmaek(/Ssukmaek/)(61.7%)`` and ``Golcho(/Ggolcho/)(48.8%)``. It is generally believed that male use more glottalized words than female, but this study found that there is no difference between male and female in terms of word-initial glottalization. The significance of this study was that it understood that word-initial glottalization appears differently according to speaker and each individual word and glottalization of each word is quantitatively examined. However, it was limited to verbal language used in formal presentations and it is necessary to examine word-initial glottalization that appears in everyday conversation in more natural settings.

1음절 한자어의 어두 경음화 현상 연구

한명숙 ( Han Myeong-suk ) 한말연구학회 2021 한말연구 Vol.- No.61

The purpose of this study is to examine the aspect of realization of word-initial glottalization and their characteristics for one-syllable Sino-Korean word. Sino-Korean word are mainly used in the form of two or three syllables. So, there is not much use of one-syllable Sino-Korean word. However, word-intial glottalization is found in the limited use of one-syllable Sino-Korean word. Word-initial glottalization of one-syllable Sino-Korean word occurs in ‘geon(件), gong(空), gwa(科), geup(級), ki(氣), bang(房), bon(本), saeng(生), seol(說), jang(長), jeon(錢), jeom(點), cho(調), jol(卒), jeung(證), jin(眞)’. These words show the aspect of word-initial glottalization, but the realization frequency of word-initial glottalization is different for each vocabulary. And the realization of word-initial glottalization in one syllable Sino-Korean word was divided into two main aspects. First, it becomes a word due to the word-initial glottalization. This maintains the qualification of the word according to the word-initial glottalization and bound nouns are used alone to obtain the qualification of the word. Second, the meaning has changed in the process of word-initial glottalization. One-syllable Sino-Korean word can be divided into two parts. One is accompanied by a change in meaning according to the word-initial glottalization and the other is not. There is only one vocabulary that has been recognized as a standard language in the form of word-initial glottalization. It is /kki/. /kki/ is a form of word-initial glottalization of one-syllable Sino-Korean word, ‘ki(氣)’ that is a lax consonant and the meaning has changed. The meaning of /kki/ is different from the original one. In this way, there are /sseol, jjang, jjeon, jjeung/, which are used as independent nouns because of the realization of word-initial glottalization.

어두 경음화 어휘의 표기 변화 양상

한명숙 겨레어문학회 2023 겨레어문학 Vol.70 No.-

The purpose of this study was to examine the aspects of transcription changes in word-initial glottalization vocabularies by researching on the actual condition of individual vocabularies that appeared word-initial glottalization. To this end, using the Internet web search, the aspects of transcription change in the word-initial glottalization were investigated according to the time flow. In reality, the phenomenon of word-initial glottalization was generally regarded as a violation of linguistic norms. In this paper, however, the reality that word-initial glottalization is reflected in notation is not seen as a problem of language standard, but as a process in which pronunciation is spread to notational system. To check this, Naver Cafes were surveyd on the transcription aspect of each vocabulary in word-initial glottaliztion 2004 to 2022. The findings are as follow. First, it is a case where the frequency of notation of word-initial glottalization increases. ‘Kkongdon, Saenggicho, Jjirinnae, and Kkomul’ are included here. Second, it is a case in which the frequency of notation of word-initial glottalization is lowered. ‘Jjalryeosseo, Jjogjibke’ are included. Third, it is a case where the change in the frequency of word-initial glottalization maintains a fixed rate. ‘Kkomjangeo, Jjukkumi, Ssugmaeg’ are included in this case. Fourth, there is an unusual aspect of the frequency of word-initial glottalization transcription. ‘Kkolcho, Ssappan, and Jjolbyeong’ are included here. Fifth, the transcription direction of word-initial glottalization vocabularies was examined. ‘Kkongdon, Jjirinnae, Saengnanri, Saenggicho, Kkomul, Saengeol, Kkomjangeo, Jjolbyeong, and Ssugmaeg’ are the vocabularies that belong to increasing direction. ‘Jjalryeosseo, Jjogjibke, Jjaturi, Kkolcho, and Jjukkumi’ are the words belong to decreasing direction. This research is far from being complete but significant enough because the transcription of word-initial glottalization vocabulary is dealt with intensively. In addition, it was found that the transcription change of word-initial glottalization is weakening. Furthermore, the notation frequency of each vocabulary was examined through specific figures and was reflected in light of individuality that is one of the characteristics of word-initial glottalization. 이 연구는 어두 경음화가 실현된 개별 어휘의 표기 실태를 조사하여 어두 경음화 어휘의 표기 변화 양상을 살펴보는 것이 목적이다. 이를 위해 인터넷 웹 검색을 활용하여 시간의 흐름에 따른 어두 경음화 표기의 변화 양상을 살펴보았다. 어두 경음화 현상이 표기에 반영되는 현실은 대체로 어문규범에 어긋난 것으로만 치부하였다. 그러나 본고에서는 어두 경음화가 표기에도 반영되는 현실을 단순히 어문규범의 문제로 보는 것이 아니라 발음이 표기에도 확산되어 가는 과정으로 보았다. 이를 확인하기 위해 네이버 카페를 대상으로 2004년부터 2022년까지 각 개별 어휘의 어두 경음화 표기의 변화 양상을 살펴보았다.

어두 경음화 수치 개발을 위한 기초 연구

한명숙 ( Myeong Suk Han ) 한말연구학회 2013 한말연구 Vol.- No.32

This study is a basic research to develop numerical value of word-initial glottalization in modern Korean language. So far, this phenomenon has been mainly discussed and focused on the ratio of word-initial glottaliztion on the basis of regions, words, ages, and gender. This phenomenon of language, however, is varied from each vocabulary and is different depends on a recipient. Therefore, this discussed ways to quantify a degree of glottalization by noting that this phonological phenomenon is varied by words. First of all, followings can be considered on the basis of the degree of word-initial glottalization : the researcher`s judgement whether the phenomenon happens or not, the actualization of word-initial glottalization in spoken language, the percentage of word-initial glottalization, the transcription of word-initial glottalization, and the recipient`s acceptance attitude. In this study, of these things, only three things were considered, i.e., he actualization of word-initial glottalization, the transcription of word-initial glottalization, and the recipient`s acceptance attitude. As a result, the numerical value of word-initial glottalizaiton is classified into seven categories <from numerical value 0> to <from numerical value 6>. Considering phonological history of Korean language, this phenomenon of language has been consistently developed since medieval Korean. Thus, the numerical value 6 of word-initial glottalization is historically a completed phase. In the case of <the numerical value 5 of word-initial glottalization>, both the actualization rate and the ratio of transcription showed more than 50 percent. It was also strikingly distinctive with respect to the aspect of transcription. When it comes to <the numerical value 4 of word-initial glottalization>, the actualization rate of word-initial glottalization was over 50 percent and 50 percent of those who responded said an initial lenis was askward in the recipient`s acceptance attitude. This case is a high rate of word-initial glottalization by vocabulary itself. <the numerical value 3 of word-initial glottalization> presents that 50 percent of the people surveyed say that both an initial lenis and an initial fortis are natural in the recipient`s acceptance attitude. <the numerical value 2 of word-initial glottalization> demonstrates that an initial lenis is a predominant phase and more than 50 percent of respondents said word-initial glottalization was awkward. <The numerical value 1 of word-initial glottalization> means that an initial fortis appear by only part of production mistake. <The numerical value 0 of word-initial glottalization> is a stage that an initial glottalization never happens. This study did not clearly explain to measure an iaitial glottalization in a quantitative respect. Nevertheless, this study is significant that this tries to investigate an initial glottalization in terms of the extent of a degree, the actualization rate of word-initial glottalization, the transcription of word-initial glottalization, and the recipient`s acceptance attitude. Follow-up study is necessary that a lot of vocabulary need to be investigated to develop the numerical value of word-initial glottalization explicitly and statistically.

현대국어의 어두 경음화 표기 실태 연구

한명숙 ( Myeong Suk Han ) 겨레어문학회 2014 겨레어문학 Vol.53 No.-

이 연구는 인터넷 웹 검색을 활용하여 현대국어의 어두 경음화 표기실태를 조사하는 것이 목적이다. 지금까지 어두 경음화가 실현된 형태의 표기들은 어문규범에 어긋난 표기라는 점만 주로 부각되었으나 본고에서 는 어두 경음화가 실현된 형태가 표기에 나타나는 것은 어두 경음화 현 상이 발음뿐만 아니라 표기에도 확산되어 가는 과정으로 보았다. 그리하여 현대국어의 어두 경음화 표기 실태와 시간의 흐름에 따른 어두 경음 화 표기의 변화 양상을 살펴보고자 하였다. 어두 경음화 표기 변화 양상을 확인하기 위해 어두 경음화 표기 정도 에 따라 크게 네 가지로 분류하여 사용 실태를 계량적으로 확인하였다. 첫째, 어두 경음화 표기가 거의 굳어진 경우 둘째, 어두 경음화 표기가 우세한 경우 셋째, 어두 경음화 표기가 증가하는 경우 넷째, 어두 경음화 표기와 표준 표기가 비슷한 경우로 나누어 최근 10년 동안 표기 선호도 가 어떻게 변하고 있는지를 살펴보았다. This study investigated the actual transcription condition of word-initial glottalization in modern-Korean by searching the Internet. So far, the real transcription form which is realized as word-initial glottalization has been dealt wit3h an error based on language norms. This paper, however, viewed it as a spreading process of word-intial glottalization; i.e. word-intial glottalization occurs not only pronunciation but also language transcription. Thus, this study examined the actual transcription condition and the transcription changing aspects of word-initial glottalization over time. This study, particularly, employed infinite size of the Web documents as a living language resources and identified specific figures of transcription in word-intial glottalization. In this sense, this research has the distinction with previous studies. The results are as follows. First, ‘Jjookkoomi, kkomjangeo, ssukmaek`` was identified. These are the fixed transcription of word-initial glottalization. The ratio of ‘Jjookkoomi, kkomjangeo, ssukmaek`` which are represented as fortis is more than 70% in the real world. Especially, in the case of ‘Jjookkoomi’, the ratio is over 90% and it shows that fortis is preferred. This representation, however, already was used ten years ago, so this indicates that language audiences regard word-fortis transcription as a standardtype. Second, the transcription of word-intial glottalization appeared prominently. These examples were ‘ssaeoul, jjolbyenong, jjoejipkye, etc’. In the case of ‘saeoul or jjolbyeong’, these transcriptions tend to change as standard notation. ‘jjoejipkye’ did not show a remarkable change. Third, the transcription of word-initial glottalization gradually increased. These instances were ‘kkomul, kkolcho, ssaengkicho, jjifinae, etc.’ Fourth, the two sets of data which the standard transcription and word-initial glottalization had similar ratios were dealt with. These were ‘jalida/jjalida’, ‘saengchobo/ssaengchobo’, and ‘jaturi/jjaturi’. These forms are currently understood that they co-exist with a similar level. In the case of ‘jaturi/jjaturi’, ‘jaturi’ had the upper hand. With regard to ‘jalida/jjalida’ and ‘saengchobo/ssaengchobo’, they did not show any particular direction.

중국인 학습자의 경음화 습득 양상 연구

배영환 중앙어문학회 2017 語文論集 Vol.72 No.-

This study analyzed glottalization among beginner, intermediate, and advanced Chinese learners of Korean language based on the classification of glottalization into morpheme boundaries and inside morphemes. It was found that among Chinese learners of Korean language, glottalization of Korean is acquired in the following order: after plosive sound > after stem-final consonant cluster > after nasal of predicate > after adnominal clause endings > sound of Sino-Korean-l > Saisiot. Nevertheless, several interesting facts were also observed. First, even with the advancement of the learners’ proficiency levels, i.e., from beginner to intermediate to advanced, the glottalization rate did not increase proportionally. This suggests that it is difficult even for advanced learners to completely acquire glottalization. Moreover, even among beginners, glottalization after plosive sound, consonant cluster, and nasal was relatively common. Similarly, among advanced learners, glottalization after sound of Sino-Korean-l and due to Saisiot was rarely observed. These findings suggest that Chinese learners of Korean language first learn glottalization within the context of morpheme boundaries and then expand it to words within morphemes. Considering that words within morphemes vary in realization rate according to individual words and learners, separate education must be provided for this specific subject. 이 연구는 한국어의 경음화 현상을 형태소 경계와 내부로 나누어 보고, 이 를 바탕으로 중국인 학습자를 대상으로 초급 학습자와 중급 학습자, 고급 학습 자의 경음화 실현 양상을 분석해 본 것이다. 이를 통해 다음과 같은 결과를 얻 을 수 있었다. 중국인 학습자를 통해 볼 때 한국어의 경음화 현상은 ‘평파열음 뒤(용언>체언) > 어간말 자음군 뒤 > 용언의 비음 뒤 > 관형형 어미 뒤 > 한자 음 ㄹ 뒤 > 사이시옷’ 순서로 경음화를 습득해 가는 것으로 볼 수 있었다. 그럼 에도 불구하고 몇 가지 흥미로운 사실도 확인되었다. 먼저, 초급 학습자와 중급 학습자, 고급 학습자와 같이 학습자의 단계가 높아진다고 하더라도 경음화 현 상에 대해 비례적으로 실현율이 높아지지는 않는다. 이는 고급 학습자라고 하 더라도 경음화를 완전히 습득하기가 쉽지 않다는 것을 말해 준다. 또, 초급 학 습자라고 하더라도 평파열음 뒤와 자음군 뒤, 그리고 비음 뒤에서의 경음화는 비교적 높게 실현되었다. 또, 고급 학습자라고 하더라도 한자음 ㄹ뒤의 경음화 와 사이시옷에 따른 경음화는 실현율이 높지 않았다. 이러한 결과는 한국어의 경음화는 형태소 경계의 환경에서 먼저 습득하고, 그 후에 형태소 내부의 단어 들로 확대되는 것으로 볼 수 있다. 특히, 형태소 내부의 단어들은 개별 단어에 따라 실현율이 달라지고, 또 개인별로 차이가 있다는 점에서 이에 대한 별도의 교육이 필요하다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

어두 경음화에 따른 새 표준어 사정 문제

한명숙 ( Han Myeong-suk ) 한말연구학회 2017 한말연구 Vol.- No.44

This study focuses on the position that some of the words which were realized as word-initial glottalization should be acknowledged as standard language and acceptable pronunciation. The National Institute of the Korean Language announced four additional standard words from 2011 to 2016. In light of these additional announcements, standard language is not irreversible any more. In this study, first, the standard language list of word-initial glottalization which is recognized as norm in 『Standard Korean Language Dictionary』 was examined by parts of speech was examined by parts of speech. As a result, there were 3 adverbs, 15 adjectives, 21 verbs, and 21 nouns. Of these, some vocabularies were words of low frequency and were difficult to figure out word meaning. The phenomenon of word-intial glottalization has option and individuality. In certain words, however, the phenomenon of word-intial glottalization appears consistently and it is accepted automatically. Language users, also consider word-intial form or word-initial pronunciation as standard. In this paper, therefore, these words were presented in two aspects. One is a list of possibility that the notation which is realized as word-initial glottalization can be accepted as a standard language. `kkomjangeo` and `jjukkumi` falls in this category. The other is a list of possibility that the pronunciation which were occurred as word-initial glottalization can be viewed as acceptable pronunciation. `seda`, `golcho`, `gondon`, `gambang`, `sungmaeg` belong to this category. This article has a more slightly flexible position on nonstandard notation and non-standard pronunciation of word-initial glottalization. Indeed, in reality, nonstandard notation(mark) of word-initial glottalization form is highly frequently used. Based on these, a suggestions is made that standard notation or standard pronunciation should also change over time rather than being chocked by the norm.

국어 경음화 현상에 대한 연구

이동석 淸州大學敎 學術硏究所 2005 淸大學術論集 Vol.6 No.-

The application ranges of a korean glottalization consist of many parts; the inside of a morpheme, the combination of a semi-morpheme, the compound word, the derived word, the combination of a stem and an ending, the boundary of a words. The existing studies suggested various classifications, but they had some problems in many respects. So I suggested a new classification in place of the existing classifications. It is as I suggested in the first sentence. The other problem which the existing studies had is that they considered the korean glottalization as a synchronic phonological rule without exception. Therefore they suggested forced interpretation of the korean glottalization in other to take off many exceptions. But the korean glottalization has been affected by many diachronic changes for a long time. So we must observe many diachronic changes which had been existed in middle korean in other to get the intrinsic attribute of the korean glottalization. Then we can receive many exceptions which was considered as a knotty problem. For this purpose I maked an investigation into many diachronic changes about the korean glottalization, then I received them as an natural phenomena which are parts of the synchronic korean glottalization.