구개열환자에 있어서 성문파열음에 관한 연구

윤철희(Cheol Hee Yoon),신효근(Hyo Keun Shin) 대한구강악안면외과학회 1996 대한구강악안면외과학회지 Vol.22 No.4

The communicative disorders in cleft palate patients have relationship with the acoustic and the physiological phenomena. Generally accepted articulatory disorders are that oral plosives may be substitued by glottal stops. This may occur because the glottis may be the only place in the vocal tract where plosives can be achieved. The acoustic characteristics of a glottal stop demonstrate that a higher utterance intensity and a burst-like waveform can occur at the onset of an vowel following the glottal stops. Twenty control groups (10 males and 10 females) and ten cleft palates pre-and post-operation are selected by these studies. The test words are composed by bilabial lenis stop consonants followed by one of five vowel /i, e, u, o, a/, and by three different types of the Korean stops consonants followed by the high vowel /i/. The subjects repeated test words in a sound absorption room on a High-Speed speech analysis system using PC with DSP board. A flexible laryngeal fiberscope is used for the study of glottal or glottalized stops. The glottal images of the three different types of consonants in word initial position /pipi/, phiphi/ and /pipi/ are examined with respect to the point of the voice onset following vowel. The degree of hypernasality in glottal stops is measured by the Nasomater Model 6200-2. The test words are as followed : alveolar followed by /i/: /titttit/, /tittit/. The obtained results were as follows: 1. The average VOT of substituting a glottal stops in cleft palate patients is 20ms. This value is similar to the average. VOT of glottalized stop consonants. 2. First formant and third formant after operation increased and the intensities of higher formant increased also. These mean that the degree of hypernasality decreased after operation. 3. A glottal stops on LPC are characterized by the higher intensity in low frequency areas with negative SES and the highest total burst intensity. 4. The degree of hypernasality decreased after operation, but the width of decreasing hypernasality is small in thwe case of glottal stops. 5. The glottal gestures of glottalized stops show adducted state at the time of burst release, and the oral closure times in glottal or glottalized sops are highest among the three different different types of stops. It means that the force of articulation is strongest for the glottalized stops. 6. Substituting glottal stops pre operation appeared the oral plosives post operation.

영어 치경폐쇄음과 치경비음 연속의 발화 양상

신승훈 신영어영문학회 2022 신영어영문학 Vol.82 No.-

Alveolar stops, the most unmarked consonants in English, are prone to several consonantal lenitions. This paper investigates patterns of alveolar stop variation over a word boundary when an alveolar stop precedes a nasal or a sequence of an unstressed vowel and a nasal. Results indicate that a word-final alveolar stop was subject to glottal replacement, losing its place features, and such a glottal was released nasally. The underlying voicing contrast played a crucial role to the alternations in which voiceless alveolar stops often underwent glottaling whereas voiced counterparts often participated in flapping. When the following segment is a vowel, and thus an alveolar stop was flanked by weak segments, an alveolar stop was frequently weakened while when the following segment is a nasal, an alveolar stop rarely participated in such a process and was realized as a stop.

Production of Coronal Stop-Lateral Sequences by Korean Learners of English : A Constraint-Based Account

Park, In-kyu 한국중앙영어영문학회 2008 영어영문학연구 Vol.50 No.1

This paper investigates how Korean learners of English produce coronal stop-lateral sequences in words like potluck and padlock, explores what factors can have an effect on their production, and gives a constraint-based account of L2 phonological variations. The main findings are that Korean learners of English transferred coronal stop lateralization, thus turning English coronal stop-lateral sequences to lateral-lateral ones. Vowel epenthesis also occurred. This is attributed to Korean phonological system in which a stop is assumed to appear syllable-initially if it is voiced. Voicing and gender played a role in coronal stop lateralization, and voicing and word boundary had significant effects on vowel epenthesis. These L2 variations could be accounted for by using Davis and Shin (1999)’s constraints and Park (2006)’s *V[-pal, -lab, -low], and by taking up the idea of floating constraints that produce the variable rankings apparent in L2 phonology.

유성자음 뒤의 경음화 현상에 대하여

변용우(Byeon, Yong Woo) 동악어문학회 2012 동악어문학 Vol.59 No.-

이 글은 국어 유성자음 뒤의 경음화 현상을 설명하기 위해 ‘ㄷ’ 첨가 규칙의 설정이 필요함을 제안하고, 이 규칙이 갖는 형태ㆍ통사적 성격을 규명하는 데에 목적을 두었다. 음절 종성에서 모든 자음은 불파화를 겪지만 유성자음은 이 위치에서 조음점 폐쇄만 일어날 뿐 후두 폐쇄는 경험하지 않는 것이 일반적이다. 그러므로 유성자음 뒤에서 후행 장애음에 경음화가 일어나기 위해서는 먼저 유성자음 뒤에서 후두 폐쇄가 첨가되는 과정이 선행되어야 한다. 후두 폐쇄는 음소가 아닌 자질이므로 직접 첨가될 수는 없고 후두 폐쇄를 표상하는 음소로 첨가되어야 하는데 후두 폐쇄를 표상하는 대표적인 음소로 ‘ㄷ’을 들 수 있다. 관형사형어미 ‘-을’ 뒤에 적용되는 ‘ㄷ’ 첨가 규칙은 관형사형과 후행 명사의 긴밀성을 표시하기 위해 적용되는데, 후행 명사가 의존명사인 경우에는 필수적으로 적용되고, 후행 명사가 고유어의 자립명사인 경우에는 수의적인 적용을, 후행 명사가 한자어인 경우에는 적용되지 않는다. 어간말 비음 뒤에 적용되는 ‘ㄷ’ 첨가 규칙은 ‘으’계 어미와 자음 어미가 실현되는 어간말의 조건을 통일시키려는 경향에서 나타난 결과라 할수 있다. 즉 어간의 말음 조건인 유음과 모음이 하나의 분포 조건이 되고 폐쇄음과 비음이 하나의 조건으로 작용하는 것이다. ‘ㄷ’ 첨가 규칙은 ‘으’계 어미와 자음어미의 분포 조건을 단일화시키기 위해 적용된다. This study is to suggest to set the rule of ‘t’ insertion for the fortition in the back of the voiced consonants, and is to clarify the motivation of morphologic and syntactic of this rule. All consonants experience unreleased phenomenon in the coda of syllable. But it is common that the voiced consonants don"t experience glottal stop in the coda of syllable. Therefore, it is required that the glottal stop is inserted in the back of the voiced consonants for the fortition first of all. The glottal stop is not inserted in the back of the voiced consonants directly because it is phonetic features. Instead, the phoneme that represents the glottal stop must be inserted. The phoneme ‘t’ represents the glottal stop. The rule of ‘t’ insertion is applied for indication of coherence between an unconjugation adjective form and following noun in the back of an unconjugation adjective ending ‘-?l’. This rule is necessarily applied on the front of the dependent noun. But this rule is arbitrary on the front of the independence noun of korean word and this rule doesn"t applied on the front of the sino-korean word. The rule of ‘t’ insertion is applied for the unification of stem-final condition that ‘-?’ sort ending and consonant ending is appeared in the back of stem-final nasal consonants. Namely, liquid consonant and vowel is function under the same condition in the stem-final. Stop and nasal consonant is function under the same condition in the stem-final. This rule is applied for the aim that the distribution condition of ‘-?’ sort ending and consonant ending make a single.

모음 간 영어치경폐쇄음의 변이양상

신승훈(Shin, Seung-Hoon) 신영어영문학회 2016 신영어영문학 Vol.65 No.-

Based on the Buckeye Corpus of Conversational Speech, this paper analyzes patterns of alveolar stop variations between vowels in which consonantal lenition commonly apply cross-linguistically. The results showed that flapping was most prevalent among many possible weakening alternations such as flapping, glottaling, voicing and deletion. The underlying voicing contrast, however, did not give rise to the durational contrast of the preceding vowel but was subject to the different patterns of variations. Hence flapping was prevalent for voiced alveolar stops while both glottaling, voicing, deletion and flapping were for voiceless alveolar stops. The vowels before a voiced alveolar stop were not longer than the ones before a voiced counterpart, which means that unlike the well-recognized assumption, in English, vowel lengthening before a voiced sound does not apply in a casual speech.

Production of Coronal Stop-Lateral Sequences by Korean Learners of English: A Constraint-Based Account

박인규 한국중앙영어영문학회 2008 영어영문학연구 Vol.50 No.1

This paper investigates how Korean learners of English produce coronal stop-lateral sequences in words like potluck and padlock, explores what factors can have an effect on their production, and gives a constraint-based account of L2 phonological variations. The main findings are that Korean learners of English transferred coronal stop lateralization, thus turning English coronal stop-lateral sequences to lateral-lateral ones. Vowel epenthesis also occurred. This is attributed to Korean phonological system in which a stop is assumed to appear syllable-initially if it is voiced. Voicing and gender played a role in coronal stop lateralization, and voicing and word boundary had significant effects on vowel epenthesis. These L2 variations could be accounted for by using Davis and Shin (1999)’s constraints and Park (2006)’s *V[-pal, -lab, -low], and by taking up the idea of floating constraints that produce the variable rankings apparent in L2 phonology.

한국인 영어 학습자의 영어 단어 경계 인지 시 변이음 단서 사용 연구

장수영(Chang,Sooyoung),박한상(Park,Hansang) 한국음성학회 2011 말소리와 음성과학 Vol.3 No.3

This study investigates how Korean students employ acoustic-phonetic cues in perceiving word boundaries of near-homophonous English phrases. For this study, 60 Korean college students participated in the experiment of discriminating word boundaries for 42 pairs of stimuli comprising the allophonic cues of aspiration and glottal stop. Results were analysed in terms of the correctness of responses and the correlation between correctness and confidence. Results showed that stimuli pairs of the glottal stop cue give a higher correctness but those of aspiration a relatively lower correctness. Comparison of the results of this study with those of the previous studies of English and Japanese speakers showed that Korean and Japanese speakers of English give a substantially lower correctness than native speakers of English, while Korean learners of English as a foreign language provide a lower correctness than Japanese speakers of English as a second language.

성문파열음의 음소 설정 가능성에 대하여

조규태 한국어문학회 2004 語文學 Vol.0 No.85

Establishing the glottal stop as a phoneme may be possible because in Common Korean the glottal stop appears as an interval sound, for emphasis, as a verb conjugating ending, and as final sound of some verb stems. Besides, in Gyeongnam Dialect the possibility of establishing the glottal stop as a phoneme is higher because the glottal stop is realized in several other cases. The most important ground for establishing the glottal sound as a phoneme is that this sound has a distinctive function at absolute initial, for example, in 'i(two) : ?i(tooth), il(thing) : ?il(one), erita(Curdle)' : ?erita(infant). The reconstructed form of 'sit-(to load)' in Gyeongnam Dialect is 'sil?-', which makes it increasingly possible to establish the glottal stop as a phoneme. It appears reasonable to consider that we regard that the s irregular conjugating verb in Common Korean is realized with? coda verb in Gyeongnam Dialect, and that the verb ending '-ilk? a, -ilk?o' in Common Korean is realized with 'i?ka, i?ko' in Gyeongnam Dialect. This makes it increasingly possible to establish the glottal stop as a phoneme. However, if we establish the glottal stop as a phoneme, '? sound' should be added to the list of phonemes in Gyeongnam Dialect, and a character, which is not used nowadays, should be used to write this sound.

벅아이 코퍼스에서 나타나는 영어 설단폐쇄음의 변이 양상: 단어 경계를 중심으로

박진숙 ( Park Jin-sook ) 한국현대영어영문학회 2020 현대영어영문학 Vol.64 No.1

It is well-attested that the coronal stops are frequent sounds in English and produced with various phonetic realizations in spontaneous speech. This study analyzes phonological variations of coronal stops such as glottaling, flapping, deletion depending on phonetic, phonological and sociolinguistic factors. The data examined in this study are taken from the Buckeye Corpus of Conversational Speech. Based on the spontaneous American English speech it specifically focuses on coronal stop variations of a sequence of word-final post-vocalic /t/ and /d/ and the following word-initial consonants across a word boundary. Results of this study indicate that the rate of glottaling was most prevalent for coronal stop variations such as glottaling, flapping and deletion. Word frequency, voicing of coronal stop and sonorant of following consonant played an important role to the coronal stop variations. Coronal stop variations across the word boundary were involved in various types of consonantal lenition processes where coronal stops lose their place feature and become weaker to achieve ease or economy of articulation. (Korea Polytechnic College)

Korean Learners' Perceptual Cues for Word Boundaries in English

윤관희 한국언어학회 2009 언어 Vol.34 No.1

This study investigates whether/how English-learning Korean speakers utilize allophonic cues such as aspiration and glottal stops in order to identify word boundaries in English. Given that speech stream is inherently continuous and causes segmentation problems, it has currently been controversial issue whether and what types of segmentation strategies L1 and L2 speakers adopt in word recognition and perception. Previous perception studies (Altenberg 2005; Ito and Strange 2007) showed that Spanish and Japanese learners of English are not as highly sensitive to allophonic cues like aspiration and glottal stops as native speakers of English. The purpose of this current study is to directly compare previous two studies with the result with English-learning Korean listeners. Thirty intermediate or advanced learners participated in perception experiments to see whether/how they segment word boundaries in English. The result showed that they utilized both aspiration and glottal stops above chance level, but that unlike our expectation, glottal stop stimuli were easier to perceive than aspiration stimuli. Furthermore, such results sharply pattern with those with Japanese and Spanish L2 learners even though both allophonic cues differ in utility in their consonant systems and the status of glottal stop differ in all three languages. Based on the current study, two interesting implications are provided. First, L2 learners might acquire phonetic-fine details though their sensitivity is not as high as native speakers, supporting Kuhl and Iverson (1995). Second, more reference to glottal stops over aspiration indicates that the former might be less marked than the latter across languages at least in the field of L2 phonetic or phonological acquisition.