TV 선거 토론 담화에 나타난 체면 위협 행위의 의사소통 양상 고찰 -형식적 기제를 중심으로-

김지연 ( Kim Jeyeun ) 한국화법학회 2018 화법연구 Vol.0 No.40

This study seeks to examine how face-threatening acts manifest in televised debates as active interaction among its participants, and explore their dimensions and influence through identification of formal categories. The explicit mechanisms employed in the dialogues in televised debates were categorized, and the characteristics and effects of face-threatening acts were analyzed case by case. To this end, face-threatening acts and their scope were redefined, and elements which can influence the dynamics between debaters were identified. Moreover, based on interaction between debaters, the factors that can influence face-threatening acts were classified into two types, in accordance with formal categorization and explicit mechanisms: 1) face-threatening through the structure of discourse, 2) face-threatening using lexicon and grammar- enabled discourse by. Based on these factors, the distribution and effects of face-threatening acts, which appear on TV debates, were analyzed, besides the change in dynamics and discursive effects they inspire. Furthermore, base on how such characteristics and elements affect one's social face, a communication strategy regarding face-threatening was suggested.

Face행위이론으로 보는 담화의 운영 방법‒감탄사를 중심으로‒

조영호 한국일본근대학회 2020 일본근대학연구 Vol.0 No.69

본고는 Face행위로 여겨지는 담화 흐름에서 참가자들이 사용한 감탄서의 연구이다. 감탄사는 지금까지 연구되어온 것 과 같이 화자와 청취자 사이의 의견 일치함 또는 감정 표현을 보여는 기능을 할 뿐 아니라 더 나아가 청자와 화자의 face를 상호적으로 주고 받는 효과를 갖는 담화 요소이기도 하다. 다시 말하자면, 감탄사에는 화자의 fave-saving, 또는 FTA(face threatening act)하는 기능이 있다. 특히, 감탄사의 기능 중, 말할 권리의 느낌과 요구의 표현은 상대방의 face을 saving하는 기능을 가지고 있다. 또한, 감탄사를 표현하는 방법, 타이밍 및 빈도는 상대방의 face를 효과적으로 관리하는 방법으로 사용될 수 있으며, 이는 대화 참가자의 face행동에 직접 적용된다고 볼 수 있다. This is a study of exclamation as used by the participants in the flow of discourse viewed as face act. Exclamation not only shows agreement or an expression of feeling between speaker and listener as studied so far, but also is a discourse factor that has face-effects from listener to speakers face. So to speak, Exclamation has functions to save, threaten or neutralize speakers face. Especially, among the functions of Exclamation, expression of feeling and demand of the right to speak have a function to save the others face. And also, the methods, timing and frequency of expressing Exclamation can be used as ways of face-effects to the other, which are applied directly to face act by the participants in a conversation.

談話マーカーの新たなアプローチ-Face行為から見た「それで」ㄴㅁ -

曺永湖 ( Cho Young-ho ) 한국일본근대학회 2021 일본근대학연구 Vol.0 No.71

本研究では語用論において用いられたfaceの概念を談話に適用させ、談話構造におけるfaceの役割を把握するために、face行為理論を提示し日本語における談話マーカー「それで」を分析対象とし、その特徴や機能を明らかにした。 「それで」は、①相手のfaceを脅かす機能を持つ談話マーカーであるので、公的な場面や社会的関係が上位の場合には用いることができない。②話し手の発話に自分をFTAする要素が含まれている場合、それに反発するために用いられ、anti-FTAマーカーとして機能する。特に、「それで」が単独で使われる場合は、anti-FTAマーカーとしての機能と共に、続く表現を用いなくてもFTAを引き出す働きもある。③「それで」に続く発話が、「それで」の持つface-threatening機能を補足するために引き出される場合、positiveな機能を果たす場合とneutralな機能を果たす場合がある。 In this study, the concept of face used in pragmatics is applied to discourse, and in order to understand the role of face in discourse structure, face action theory is presented and the discourse marker “sorede” in Japanese is analyzed. The features and functions were clarified. “sorede” is (1) a discourse marker that has the function of threatening the other party’s face, so it cannot be used in public situations or when social relationships are high. (2) If the speakers utterance contains an element that FTAs himself / herself, it is used to repel it and functions as an anti-FTA marker. In particular, when “sorede” is used alone, it not only functions as an anti-FTA marker, but also has the function of eliciting an FTA without using the following expressions. (3) When the utterance following “sorede” is drawn to supplement the face-threatening function of “sorede”, it may perform a positive function or a neutral function.

「-ていただく」의 불손(Impoliteness)실현-체면위협 발화행위와 불손의 실현요소를 중심으로-

신희혜 중앙대학교 외국학연구소 2021 외국학연구 Vol.- No.55

This study paid attention to the cases where “-teitadaku” conveys a connotation of impoliteness and analyzed the patterns of impoliteness realization of “-teitadaku” focusing on face-threatening speech acts. Accordingly, this study classified face-threatening acts into expression of disadvantage, self-revelation expression, expression of relative demeanor, expression of will, and expression of negative evaluation, according to their respective patterns, and analyzed which speech act in each pattern induces “-teitadaku” to imply impoliteness. This study also reviewed what factor attaches the connotation of impoliteness to “-teitadaku”. As a result, the current study discovered that ① linguistic factors in the sentence that embedded it and the relationships between “-teitadaku” and the speeches before and after it, or these two in combination presented the phrase of “-teitadaku” as a face-threatening speech act, or ② the occurrences of face-threatening acts in the preceding and following contexts added the connotation of impoliteness to “-teitadaku”. In addition, the realization of impoliteness took on a complicated pattern as both ① and ② simultaneously occurred, in the case of face-threatening acts with multiple patterns.

체면 위협 행위로서의 종결어미 `-니` 연구: 말뭉치 분석 및 담화 적절성 인식 조사를 중심으로

김강희 ( Kim Kang Hee ) 아시아문화학술원 2017 인문사회 21 Vol.8 No.1

본 연구는 한국어 종결어미 `-니`가 청자에 대한 체면 위협 행위(FTA)로 나타나는 양상을 말뭉치 분석과 담화 적절성 인식 조사에 근거하여 기술하고자 하였다. 먼저 22만 어절의 말뭉치 분석 결과 `-니`는 순수 질문 외에 핀잔주기, 동의구하기, 확인하기, 한탄하기 등의 화용적 기능을 지니는 것으로 나타났으며, 그 중 핀잔주기 기능은 청자의 체면을 위협하는 행위로 쓰일 수 있음을 확인하였다. 또한 말뭉치 분석 결과`-니`는 대개 윗사람이 아랫사람에게 사용하는 것으로 알려져 있는 것과 달리 동년배 간의 사용도 활발히 이루어지고 있음을 확인하였다. 이에 본 연구는 핀잔주기 기능을 수행하는 종결어미 `-니`가 청자에 대한 체면 위협 행위(FTA)로 나타나는 양상을 분석하기 위해 한국어 모어 화자 40명을 대상으로 담화 적절성 인식 조사를 시행하였다. 담화 적절성 인식 조사란 담화 완성 과제(DCT)를 보완하여 설계한 담화 조사 방법론으로 한국어담화(Discourse)의 특징을 밝히기 위한 귀납적 연구 방법론의 일환이다. 본 연구는 조사자가 청자의 입장에서 화자의 발화를 듣고 `-냐, -어, -니` 중 가장 체면에 위협을 느낀 정도를 응답하게 하여, `-니`의 체면 위협 정도를 측정하였다. 그 결과, 종결어미 `-니`는 연령 요인과 성별 요인에 의해 체면 위협 행위(FTA)로 나타나는 양상을 보였으며, 화자변인이 [-연령], [동성]일 경우에 가장 청자에 대한 위협의 정도가 큰 것으로 조사되었다. This study focuses on analyzing the use of the question verb final ending expression `-ni(-니)` in the Korean language is perceived as a Face Threatening Act(FTA) when realized as a pragmatic function instead of a pure question. Therefore, this study was conducted specifically based on a corpus-driven discourse analysis and a discourse appropriateness intuition test. First, a television drama corpus, phrase of 22 words, was used for the corpus analysis, and it was found that the pragmatic function of `-ni(-니)` included scolding, asking for consent, verifying, and lamenting. Among these functions, scolding was found to be face threatening to the listener, in regards to the politeness theory. In terms of politeness, it tended not to be problematic when there was a large age gap between the speaker and listener, but when the age gap was small or when the listener was older than the speaker, it was seen as a face threatening act. Accordingly, this study analyzed the use of the final ending expression `-ni(-니)` when the Korean language is accepted as a FTA for the listener, through a discourse appropriateness intuition test. A discourse appropriateness intuition test has been designed by supplementing the discourse completion task(DCT). Thus, this study measured the degree to which `-ni(-니)` acts face threatening, by asking Korean native speakers to listen to a speaker use `-nya(-냐)`, `-eo(-어)`, and `-ni(-니)` and record which they found to be most face threatening. Study participants included 20 female and 20 male. SPSS and T-test were used as test tools. Results showed that the final ending expression `-ni(-니)` was seen as a face threatening act, depending on the age factor and gender factor. Listeners were the most face threatened when the speaker was younger or of the same gender. This study is significant in that it has attempted to study the final ending expression `-ni(-니)` in terms of discourse by using a real corpus and testing native speakers.

Characteristics of Korean Politeness: Imposition Is Not Always a Face Threatening Act

Kyong-Ae Yu(유경애) 담화·인지언어학회 2003 담화와 인지 Vol.10 No.3

The principal theoretical aim of the present study is to challenge the widely accepted notion that politeness is a socio-cultural-linguistic universal. The universal theories of politeness claim that clarity and politeness are complementary elements and that diverse politeness phenomena are driven by underlying universal factors, such as non-imposition, optionality and friendliness. In order to re-examine the universality of the politeness rules and strategies, however, we should question whether general concepts of linguistic terms such as face, deference and politeness are universal and whether the constituents of face and face-saving strategies are the same in various cultures. In this paper, it is argued that the components of face, and face-saving strategies are culturally different, and that some behavioural patterns have different meanings in different cultures. Also, it is argued that Brown & Levinson's face threatening acts and face-saving strategies cannot be universal. This paper upholds the assumption that the functions of speech acts can differ according to culture-specific norms and languages.

담화에 나타나는 문말표현 「ことだ」에 관한 연구 -Face행위이론을 중심으로-

조영호,남가영 한국일본근대학회 2012 일본근대학연구 Vol.0 No.36

형식명사 「こと」에서 파생한 문말표현 「ことだ」의 의미 · 기능을 바탕으로 담화에서 나타나는 face행위에 대해 고찰하였다. 형식명사가 문말에 위치할 경우, 조동사 「-だ」와 결합하여 그 의미·용법이 특수화되어 화자의 주관적 태도를 나타내는 모달리티적 의미를 나타낸다. 이러한 문말표현의 특징으로는 「ことだ」가 그 문장에서 생략되어도 문의 객관적인 의미나 정보량에는 영향을 미치지 않는다는 것이다. 이 경우 형식명사의 단순한 단어 자체의 의미 파악은 무의미하며 문 중에서의 위치와 역할에 따라, 그 구분이 가능하다. 화자의 발화시, 주관적 태도를 나타내는 모달리티 표현을 중심으로 형식명사 「こと」의 의미·기능의 변화를 거쳐 일정의 형식으로 고정화된 형식명사 「こと」의 또 다른 카테고리로서의 「ことだ」가 담화 상에서 어떠한 기능을 가지는 가를 연구하기 위해서, face행위이론을 바탕으로 실제언어자료(corpus)통해 담화분석하였다. 화자의 모달리티를 표현하는 문말표현 「ことだ」는 담화 상에서 상대에게 주로 권고나 명령의 직접적인 표현을 피하여, FTA를 완화하거나 또는 상대의 face를 직접적으로 위협하는 FTA기능이 있음을 확인하였다. 이 경우의 FTA는 상대에게 반발하거나 상대의 face를 위협하는 발화를 해야만 하는 경우, FTA를 더욱 강화하여 발화하는 기능이 나타났다. 문 레벨의 한계를 넘어서, 그 기능이나 의미를 명백하게 밝히기 위해서는 face행위이론과 같은 담화분석의 구조적인 접근이 필요하다고 생각된다. 종래의 형식명사의 의미· 용법에 관한 연구는 주로 기능적 의미를 대상으로 한 문법범주의 연구에 한정되었지만, face라는 새로운 개념을 도입하여 담화분석 함으로서, 담화 상에서 face행위이론을 통해 문말표현 「ことだ」가 가지는 다양한 face기능을 확인할 수 있었다. The meaning and function of the expressions at the end of sentences 「kotoda」 derived from the formal nouns 「koto」were also analyzed along with researching their modality. When a formal noun is placed at the end of sentence, its meanings and usage become specialized as it combines with an auxiliary 「-da」 and contains a modality meaning that express a subjective attitude of speaker. One of the features of the expressions is that an objective meaning or the amount of information is not affected when the words 「kotoda」are removed from the sentence. Using this point, a general social or cultural standard can be avoided when researching politeness. The politeness phenomena have to be analyzed based on the mutual reactions of face among the participants in the conversation. The expression at the end of sentences 「kotoda」 which expresses a speaker``s modality has an FTA function that avoids aggressive expressions such as orders or warnings or directly threatens the other``s face. The FTA in this case can be reinforced even more when a speaker has to resist to the other or threaten the conversation partner. The expression at the end of sentences 「monoda」 shows the modality that expresses a speaker``s subjective attitude. When talkers do not agree on some opinions at a level of conversation, it frequently threatened the partner``s face as it shows a speaker``s uncomfortable attitude. When a speaker shows a pity toward the partner, an anti-FTA function occurs for the partner. In order to make clear the functions and meanings beyond the limits of a level of sentence, a structural approach to analysis of conversations such as face behavior theory will be needed. The previous researches for the meaning and usage of formal nouns were limited to the grammar such as finding out their functional meanings. However, in this study, a new concept of ``face`` was applied to analyze conversations and the various face functions of the expressions at the end of sentences 「kotoda」「monoda」「noda」 were researched through face behavior theory in conversations.

한국어 교육에서의 지시 화행 실현 양상 -한국어능력시험을 중심으로-

이은희 ( Eun Hee Lee ) 한국텍스트언어학회 2016 텍스트언어학 Vol.40 No.-

This study examines how the aspects of directive speech act in the Korean language education are reflected in the TOPIK. Considering directive speech act tends to involve face threatening act to the listener, strategic language users are needed to mitigate this kind of hostile impression. And Korean language education should provide educational devices in terms of the TOPIK to develop the ability using Korean strategically. Section 2 analyzes what direction should be suggested to achieve the educational objective of directive speech act. The Korean language education must provide step by step modes of presentation in which students will come to learn the sub-types of directive speech act and develop the strategies needed to carry out directive speech act in accordance to relevant situations through indirectness strategy, perspective and the structure of speech act. On investigating how directive speech acts are presented in TOPIK, section 3 finds that the sub-types of directive speech act do not appear proportionately. Also, it is hard to discover that the condition of indirectness strategy and perspective shifts from a direct to an indirect way or the structure of speech act switches from a simple form to a complicated one in the Topik I and Topik II, which are adjusted to the proficiency level of the leaner.

한국어 학습자와 교사의 적극적·소극적 공손 전략 실현 양상 연구 학문 목적 2·3·4급 학습자의 수업을 중심으로

주현정 한국어문화교육학회 2019 한국어문화교육 Vol.12 No.2

본고에서는 적극적·소극적 공손 전략이 어떻게 나타나는지 그 실현 양상을 살펴보는 것에 목적을 두고 한국어수업에서 교사와 학습자의 발화를 전사한 자료를 통해 살펴보았다. 적극적·소극적 공손 전략은 체면과 공손성 이론에 기반하는데 이론은 Brown & Levinson(1987)에 의해 체면위협행위를 피하는 전략으로 발전하였고 이 연구에서는 적극적·소극적 공손 전략에 초점을 두고 한국어수업에서는 어떻게 나타나는지 분석하였다. 분석 결과, A와 C수업에서는 관심 기울이기 전략이, B수업에서는 제안·요구·약속하기 전략이 가장 많이 사용되었다. 또한 세 수업 모두에서 적극적 공손 전략이 소극적 공손 전략보다 더 많이 사용되었는데 이는 세 수업에서 교사와 학습자 간 에 체면을 위협하는 행위가 적었다는 것이고 이로써 수업 분위기가 좋았다는 것도 추측할 수 있다. 그러나 이 연구에서는 교사와 학습자의 발화를 따로 구분하여 비교하지 않았고, 수준에 따른 차이가 어떠 한지 구체적으로 살펴보지는 않았다는 한계점이 있다. 이 연구의 의의는 적극적·소극적 공손 전략의 실현 양상을 통해 어떤 전략을 보다 많이 사용하였는지에 따라 수업의 분위기, 학습자와 교사의 관계를 추측할 수 있다는 것이다. Aiming to examine the realization of positive and negative politeness strategies, this thesis has surveyed the transcripts of the speeches of teachers and learners in the Korean language classes. The positive and negative politeness strategies are based on the face and politeness theories. Face may be defined as ‘one’s public image asserted about oneself’. Face as such can be divided into positive and negative face. Positive face refers to the speaker’s desire to see his or her wishes respected by the interlocutors, and negative face refers to an individual’s right to behave freely lest the speaker’s wishes not be deterred by others and the desire not to be coerced by others. The theory developed into the strategy to avoid face-threatening acts by Brown and Levinson (1987). This study, which focuses on the positive and negative politeness strategies, has examined how they show in the Korean language classes through the transcripts of the speeches of teachers and learners. The analysis of the Korean language classes showed that the positive politeness strategy registered a higher level of frequency than the negative politeness strategy. This showed that the three classes involved less face-threatening acts between the learners and the teachers. The study is significant, in that the how the positive and negative politeness strategies were realized enables it to guess at the class atmosphere and the relationship between the learner and the teacher, depending on which strategies were used more frequently. It is because a positive classroom atmosphere in which participants trust one another will use mainly the positive politeness strategies, whereas a tense classroom atmosphere in which participants cannot cooperate will use the greatly face-threatening negative politeness strategies. The analysis will enable the teacher to examine the aspects of the strategies which the teacher frequently uses and find help in improving the class later. However, this study has limitations, in that it failed to distinguish the teachers’ speeches from the learners’ and closely examine the differences according to levels. As the positive and negative politeness strategies have not been researched through the speeches in the Korean classes, a lot of research topics remain to be carried out, including how the frequently used strategies vary with the levels of the learners, how female and male teachers differ, and what differences the learners’ nationality and sex make in how the strategies are realized. Looking ahead, these studies need to continue.

An Intercultural Pragmatic Study of Speech Act of Correction in Korean EFL Context

Sujung Min 한국영어어문교육학회 2020 영어어문교육 Vol.26 No.2

Taking an intercultural pragmatic approach, the present study compared native English speakers and Korean L2 learners performance of the speech act of correction and how it is realized with status unequals. The difference in status here is not necessarily socio-economic, but rather a matter of the power structure within the classroom context. By focusing on correction, this study looked at situations where one person knows the other has had a factual errors. The study attempted to find out whether there is pragmatic transfer from Korean (L1) among L2 learners of English in the strategies used to realize the speech act of correction. The correction speech act classified as an expressive is one of face-threatening speech acts and therefore have received much attention because of their potential for causing cross-cultural miscommunication. The participants included 20 Korean university students and 10 native English speakers. The data consisted of responses to four items of written discourse completion test per participant to elicit the speech act of correction. All the responses were analyzed as consisting of a sequence of semantic formulas (Cohen & Olshtain, 1981). Findings indicated the cultural background and L1 effects on the use of correction strategies.