The Evaluation of Evenness of Nonwovens Using Image Analysis Method

Jeong, Sung-Hoon,Kim, Si-Hwan,Hong, Cheol-Jae The Korean Fiber Society 2001 Fibers and polymers Vol.2 No.3

Authors studied on the applicability of image analysis technique using a scanner with a CCD (charged coupled deviced) to the evaluation of evenness of nonwovens because it has distinctive features to considerably save time and labor in the analysis compared with other classical methods. As specimens fur the experiment, two different types that are unpatterned and patterned ones were prepared. For the unpatterned specimen, webs were chemically bonded, while for the patterned specimen, webs being thermally calendered with engraved roller. Several webs having various areal densities were prepared and bonded. Coefficient of variation (CV%) was used as a parameter to evaluate the evenness. Scanning conditions could be suitably set up through comparing the total variance to the between-group variance and to the within-group variance, respectively, on the images scanned at the different conditions. The 2D convolution method with smoothing filter kernel was introduced to further filter the noises on the scanned images. After the filtering process, the increase of web areal densities gave an uniform decrease of the CV%. This showed that the scanned image analysis with proper filtering process could be successfully applicable to the evaluation of evenness in nonwovens.

노화피부에서 나타나는 현상에 봉독이 미치는 효과

최춘설,박진규,안창기,이은희,안규중 대한피부미용학회 2015 대한피부미용학회지 Vol.13 No.5

Bee venom, also known as apitoxin, is a bitter colorless liquid, which has a quite stability in temperature. It has been used for many years in traditional therapy as relieve pain and treat inflammatory. The skin goes change due to aging by environmental factors, divided in to intrinsic and extrinsic. ultraviolet (UV), one of extrinsic factor, is known as a main inducer of skin aging. Especially, UVB reported that lead to DNA damage, sun burn, and ROS creation. In this study, researcher investigated that whether bee venom affects to aging manifestations, such as wrinkle, sagging, skin tone, and evenness. To evaluate efficacy on aging skin phenomena, clinical efficacy trials were conducted using Antera 3D, Robo skin analyzer CS50, KONG PC Camera, and spectrophotometer. Improvement of wrinkle, sagging, and skin evenness were assessed using ANTERA 3D. Robo skin analyzer CS50 and spectrophotometer assessed improvement of skin tone. KONG PC Camera used to measuring facial keratinized cell. Measurements were taken three times, namely, before application, immediately after treatment, and 1 week after treatment. Through cellular efficacy trials, using human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs), researchers verified that bee venom has protective effects on UVB induced gene expression of MMP1 and COL1A1, which known as extracellular matrix (ECM) regulated genes. In conclusion, bee venom improves UVB-induced cellular damage, including ECM regulated gene expression, and aged skin manifestations. These results suggest bee venom as a new, effective anti-aging cosmetic ingredient.

병렬 설치형 저압막 모듈 배관의 유량 균등 분배 평가에 관한 연구

장석현,윤석민,김시연,이영주,박노석 대한환경공학회 2021 대한환경공학회지 Vol.43 No.5

Objectives : In this study, the degree of uniformity of the flow rate flowing into each module is measured for the external pressure typed low-pressure membrane (microfiltration) filtration process that has been actually applied to water treatment, and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technique is used to clarify the cause and effect. Methods : Mobile ultrasonic flow meter was used to measure the flow rate flowing from the membrane module pipe to each module, and the CFD technique was used to verify this. Results and Discussion : From the results of the actual measurement using ultrasonic flowmeter and CFD simulation, it was confirmed that the outflow flow rate from the branch pipe located at the end of the header pipe was three times higher than that of the branch pipe near the inlet. The reason was that the differential pressure generated between each membrane module was higher toward the end of the header pipe. Conclusions : When the ratio of the sum of the cross-sectional area of the branch pipe and the cross-sectional area of the header pipe was reduced by about 30 times, it was confirmed that the flow rate flowing from each branch pipe to the membrane module was almost equal. Also, If the flow in the header pipe is transitional or laminar (Reynolds No. is approximately 4,000 or less), the flowrate flowing from each branch pipe to the membrane module can be more even. 목적 : 본 연구에서는 실제 정수처리에 적용되고 있는 외압식 저압막(정밀여과막, Microfiltration) 여과 공정을 대상으로 각 모듈로 유입되는 유량의 균등 정도를 실측하고, 전산유체역학(Computational Fluid Dynamics, CFD)를 이용하여 그 원인을 밝히고자 하였다. 방법 : 본 연구에서는 막 모듈배관에서 각 모듈로 유입되는 유량을 측정하기 위해 이동형 초음파 유량계를 사용하였으며, 이를 검증하기 위해 전산유체역학 기법을 이용하였다. 결과 및 토의 : 초음파 유량계를 이용한 실측과 CFD 모사 결과로부터 헤더 배관 끝단에 위치한 분지관으로부터의유출 유량이 유입구 근처의 분지관 유량보다 3배 높았다. 그 이유는 각 막 모듈 사이에서 발생하는 차압이 헤더파이프 끝으로 갈수록 더 높았기 때문이다. 결론 : 지관의 단면적의 합과 헤더 배관의 통수 단면적의 비를 약 80배 정도 감소할 경우 각 분지관에서 막 모듈로유입되는 유량이 거의 균등한 것을 확인 할 수 있었다. 또한 관내 흐름이 천이류 및 층류인 경우(Reynolds No.가대략 4,000이하) 각 분지관에서 막 모듈로 유입되는 유량을 균등화 시킬 수 있을 것으로 판단할 수 있다.

면/폴리에스터 혼방사의 제조공정별 불균제도 최적화(I) -연조 슬라이버의 불균제도-

김규호,이대훈,주창환,Kim, Gyou-Ho,Lee, Dae-Hoon,Joo, Chang-Whan 한국섬유공학회 2008 한국섬유공학회지 Vol.45 No.2

Evenness of the cotton/polyester(C/P) blend slivers produced with different processing conditions from a drawing frame is significantly affected on the quality of final spun yarns. In this study, we have compared experimental data with theoretical data on the evenness of C/P blend slivers, and established the optimum condition of drawing process, such as blending ratio, doubling strand and passage of drawing. The results obtained can be summarized as follows: The limiting irregularity ($CV_{h-lim}$) formula of the cotton sliver considered fiber fineness and fiber extent and the limiting irregularity ($CV_{h-lim}$) formula of C/P blend slivers were theoretically established. The limiting irregularity of blend slivers has decreased with increasing polyester fibers in blend slivers. Also, The limiting irregularity of blend slivers has decreased 0.1% with increasing doubling strand and 0.02% with increasing number of passage. The actual irregularity of C/P blend slivers has decreased 2.5% at 4 and 6 doubling, 0.9% at 6 and 8 doubling, respectively. Also, the actual irregularity has decreased 2.3% at 1 and 2 passage conditions, but it showed the uniform trend at 3 and 4 passage conditions. As the analysis result of irregularity index, the optimum condition of C/P blend slivers has estimated at 6 doubling and 2 passage of drawing processes.

Birds' species diversity measurement of Uchali Wetland (Ramsar site) Pakistan

Taofik Oyedele Dauda,Md. Hafiz Baksh,Anuar Mohd. Sah Shahrul 국립중앙과학관 2017 Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity Vol.10 No.2

We carried out this study to evaluate bird species diversity and to model bird species abundance using Uchali Wetland, Pakistan (32°33′N, 72°01′E). Data obtained were subjected to summary statistics, Simpson diversity, Shannon evenness index, and rank abundance curve and model. The watershed supports 25,361 birds of 47 species, which is appreciably less than the number of bird species supported by the same wetland in the past year (1991). Total evenness could be obtained as the ranks increases and this differed annually. Evenness index (EI) analysis showed that EI for 2011 was 0.0231, for 2012, it was 0.02, for 2013, it was 0.01, and for the annual mean, it was 0.046 indicating functional abundance of the species. Bird species diversity measurement could be enhanced by the use of the modified rank–abundance curve and would clearly present the true picture of the bird species abundance.

여대생의 식습관과 영양소 섭취상태가 피부상태에 미치는 영향

조현주(Jo Hyun-Ju),최미자(Choi Mi-Ja) 韓國營養學會 2010 Journal of Nutrition and Health Vol.43 No.3

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary habits and nutrient intakes on skin condition of female university students. The subjects were 95 female university students in Daegu. This study examined anthropometric measurements, dietary intake, food intake habits and skin condition (moisture, elasticity, sebum (U-zone, Tzone), pores, evenness and melanin pigmentation. The subjects in this study had an average age of 21.4, an average height and weight of 161.2 ㎝ and 52.9 ㎏, respectively, and the average body mass index (BMI) was 20.3 ㎏/㎡. The means of skin elasticity, pores, evenness, and melanin pigmentation were within the normal range of women in their 20s and the skin moisture state was slightly lower than the normal range, which showed a dry tendency. The sebum in the U-zone and the T-zone was lower than the standard values, which showed less secretion in both areas. The subjects with high nut intake showed a better skin pore state (p < 0.05). Those with a high intake of instant foods showed a sig-nificantly low skin moisture and a significantly higher sebum rate (p < 0.05). The group with high skin elasticity and the group with less melanin pigmentation showed a significantly low animal protein intake (p < 0.05). The group with high skin elasticity also showed a significantly higher vitamin A and niacin intakes as well (p < 0.05). The group with high skin evenness showed a significantly lower animal lipid intake and a significantly higher vitamin E intake (p < 0.05). In addition, those with high skin elasticity and evenness as well as low melanin pigmentation showed a tendency of high intake of antioxidant vitamins, such as vitamin A, carotene, vitamin C or vitamin E. In summary, a moderate intake of plant-based products and also the antioxidant vitamins within such products seems to have a beneficial effect on maintaining a healthy and good skin condition.

체질 화장품을 활용한 피부관리 효과성 연구

유은주(Eun Ju You),윤천성(Chun Sung Youn) 한국인체미용예술학회 2014 한국인체미용예술학회지 Vol.15 No.3

This study has compared photo aging, skin tone, evenness and sebum levels between experimental and control groups after identifying skin type based on the eight constitutions medical approach using a skin analyzer (ECOSKIN) and providing facial skin care using customized, constitution-based cosmetics. The photo aging, skin tone, evenness and sebum levels of facial skin by Colonotonia Pulmotonia, Hepatonia, and Pancreotonia have been measured and compared for 50 college-age women. The eight constitutions have been classified in accordance with the Eight-Constitution Medicine-32 (ECM-32) of Kyung Hee University. The photo aging, skin tone, evenness and sebum levels were measured using ECOSKIN. According to analysis of the effect of constitution-based cosmetics on photo aging, the photo-aging index increased (left: t=-5,811, p<.001 / right: t=-5,241, p<.001). In addition, there was an increase in skin tone index (left: t=-6,226, p<.001 / right: t=-5,313, p<.001). Both evenness (left: t=-7,563, p<.001 / right: t=-8,288, p<.001) and sebum levels (left: t=-12,164, p<.001 / right: t=-10,843, p<.001) have increased as well. This shows that constitution-based cosmetics are effective in skin care for the experimental group. Further scientific study is needed on cosmetics from the perspective of constitution-based skin cosmetology to investigate skin changes by age.

팥배나무 선발집단의 입지환경과 식생구조 분석

김세현(Sea Hyun Kim),남재익(Jea Ik Nam),김영기(Young Ki Kim),김문섭(Mun Seop Kim),송정호(Jeong Ho Song),박인협(In Hyeop Park),고영석(Young Seok Go) 한국양봉학회 2019 韓國養蜂學會誌 Vol.34 No.3

Sorbus alnifolia (Siebold & Zucc.) K. Koch were usually distributed in the middle or the top of the mountain under 1,100 m of sea level as a small population. Based on physiognomy, the predominant species in the natural populations of S. alnifolia can be summarized as follows; Quercus aliena-S. alnifolia in Mt. Mani; Q. varirabilis-S. alnifolia in Mt. Bawang and Mt. Geumo; S. alnifolia in Mt. Gaji, Mt. Duryun and Wando. On the other hand, in the case of Anmyundo population, there were no predominant species and S. alnifolia were growing with Q. serrata, Q. varirabilis, Pinus densiflora and P. thunbergii. The four species (Q. serrata, Prunus sargentii, Lindera obtusiloba and Smilax chian) appeared in all the natural populations of S. alnifolia. The sums of important values of S. alnifolia for each layer were 230.3% in tree layer, 124.3% in subtree layer, and 9.1% in shrub layer, respectively. The Morista’s indexs of S. alnifolia were 1.12 in tree layer, 1.00 in subtree layer, and 0.28 in shrub layer, respectively. This result shows that S. alnifolia occurs randomly in tree and subtree layer but regularly in shrub layer. A total of 91 species was found in all the surveyed plots. Species diversity of S. alnifolia populations ranged from 0.78 to 1.30. Evenness and dominance showed the ranges of 0.75~0.89 and 0.11~0.25, respectively. Cluster analysis based on the species composition showed that Wando, Mt. Duryun, Mt. Gaji, and Mt. Mani composed one group and Anmyundo, Mt. Geumo and Mt. Balwang made up the other group.

가침박달 자생지의 환경특성

김경아,천경식,유기억 한국자원식물학회 2014 한국자원식물학회지 Vol.27 No.2

The habitats characteristics of Exochorda serratifolia were investigated to compile basic data for conservation and restoration. Natural habitats were located at an altitude of 1 m to 624 m above sea level with angles of inclination ranging from 2 degrees to 81 degrees. A total of 248 vascular plant taxa were identified from 37 quadrats in 16 habitats. The importance value of Exochorda serratifolia is 18.70%, and 5 highly ranked species such as Rhododendron mucronulatum (3.79%), Abelia tyaihyoni (3.27%), Euonymus alatus for. ciliatodentatus, Quercus mongolica (3.23%), and Indigofera kirilowii (2.97%) are considered to be an affinity with Exochorda serratifolia in their habitats. Species diversity was 1.03, dominance and evenness were found to be 0.15 and 0.85, respectively. Average field capacity was 24.19%, the organic matter was 8.21%, pH was 5.52, and available phosphorus was 7.71 ㎍/g. Correlation coefficients analysis based on environmental factors, vegetation, and soil analysis shows that the coverage of Exochorda serratifolia is correlated with field capacity and available phosphorus. 희귀식물인 가침박달 자생지의 환경특성을 조사하여 보전및 복원 시 기초자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 조사결과 가침박달의 자생지는 해발 1-624 m에 위치하였고, 경사는 2–81°로 나타났다. 방형구내 조사된 관속식물은 총 248분류군이었으며, 가침박달이 주로 분포한 관목층의 중요치는 가침박달이 18.70%로 가장 높았고 다음으로는 진달래(3.79%), 줄댕강나무(3.27%),회잎나무와 신갈나무(3.23%), 땅비싸리(2.97%) 등의 순으로 나타나 이러한 종류들이 가침박달과 유사한 환경을 선호하는 것으로 판단된다. 종다양도는 평균 1.03, 우점도와 균등도는 각각0.15와 0.85로 산출되었다. 토양의 토성은 양토와 미사질양토韓資植誌 Korean J. Plant Res. 27(2) : 155~173(2014)- 166 -가 각각 5개 지역으로 가장 많았고 포장용수량은 평균 24.19%,유기물함량은 8.21%, 그리고 pH와 유효인산함량은 5.52와 7.71㎍/g이었다. 환경특성과 식생조사 및 토양분석 결과를 바탕으로 한 상관분석에서는 가침박달의 피도가 포장용수량 및 유효인산함량과 높은 연관성을 보였다.

치악산 발생 버섯의 종 다양성 비교 분석

이병국 ( Byung Kook Lee ),엄기철 ( Ki Cheol Eom ),석순자 ( Soon Ja Seok ) 한국균학회 2013 韓國菌學會誌 Vol.41 No.2

The mushrooms collected at seven areas of Mt. Chiak in 2002 and 2003 were classified to analyse the distribution and species diversity. Frequency (number of mushroom: N), number of species (S), relative species density (RSD), similarity index (C), richness index (R1), variety index (V1), evenness index (E2), and dominance index (D1) were investigated. Total N and S was 143 and 84, respectively. The RSD was 0.179 ~ 0.226 of the 7 areas. The yearly C of the total area (0.213) was 8.2%. more higher than the average C of 7 areas (0.131). The order in the coefficient of variation (CV) of the indicator for 7 areas was N (10.5%) > D1 (9.2%) > V1 (8.9%) > S (8.5%) > R1 (7.4%) > E2 (2.2%). The average R1 of the 7 areas was 5.36 with the range from 4.85 to 6.01, and 16.72 for the total area. The average V1 of the 7 areas was 16.24 with the range from 14.44 to 18.66, and 68.82 for the total area. The average E2 of the 7 areas was 0.95 with the range from 0.926 to 0.982, and 0.819 for the total area. The average D1 of the 7 areas was 0.071 with the range from 0.055 to 0.073, and 0.081 for the total area. The correlation between N and 5 kinds of diversity indicator (S, R1, V1, E2, D) was not statistically significant, but the correlation between R1, E2 and D1 was statistically significant each other.