생명의료 윤리에서의 향상(Enhancement)에 대한 잘못된 인식 고찰

심지원 윤리문화학회 2014 윤리문화연구 Vol.10 No.-

Although there are a lot of worries and disputes about biomedical enhancement, biomedical enhancements are already here and more on the way. Here we should not blindly follow biomedical enhancement praxis, and also should not unquestioningly dissent from biomedical enhancement praxis. A lot of discussion about biomedical enhancement bases on the false sense of biomedical enhancement. In order to correct understanding of the biomedical enhancement, it must be show that human desire of enhancement is not new, the history of human begins with the history of enhancement. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relation between enhancement and unequality, namely whether biomedical enhancement would narrow the gab between the rich and poor or not. And most people are worry about enhancement will belong to the art of eugenics. But eugenics could not be identified with enhancement. They have many difference between them.

A Cure for Humanity : The Transhumanisation of Culture

Michael HAUSKELLER 이화여자대학교 이화인문과학원 2015 탈경계인문학 Vol.8 No.3

This paper examines the increasing integration of the radical human enhancement project into the cultural mainstream. The tacit identification of enhancement with therapy is no longer contested, but widely accepted. Transhumanism leads the way by pointing out the deficiencies of our nature and presenting radical human enhancement as the urgently needed cure. The paper traces this particular self-conception, which I call the enhancementtherapy identity thesis, and how it is reflected in our culture. I look at what I consider the two main arguments in support of the identity thesis, namely the moral argument, which was made by John Harris, and the biological argument, which was made by Allen Buchanan. According to the moral argument, there is no relevant moral distinction between repairing a dysfunction and enhancing a function, so that if the former is a duty, then the latter is too. According to the biological argument we have been so poorly constructed by nature that we can only survive by radically enhancing ourselves. The analysis of these two arguments is followed by examples of public discourse that rely on or otherwise make use of the enhancement-therapy identity thesis. The chosen examples cover the four main areas of human enhancement: emotional enhancement, cognitive enhancement, moral enhancement, and life extension. In each of these cases I identify a diagnosis relating to the supposedly intrinsically pathological human condition and a proposed cure that consists in the successful execution of some form of capacity enhancement. I conclude with a brief reflection on the change in our normative attitude that the endorsement of the enhancement-therapy identity thesis induces.

ABS의 신용보강제도와 그 법적 문제

윤부찬 연세법학회 ( 구 연세법학연구회 ) 2003 연세법학 Vol.10 No.1

In 1997, asset-backed securitization technique was introduced into Korea. The securitization allows an issuer to dissect the risks and rewards of the asset. And securitization is the method by which financial assets being incapable of trade are converted into negotiable securities. This liquidity is enhanced by credit enhancement. In this paper, I examined general credit enhancement surrounding asset-backed securities and the financial and legal problems with credit enhancement in Korea. There are two major types of the credit enhancement : internal and external. Internal credit enhancement is taken in various forms, which are, for example, senior/subordinated structure, overcollateralization and reserve accounts, etc. For external credit enhancement, an insurance policy issued by a insurance company, line of credit by a bank, and a guarantee by a third party are employed. Most of asset-backed securities were issued by senior/subordinated credit structures in Korea. This credit structure was designed to have multi class(multi tranche). Generally, there are structures with pro-rata and sequential payment credit tranches, but only sequential payment scheme is used in Korea. In a sequential payment structure, the subordinated security holders may not receive no more than principal after the senior security has been paid in full. In Korea, this priority is not in rem but in personam. So, it is inevitable that revealing junior securities are not superior to the senior by instrument. Unless that, all the credit has the same position in priority in Korea. The second commonly used method for internal credit enhancement is overcollaterization. Higher collateral provided to bond is the key in this scheme. In case of losses, the bonds are protected by the amounts of overcollateralization. From the standpoint of law, overcollaterization for asset-backed securities is not a kind of collateralization but just liable-property, in Korea. In securitization of credit card receivables, an alternative to overcollateralization as credit enhancement is spread accounts. These are just contracts that the issuers reserve excess cash flows to create cushion for losses. So bond holders has no priority to other creditors regarding extra flows or spread accounts. In Korea, in the genre of external credit enhancement, most popular method is credit line provided by banks. In some case, the third party provides guarantee to the credit line. This credit line is not provided for the subordinated securities in Korea. And providers of credit line do not have the position of debtors to the asset-backed securities. So, it just hedges the risk of timely payment. So it is insufficient to protect holders of asset-backed securities. Most traditional credit enhancement methods is guarantee. However, in Korea, few guarantees are employed in asset-backed securities, because guarantee institutes have suffered from big losses in the bond market, in Korea after 1997. And there is only one monoline insurance company . Seoul Guarantee Insurance Co(SGI), in Korea. But this company does not sell insurance to the asset-backed securities because of license problems and profitability. In Korea, all the insurance programs should be approved by Korea Financial Supervisory Commission. Insurance program of asset backed securities is not approved to SGI from Korea Financial Supervisory Commision. So, what is useful for credit enhancement for the asset-backed securities is not insurances but guarantees. I think more monoline insurance company should be established for more effective and diverse external credit enhancement.

Appropriate Color Enhancement Settings for Blue Laser Imaging Facilitates the Diagnosis of Early Gastric Cancer with High Color Contrast

Hiraoka, Yuji,Miura, Yoshimasa,Osawa, Hiroyuki,Nomoto, Yoshie,Takahashi, Haruo,Tsunoda, Masato,Nagayama, Manabu,Ueno, Takashi,Lefor, Alan Kawarai,Yamamoto, Hironori The Korean Gastric Cancer Association 2021 Journal of gastric cancer Vol.21 No.2

Purpose: Screening image-enhanced endoscopy for gastrointestinal malignant lesions has progressed. However, the influence of the color enhancement settings for the laser endoscopic system on the visibility of lesions with higher color contrast than their surrounding mucosa has not been established. Materials and Methods: Forty early gastric cancers were retrospectively evaluated using color enhancement settings C1 and C2 for laser endoscopic systems with blue laser imaging (BLI), BLI-bright, and linked color imaging (LCI). The visibilities of the malignant lesions in the stomach with the C1 and C2 color enhancements were scored by expert and non-expert endoscopists and compared, and the color differences between the malignant lesions and the surrounding mucosa were assessed. Results: Early gastric cancers mainly appeared orange-red on LCI and brown on BLI-bright or BLI. The surrounding mucosae were purple on LCI regardless of the color enhancement but brown or pale green with C1 enhancement and dark green with C2 enhancement on BLI-bright or BLI. The mean visibility scores for BLI-bright, BLI, and LCI with C2 enhancement were significantly higher than those with C1 enhancement. The superiority of the C2 enhancement was not demonstrated in the assessments by non-experts, but it was significant for experts using all modes. The C2 color enhancement produced a significantly greater color difference between the malignant lesions and the surrounding mucosa, especially with the use of BLI-bright (P=0.033) and BLI (P<0.001). C2 enhancement tended to be superior regardless of the morphological type, Helicobacter pylori status, or the extension of intestinal metaplasia around the cancer. Conclusions: Appropriate color enhancement settings improve the visibility of malignant lesions in the stomach and color contrast between the malignant lesions and the surrounding mucosa.

방사선상 enhancement 정도에 따른 측모두부방사선규격사진 계측점 설정의 재현도

유황석(Hwang-Sog Ryu),황현식(Hyeon-Shik Hwang) 대한치과교정학회 2002 대한치과교정학회지 Vol.32 No.1

본 연구는 측모두부방사선규격사진의 디지털 영상을 enhancement하였을 때 계측점 설정의 재현도를 비교 평가하여 두부방사선사진 계측점 설정에 도움이 되고자 시행되었다. 10명의 측모두부방사선규격사진을 촬영하여 컴퓨터에 입력하고 Quick Ceph Image Pro^TM에서 gray-scale equali zation number를 50으로, detail enhancement numbe를 50으로 설정하여 방사선상을 4단계까지 enhancement하였다. 5명의 조사자가 모니터 상에서 32개의 계측점을 설정하고 방사선상의 각 enhancement 단계에서 각 계측점에 대하여 5명의 조사자가 설정한 점과 이 점들의 중심점간의 거리인 편위량으로 조사자간 계측점 설정의 재현도를 비교 평가하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. Enhancement를 하지 않은 방사선상에서 조사자간 재현도는 계측점에 따라 다양하게 나타났다. 2. 방사선상 enhancement에 따른 계측점의 편위량을 비교한 결과, 5개의 계측점에서 방사선상의 enhancement 단계간에 조사자간 계측점 설정의 재현도가 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다. 3. 계측점 pterygomaxillary fissure는 enhancement 단계 1과 2의 방사선상에서, 계측점 posterior nasal spine은 enhancement 단계 1의 방사선상에서, 계측점 menton은 enhancement 단계 2,3과 4의 방사선상에서 조사자간 계측점 설정의 재현도가 enhancement하지 않은 영상에 비하여 높게 나타났다. 이상의 결과로 모니터 상에서 측모두부방사선규격사진의 계측점 설정시 디지텅 방사선상의 enhancement를 통하여 일부 계측점에서 재현도를 증가시킬 수 있음을 알 수 있었다. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reproducibility of lateral cephalometric landmarks according to radiographic image enhancement, and to contribute to the identification of cephalometric landmarks. Lateral cephalograms of ten individuals were taken and stored into computer. The images were then enhanced up to four grades by Quick Ceph Image Pro TM on condition that the gray-scale equalization number was 50 and the detail enhancement number was 50. After thirty two landmarks were identified on monitor images by five observers, the deviations from the mean, the distances estimated between identified points and the mean point of five identified points, were evaluated for each landmark at each enhancement grade. Through the statistical analysis, following results were obtained. 1. In case of unenhanced radiographic images, the inter-observer reproducibility of the landmarks showed a large variation. 2. The comparison of deviation from the mean according to the degree of radiographic image enhancement for each landmark showed that the inter-observer reproducibility was significantly different at 5 landmarks. 3. The landmark of pterygomaxillary fissure showed higher reproducibility at enhancement grade 1 and 2 images than at unenhanced images. So did the landmark of posterior nasal spine at enhancement grade 1 images, and the landmark of menton at enhancement grade 2, 3 and 4 images respectively. The above results suggest that the reproducibility of some landmarks can be increased by radiographic image enhancement during the identification of the lateral cephalometric landmarks on the monitor.

Clinical Significance of Hepatic Capsular Enhancement in Multi-Directional Computed Tomography with Fitz-Hugh-Curtis Syndrome

Jeong-Ju Yoo,Jung Seok Park,Bora Lee,Min Hee Lee,Sang Gyune Kim,Young Seok Kim 순천향대학교 순천향의학연구소 2019 Journal of Soonchunhyang Medical Science Vol.25 No.2

Objective: Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome (FHCS) is characterized by perihepatitis in patients with pelvic inflammatory disease. Hepatic capsular enhancement in arterial phase of abdominal computed tomography (CT) is usually required for definite diagnosis. The objective of this study was to assess clinical significance of intensity of hepatic capsular enhancement in CT of patients with FHCS. Methods: A total of 86 patients who had hepatic capsular enhancement in CT due to FHCS were retrospectively enrolled. The hepatic capsular enhancement was divided into three patterns according to the intensity of enhancement by an expert radiologist: A, partial weak enhancement; B, partial strong or diffuse weak enhancement; and C, diffuse strong enhancement. Other clinical and laboratory parameters such as duration of admission were also evaluated. Results: Hepatic capsular enhancement in CT was classified into pattern A (n=28), pattern B (n=35), and pattern C (n=23). Hospital stay was significantly shorter in pattern A (6.1±2.4 days, P<0.001) than that in pattern B (7.2±2.9 days) or pattern C (7.7±2.2 days). Subjective perihepatic pain duration was well correlated with the degree of hepatic capsular enhancement (P<0.001). In multivariate analysis, the intensity of capsular enhancement was significantly associated with hospital stay after adjusting other factors. However, laboratory inflammation marker was not directly correlated with hepatic capsular enhancement. Conclusion: Enhancement pattern of CT scan in patients with FHCS is closely related to its clinical severity and the course of this disease.

도덕적 향상에 관한 신경윤리학적 성찰

추병완 ( Beong Wan Chu ) 한국윤리학회 2016 倫理硏究 Vol.106 No.1

도덕적 향상 논리는 오늘날 신경윤리학자들 사이에서 가장 격렬한 논쟁의 대상이다. 그리고 논쟁의 초점은 도덕적 향상 기술이 인류에게 닥칠 심각한 문제를 실제로 해결해 줄 수 있는지의 여부 그리고 그 도덕적 향상 기술을 우리가 허용해야하는지의 여부에 맞추어져 있다. 그럼에도, 국내에서는 도덕적 향상에 관한 신경윤리학적 논의가 아직 활성화되어 있지 못하다. 이에 이 논문은 도덕적 향상의 옹호론자들이 제기하고 있는 도덕적 향상의 의미와 방법 그리고 필요성에 대해 살펴보고, 도덕적 향상 논리가 지닌 이론적 문제와 실제적 문제를 신경윤리학적 관점에서 분석하는 데 그 목적을 두었다. 이론적 측면에서 직접적 개입에 의한 도덕적향상 논리는 도덕성의 본질에 대한 몰이해, 도덕적 향상 수단의 부적절, 강제성, 도덕적 악에 대한 과잉 단순화의 오류를 범하고 있다. 그리고 실제적 측면에서 도덕적 향상 논리는 효험과 안전성에서 명확한 한계를 드러내고 있다. 치료와 향상개념의 엄격한 구분이 점차 모호해지고 있는 상황을 고려할 때, 직접적 개입에 의한 도덕적 향상의 논리는 더욱 득세할 것이 분명하므로, 우리는 이에 대한 더욱분명한 반대 논리들을 개발해야 할 것이다. Nowadays, the logic of moral enhancement is the hottest controversial issue among neuroethicists. The core of the debate has been focused on whether or not growing technologies for moral enhancement can solve serious problems facing us. At the same time, the ethical desirability of moral enhancement has been the subject of intense debate. However, neuroethical discussions on moral enhancement among domestic scholars is still in infancy. In this regard, this article examined the definitions, means, and needs of moral enhancement advocated by those who strongly propose the urgency of moral enhancement and furthermore analyzed both the theoretical and practical problems of moral enhancement in neuroethical perspectives. In a theoretical aspect, the logic of moral enhancement commits four serious errors such as lack of understanding the nature of morality, inappropriate means of moral enhancement, coerciveness, and oversimplification of moral ills. In a practical aspect, the logic of moral enhancement still makes short of efficacy and safety. Considering that obscure distinction between therapy and enhancement is increasing, it is obvious that the logic of moral enhancement will be dominant in the near future. Thus, we should develop and articulate counter-logics of moral enhancement against the logic of moral enhancement.

뇌과학 기술의 형사법적 규제 필요성 - 향상(Enhancement) 목적 뇌과학 기술을 중심으로 -

김민규 ( Kim Minkyu ) 한국외국어대학교 법학연구소 2021 외법논집 Vol.45 No.3

뇌과학 기술이 발전하면서 소위 뇌기능을 ‘향상(Enhancement)’시키기 위한 기술들이 등장하고 있다. 그런데 ‘향상’의 개념이 무엇인지에 대해서는 아직까지 견해의 대립이 있다. 특히 법학 분야에서는 이러한 용어 자체가 매우 생소하기까지 하다. 이에 본 연구에서는 향상과 관련한 기존의 논의를 활용 하여 ‘향상’의 법적 개념을 정립해보고자 시도하였다. 이를 바탕으로 뇌기능 향상의 특수성과 그러한 특수성들로부터 발생할 수 있는 법적 쟁점들에 대하여 검토해 보았다. 향상 기술과 관련하여 구체적으로 규율하고 있는 현행법이나 지침을 찾아보기는 어렵다. 다만, 향상 기술도 결국에는 인체를 대상으로 하기 때문에 무엇보다 관련 연구와 기술의 안전성을 확보하기 위한 조치가 법령에 명확하게 규범화되어야 할 필요가 있다. 한편, 향상 기술은 기존의 의료행위 또는 의료기기와는 차별화되는 특성이 있다. 따라서 기존의 방식으로는 해결하기 어려운 점들이 있다고 생각되는데, 대표적인 것이 향상 기술을 사용하였음에도 불구하고 목표로 하였던 향상의 결과를 달성하지 못한 경우, 즉 ‘향상의 실패’를 법적으로 어떻게 취급할 것인지가 문제될 수 있다. 다음으로 뇌기능을 향상시키는 기술을 사용한 이후, 각종 경쟁에 참여하는 것이 형법상 문제되는 부정행위로 간주될 수 있는지 여부를 검토하여 보았다. 마지막으로 향상을 위해 사용된 각종 기술들로부터 발생할 수 있는 개인정보 및 프라이버시 침해의 법적 책임에 대해서도 살펴보고자 하였다. Recently, brain science and technology are developing rapidly. In particular, so-called ‘Enhancement’ rather than treatment have been developed and have begun to be widely used. In this study, I tried to establish the legal concept of the enhancement. The characteristics and types of augmentation were also reviewed. There are few laws or guidelines regulating the enhancement. Therefore, there is a need for active review and regulation on enhancement-technologies. This is because enhancement techniques eventually involve interventions in the brain of a living person, either invasive or non-invasive ways. In other words, it is very important to secure the safety of the technology. Next, the criminal law issues that may be raised in relation to the use of enhancement- technologies were reviewed. The enhancement-technology are different from the existing medical technologies or medical devices. Typically, it is difficult to measure whether and to what level the enhancement of brain function has actually occurred. Therefore, it is necessary to discuss the legal evaluation of cases where enhancement is not felt even after using the enhancement-technology. On the other hand, there is disagreement as to whether the use of brain science and technology for the purpose of ‘cognitive enhancement’ can lead to social inequality or be considered cheating. Finally, the protection of personal information and privacy that may occur in relation to the so-called BMI technology was considered. In particular, i pointed out the criminal punishment in case of BMI-hacking. I hope that this study will contribute to creating legal discussions so that brain- enhancement-technologies can be used effectively while ensuring safety.

한국어 교재의 시각화 방안에 대한 고찰: 시각적 입력 강화와 전경화를 중심으로

서효원(Seo, Hyowon) 학습자중심교과교육학회 2018 학습자중심교과교육연구 Vol.18 No.15

본 연구는 시각적 입력 강화와 전경화를 중심으로 한국어 교재의 시각화 방안에 대해 심도 있게 고찰하는 것이 목표다. 이를 위해 먼저 연구의 필요성을 밝히고, 시각적 입력 강화와 전경화의 이론적인 부분을 살폈다. 이후 시각적 입력 강화 방법의 판단 기준을 세워 이를 근거로 한국어 교재 7종의 ‘문법에 대한 설명’과 ‘해당 문법을 포함한 예문’, ‘해당 문법을 활용하는 연습 문제’에 나타난 시각적 입력 강화 양상을 분석하 였다. 분석 결과 한국어 교재의 ‘문법에 대한 설명’에서는 소극적인 차원의 강화가 진행되었으며, ‘해당 문법을 포함한 예문’에서는 교재별로 하나의 강화 방법에 대한 의존 도가 높은 것을 확인했다. 또한, ‘해당 문법을 활용하는 연습 문제’에서는 ‘그림·사진’ 자료의 의존도가 높음을 확인했으며, 교재에 제시된 일부 ‘그림·사진’ 자료는 필요성과 적합성의 측면에서 적절하지 않음을 확인했다. 이후 세부적인 시각화 방안을 모색하 고자 목표 문법 선정을 위한 설문 조사를 했다. 조사 결과를 바탕으로 한국어 교육 중급 과정의 문법인 ‘피동’을 선정했으며, 피동에 나타난 시각적 입력 강화 양상을 강화 요소의 빈도에 따라 ‘소극적, 적극적 강화’로 분류했다. 이후 강화 요소의 쟁점을 도출한 뒤, ‘문법에 대한 설명’과 ‘해당 문법을 포함한 예문’에서의 효과적인 시각화 방안을 제안하고, ‘해당 문법을 포함한 예문’과 ‘해당 문법을 활용하는 연습 문제’에서의 전경 화를 통한 ‘그림·사진’ 자료의 시각화 방안을 제안했다. This study aims to investigate visualization methods in Korean textbooks in depth, focusing on the visual input enhancement and foreground. For this purpose, this study, first, stated the necessity of research and examined the theoretical parts of visual input enhancement and foreground. Then, this study established a standard of judgment of the visual input enhancement method and analyzed the aspects of visual input enhancement that appeared in ‘the descriptions of the grammar’, ‘example sentences that contain the relevant grammar’ and ‘exercises utilizing the relevant grammar’ in seven Korean textbooks based on this. As a result of the analysis, it was noted that enhancement was made at a passive level in ‘the descriptions of the grammar’ in the Korean textbooks, and that in ‘example sentences that contain the relevant grammar,’ each textbook had a high dependence on a single enhancement method. In addition, in ‘exercises utilizing the relevant grammar,’ it was found that there was a high dependence on ‘pictures and photo materials,’ and that ‘pictures and photo materials’ had poor clarity of the relevant grammar or materials by which it would be hard to identify the intentions of the writing staff were frequently presented. Then, to seek detailed visualization methods, focusing on the grammar, ‘passive expression’ in the intermediate course of Korean education, this study classified the aspects of visual input enhancement appeared in passive expressions into ‘passive enhancement and active enhancement’ according to the frequency of the enhancement factor. Then, this study drew the issue of the enhancement factor to propose effective visualization methods in ‘the descriptions of the grammar’ and ‘example sentences that contain the relevant grammar’ and propose a method for the visualization of pictures and photo materials’ through the foreground of ‘example sentences that contain the relevant grammar’ and ‘exercises utilizing the relevant grammar.’

디지털과 바이오 융합기술에서 새로운 인권의 형성

엄주희 한국헌법학회 2022 憲法學硏究 Vol.28 No.4

정보통신기술은 기계와 기계 사이의 커뮤니케이션으로 사람들 간의 정보 소통을 원활하게 하는 것을 넘어서 기계와 사람 간 커뮤니케이션, 즉 인체 속에 삽입된 커뮤니케이션 기기를 통한 인간과 기계의 융합이 가능하게 한다. 본고는 정보통신기술이 인간의 신체와 기계와의 융합을 가능케 하면서 촉발되는 인간 향상이라는 개념과 거기에서 출발하는 인권적 함의를 탐색한다. 인간 향상의 개념은 성형수술, 성장호르몬, 유전자 편집 등의 생화학적 기술, 생물학적 기술로서 인간이 타고난 수행력과 능력을 증강하고 개선하는 것으로부터 윤리적인 논의가 시작되었지만, 뇌 임플란트, 뇌 심부자극술(DBS), 경두개 뇌 자극술(TMS, tDCS), 뇌-컴퓨터 인터페이스(BCI) 등의 신경과학기술의 발전은 신경 향상이라고 칭해지는 뇌의 개입․인지적 향상이 가능해짐에 따라서 윤리적, 사회적, 법적 차원의 광범위한 논의를 불러일으켰다. 국가 차원에서 인간 향상에 대해서 어떻게 바라보고 접근하는지 살펴보기 위하여, 영국, 미국, 프랑스, 싱가포르에서 생명 과학 및 윤리・규범 부문에서 국가의 정책을 자문을 하는 국가 위원회가 바라보는 인간 향상에 관한 공식 의견들을 검토한다. 인간 향상이라는 개념이 법적 개념으로 정립된 것이 아니기 때문에 이에 대해서 입법적으로 규율을 한다면, 우선적으로 기본적 인권에 어떠한 영향을 미치고 있는지 여부와, 기본권과의 관련서에 대해 살펴보아야 한다. 따라서 각국의 국가 위원회에서 다룬 인간 향상과, 그 중에 신경향상에 대한 개념과 윤리적 논쟁 범위에 대한 검토를 통하여 인간 향상에 대한 법적 규율의 방향과 시사점을 전망하고, 정보통신기술에 힘입어 향상된 인간의 인권에 대해 고찰한다. 그리고 인간 향상 기술이 적용된 실례이자, 구체적으로 제기되는 이슈로서, 뇌 신경 신호 정보를 읽어 들임으로써 외부 기기를 제어하고 외부와 통신할 수 있게 하는 기술인 뇌-컴퓨터 인터페이스(BCI: Brain-Conputer Interface)와 관련된 인권적 함의에 대해서 살펴본다. 뇌-컴퓨터 인터페이스는 인간 행위의 자율성과 책임의 문제, 불법적 침해로부터의 보호의 문제, 진술거부권과 자기부죄거부특권의 문제, 프라이버시권에서의 인권적 쟁점을 가지고 있다. 신경 향상, 인간 향상 기술은 인지적 자유에 대한 권리, 정신적 프라이버시의 권리, 정신적 완전성의 권리, 심리적 연속성의 권리라는 기존의 인권의 영역에서 보호하지 못했던 새로운 인권으로 보호되어야 할 필요성을 제기하고 있다. 칠레에서는 뇌의 활동과 뇌 데이터를 보호하는 내용이 2021년 헌법상 기본권으로 명시됨으로써 신경 향상으로 새로워질 인류가 지배할 미래를 대비하여 마음의 영역을 보호하는 법제를 구축하는 실례를 보여주고 있다. ICT(information and communication technology) goes beyond facilitating information communication between people through machines communication, enabling communication between machines and humans, that is, convergence between humans and machines through communication devices inserted into the human body. This paper explores the concept of human enhancement triggered by information and communication technology enabling the convergence of the human body and machines, from which the implication of human rights derives. The ethical discussions over the concept of human enhancement derives from biochemical technology and biological technology such as plastic surgery, growth hormone, and gene editing. Ethical discussions have begun from augmenting and improving the innate performance and ability of humans, but Advances in neuroscience and neurotechnology, such as brain implants, deep brain stimulation (DBS), transcranial brain stimulation(TMS, tDCS) and brain-computer interface (BCI), have enabled brain intervention and cognitive enhancement, called neuro-enhancement, to lead to a wide range of ethical, social, and legal issues. To examine the views and approaches to human enhancement at the national level, the official opinion on human enhancement is reviewed where national committees have advised national policy in the life sciences, ethics and law in the UK, USA, France and Singapore. Since the concept of “human enhancement” is not established as a legal concept, if it is to be legally regulated, it is first necessary to explore how it affects human rights and whether it is related to constitutional rights. By examining the concept of human enhancement, which has been dealt with by national committees of each country, and the scope of ethical debate among them, the direction and implications of regulation for human enhancement are prospected, and human rights improved owing to information and communication technology is reviewed. It is reviewed about the human rights implications of Brain-Computer Interface(BCI) which is an example of human enhancement technology and a technology that enables external devices to be controlled and communicated with the outside by reading nerve signal data from brain. The brain-computer interface has issues of autonomy and responsibility of human actions, issues of protection from illegal infringement, issues of the right to refuse to make statements and privileges to deny self-incrimination, and human rights issues in the right to privacy. Neuro-enhancement or human enhancement technologies raise the need to be protected as new human rights that have not been protected in the existing human rights areas, such as the right to cognitive freedom, the right to mental privacy, the right to mental integrity, and the right to psychological continuity. In Chile, the content of protecting brain activity and brain data is specified as a fundamental right in the 2021 constitutional amendment, showing an example of building a legal system to protect the realm of the mind in preparation for a future dominated by mankind, which will be renewed by neuro enhancement.