생명의료 윤리에서의 향상(Enhancement)에 대한 잘못된 인식 고찰

심지원 윤리문화학회 2014 윤리문화연구 Vol.10 No.-

Although there are a lot of worries and disputes about biomedical enhancement, biomedical enhancements are already here and more on the way. Here we should not blindly follow biomedical enhancement praxis, and also should not unquestioningly dissent from biomedical enhancement praxis. A lot of discussion about biomedical enhancement bases on the false sense of biomedical enhancement. In order to correct understanding of the biomedical enhancement, it must be show that human desire of enhancement is not new, the history of human begins with the history of enhancement. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relation between enhancement and unequality, namely whether biomedical enhancement would narrow the gab between the rich and poor or not. And most people are worry about enhancement will belong to the art of eugenics. But eugenics could not be identified with enhancement. They have many difference between them.

A Cure for Humanity : The Transhumanisation of Culture

Michael HAUSKELLER 이화여자대학교 이화인문과학원 2015 탈경계인문학 Vol.8 No.3

This paper examines the increasing integration of the radical human enhancement project into the cultural mainstream. The tacit identification of enhancement with therapy is no longer contested, but widely accepted. Transhumanism leads the way by pointing out the deficiencies of our nature and presenting radical human enhancement as the urgently needed cure. The paper traces this particular self-conception, which I call the enhancementtherapy identity thesis, and how it is reflected in our culture. I look at what I consider the two main arguments in support of the identity thesis, namely the moral argument, which was made by John Harris, and the biological argument, which was made by Allen Buchanan. According to the moral argument, there is no relevant moral distinction between repairing a dysfunction and enhancing a function, so that if the former is a duty, then the latter is too. According to the biological argument we have been so poorly constructed by nature that we can only survive by radically enhancing ourselves. The analysis of these two arguments is followed by examples of public discourse that rely on or otherwise make use of the enhancement-therapy identity thesis. The chosen examples cover the four main areas of human enhancement: emotional enhancement, cognitive enhancement, moral enhancement, and life extension. In each of these cases I identify a diagnosis relating to the supposedly intrinsically pathological human condition and a proposed cure that consists in the successful execution of some form of capacity enhancement. I conclude with a brief reflection on the change in our normative attitude that the endorsement of the enhancement-therapy identity thesis induces.

방사선상 enhancement 정도에 따른 측모두부방사선규격사진 계측점 설정의 재현도

유황석(Hwang-Sog Ryu),황현식(Hyeon-Shik Hwang) 대한치과교정학회 2002 대한치과교정학회지 Vol.32 No.1

본 연구는 측모두부방사선규격사진의 디지털 영상을 enhancement하였을 때 계측점 설정의 재현도를 비교 평가하여 두부방사선사진 계측점 설정에 도움이 되고자 시행되었다. 10명의 측모두부방사선규격사진을 촬영하여 컴퓨터에 입력하고 Quick Ceph Image Pro^TM에서 gray-scale equali zation number를 50으로, detail enhancement numbe를 50으로 설정하여 방사선상을 4단계까지 enhancement하였다. 5명의 조사자가 모니터 상에서 32개의 계측점을 설정하고 방사선상의 각 enhancement 단계에서 각 계측점에 대하여 5명의 조사자가 설정한 점과 이 점들의 중심점간의 거리인 편위량으로 조사자간 계측점 설정의 재현도를 비교 평가하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. Enhancement를 하지 않은 방사선상에서 조사자간 재현도는 계측점에 따라 다양하게 나타났다. 2. 방사선상 enhancement에 따른 계측점의 편위량을 비교한 결과, 5개의 계측점에서 방사선상의 enhancement 단계간에 조사자간 계측점 설정의 재현도가 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다. 3. 계측점 pterygomaxillary fissure는 enhancement 단계 1과 2의 방사선상에서, 계측점 posterior nasal spine은 enhancement 단계 1의 방사선상에서, 계측점 menton은 enhancement 단계 2,3과 4의 방사선상에서 조사자간 계측점 설정의 재현도가 enhancement하지 않은 영상에 비하여 높게 나타났다. 이상의 결과로 모니터 상에서 측모두부방사선규격사진의 계측점 설정시 디지텅 방사선상의 enhancement를 통하여 일부 계측점에서 재현도를 증가시킬 수 있음을 알 수 있었다. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reproducibility of lateral cephalometric landmarks according to radiographic image enhancement, and to contribute to the identification of cephalometric landmarks. Lateral cephalograms of ten individuals were taken and stored into computer. The images were then enhanced up to four grades by Quick Ceph Image Pro TM on condition that the gray-scale equalization number was 50 and the detail enhancement number was 50. After thirty two landmarks were identified on monitor images by five observers, the deviations from the mean, the distances estimated between identified points and the mean point of five identified points, were evaluated for each landmark at each enhancement grade. Through the statistical analysis, following results were obtained. 1. In case of unenhanced radiographic images, the inter-observer reproducibility of the landmarks showed a large variation. 2. The comparison of deviation from the mean according to the degree of radiographic image enhancement for each landmark showed that the inter-observer reproducibility was significantly different at 5 landmarks. 3. The landmark of pterygomaxillary fissure showed higher reproducibility at enhancement grade 1 and 2 images than at unenhanced images. So did the landmark of posterior nasal spine at enhancement grade 1 images, and the landmark of menton at enhancement grade 2, 3 and 4 images respectively. The above results suggest that the reproducibility of some landmarks can be increased by radiographic image enhancement during the identification of the lateral cephalometric landmarks on the monitor.

ABS의 신용보강제도와 그 법적 문제

윤부찬 연세법학회 ( 구 연세법학연구회 ) 2003 연세법학 Vol.10 No.1

In 1997, asset-backed securitization technique was introduced into Korea. The securitization allows an issuer to dissect the risks and rewards of the asset. And securitization is the method by which financial assets being incapable of trade are converted into negotiable securities. This liquidity is enhanced by credit enhancement. In this paper, I examined general credit enhancement surrounding asset-backed securities and the financial and legal problems with credit enhancement in Korea. There are two major types of the credit enhancement : internal and external. Internal credit enhancement is taken in various forms, which are, for example, senior/subordinated structure, overcollateralization and reserve accounts, etc. For external credit enhancement, an insurance policy issued by a insurance company, line of credit by a bank, and a guarantee by a third party are employed. Most of asset-backed securities were issued by senior/subordinated credit structures in Korea. This credit structure was designed to have multi class(multi tranche). Generally, there are structures with pro-rata and sequential payment credit tranches, but only sequential payment scheme is used in Korea. In a sequential payment structure, the subordinated security holders may not receive no more than principal after the senior security has been paid in full. In Korea, this priority is not in rem but in personam. So, it is inevitable that revealing junior securities are not superior to the senior by instrument. Unless that, all the credit has the same position in priority in Korea. The second commonly used method for internal credit enhancement is overcollaterization. Higher collateral provided to bond is the key in this scheme. In case of losses, the bonds are protected by the amounts of overcollateralization. From the standpoint of law, overcollaterization for asset-backed securities is not a kind of collateralization but just liable-property, in Korea. In securitization of credit card receivables, an alternative to overcollateralization as credit enhancement is spread accounts. These are just contracts that the issuers reserve excess cash flows to create cushion for losses. So bond holders has no priority to other creditors regarding extra flows or spread accounts. In Korea, in the genre of external credit enhancement, most popular method is credit line provided by banks. In some case, the third party provides guarantee to the credit line. This credit line is not provided for the subordinated securities in Korea. And providers of credit line do not have the position of debtors to the asset-backed securities. So, it just hedges the risk of timely payment. So it is insufficient to protect holders of asset-backed securities. Most traditional credit enhancement methods is guarantee. However, in Korea, few guarantees are employed in asset-backed securities, because guarantee institutes have suffered from big losses in the bond market, in Korea after 1997. And there is only one monoline insurance company . Seoul Guarantee Insurance Co(SGI), in Korea. But this company does not sell insurance to the asset-backed securities because of license problems and profitability. In Korea, all the insurance programs should be approved by Korea Financial Supervisory Commission. Insurance program of asset backed securities is not approved to SGI from Korea Financial Supervisory Commision. So, what is useful for credit enhancement for the asset-backed securities is not insurances but guarantees. I think more monoline insurance company should be established for more effective and diverse external credit enhancement.

Appropriate Color Enhancement Settings for Blue Laser Imaging Facilitates the Diagnosis of Early Gastric Cancer with High Color Contrast

Hiraoka, Yuji,Miura, Yoshimasa,Osawa, Hiroyuki,Nomoto, Yoshie,Takahashi, Haruo,Tsunoda, Masato,Nagayama, Manabu,Ueno, Takashi,Lefor, Alan Kawarai,Yamamoto, Hironori The Korean Gastric Cancer Association 2021 Journal of gastric cancer Vol.21 No.2

Purpose: Screening image-enhanced endoscopy for gastrointestinal malignant lesions has progressed. However, the influence of the color enhancement settings for the laser endoscopic system on the visibility of lesions with higher color contrast than their surrounding mucosa has not been established. Materials and Methods: Forty early gastric cancers were retrospectively evaluated using color enhancement settings C1 and C2 for laser endoscopic systems with blue laser imaging (BLI), BLI-bright, and linked color imaging (LCI). The visibilities of the malignant lesions in the stomach with the C1 and C2 color enhancements were scored by expert and non-expert endoscopists and compared, and the color differences between the malignant lesions and the surrounding mucosa were assessed. Results: Early gastric cancers mainly appeared orange-red on LCI and brown on BLI-bright or BLI. The surrounding mucosae were purple on LCI regardless of the color enhancement but brown or pale green with C1 enhancement and dark green with C2 enhancement on BLI-bright or BLI. The mean visibility scores for BLI-bright, BLI, and LCI with C2 enhancement were significantly higher than those with C1 enhancement. The superiority of the C2 enhancement was not demonstrated in the assessments by non-experts, but it was significant for experts using all modes. The C2 color enhancement produced a significantly greater color difference between the malignant lesions and the surrounding mucosa, especially with the use of BLI-bright (P=0.033) and BLI (P<0.001). C2 enhancement tended to be superior regardless of the morphological type, Helicobacter pylori status, or the extension of intestinal metaplasia around the cancer. Conclusions: Appropriate color enhancement settings improve the visibility of malignant lesions in the stomach and color contrast between the malignant lesions and the surrounding mucosa.

신경기술과 약물에 의한 도덕적 향상 ― 신경윤리학적 쟁점과 신학적 고찰

김성호 한신대학교 신학사상연구소 2024 신학사상 Vol.0 No.206

필자는 신경윤리학의 여러 의제 중에서도 도덕적 향상에 주목했다. 도덕적 향상을 주장하는 사람들은 약리학적, 신경학적, 유전적 수단을 활용하여 이타주의와 공감, 정의감, 공정성과 같은 도덕적 동기를 강화하자고 주장한다. 이들은 도덕적 향상을 위해 현실적으로 가용한 수단을 약물로 보았다. 필자는 먼저 도덕성 향상 이론을 소개하고, 도덕성과 연관된 인지 향상제 및 도덕성 향상을 위한 약물의 효과와 부작용, 찬반론, 쟁점들을 제시하였으며, 마지막으로 인간 향상 및 도덕적 향상의 신경기술적, 약물적 개입 문제를 신학적으로 성찰했다. 우리는 생명의학적 도덕적 향상에 대한 다양한 견해를 듣고 숙고해야 하지만, 필자는 페르손과 사부레스쿠와 같은 사람들이 도덕적 향상을 신속하게 적용해야 한다는 주장에는 반대한다. 신속한 적용보다 먼저 필요한 것은 트로튼과 버트리와 맥퀸이 조언했듯이 모든 약물과 기술들에 대한 위험 평가를 실시하는 것이고, 약물과 기술들을 사용할 때 예방적 접근을 하는 것이다. 이런 노력과 더불어 이미 제기된 수많은 우려와 문제들이 해결된다면, 생명의학적 도덕적 향상은 신학적으로 정당화되고 도덕적 개선에 하나의 보완물로서 도움이 될 수도 있을 것이다. 다른 한편으로, 생명의학적 도덕적 향상을 주장하는 측도 절대 허용할 수 없다는 반대 측의 우려를 완화하기 위해 쿠들렉이 제안한 세 가지의 이론적, 규범적 기준을 충족시키도록 노력해야 할 것이다. 그 세 가지 기준은 다음과 같다. 1) 도덕적 생명 향상 프로젝트의 이치에 맞는 일관성, 실현 가능성, 효과성. 2) 기본적인 도덕적 가치들과 규범들과의 갈등의 부재. 3) 평등과 정의라는 사회-정치적 목표들과의 양립 가능성이나 그것들을 촉진하는 것. 마지막으로 필자는 그리스도인들이 신경기술과 약물들에 관심을 가지고 향후 계속되는 신경윤리 가이드라인 제정에 참여하여 현실적이고 구체적인 대안을 제안하도록 노력해야 한다고 주장했다. Among the many agendas in neuroethics, I have focused on moral enhancement. Proponents of moral enhancement advocate using pharmacological, neurological, and genetic means to strengthen moral motivations such as altruism, empathy, a sense of justice, and fairness. They view drugs as a realistically available means for moral enhancement. Here, I first introduce the theory of moral enhancement, present the effects, side effects, pros and cons, and issues of cognitive enhancers related to morality and drugs for moral enhancement, and finally reflect on the issues of neurotechnological and pharmacological intervention in human enhancement and moral enhancement. Although we need to hear and consider the various views on biomedical moral enhancement, I disagree with Persson and Savurescu that moral enhancement should be applied quickly. What is needed before rapid adoption is a risk assessment of all drugs and technologies, and a precautionary approach to their use, as advocated by Trotten, Buttrey, and McQueen. With these efforts, if the many concerns and issues that have already been raised are resolved, then biomedical moral enhancement may be theologically justified and helpful as a complement to moral enhancement. On the other hand, proponents of biomedical moral enhancement should also endeavor to fulfill the three theoretical and normative standards proposed by Kudlek to allay the concerns of opponents that it is unacceptable. The three standards are 1) plausible coherence, feasibility, and effectiveness of the MBE project; 2) absence of conflict with fundamental moral values and norms; and 3) compatibility with or facilitation of social-political goals of equality and justice. Finally, I argued that Christians should be concerned about neurotechnologies and drugs and participate in the ongoing formulation of neuroethical guidelines, endeavoring to propose realistic and concrete alternatives.

생의학적 기술 개입을 통한 인간의 도덕적 향상에 대한 성리학적 고찰 ― Thomas Douglas의 ‘도덕적 향상’에 관하여 ―

최복희 동양철학연구회 2025 동양철학연구 Vol.122 No.-

포스트휴먼 논의가 확대되면서 인간 향상이 핵심 키워드로 부상하고, 그 가운데 도덕적 향상이 인간 향상 논쟁의 새로운 이슈로 자리잡았다. 필자는 이러한 도덕성 향상 기술에 관한 철학적 토론이 동아시아 철학에서도 중요하게 토론될 필요성이 있다고 생각하여, 그 논의의 출발점과 확산에 기여한 토마스 더글러스의 ‘도덕적 향상(Moral Enhancement)’의 개념과 ‘Supra-person의 도덕적 지위’ 논증을 분석하고, 그에 대한 성리학 입장에서의 비판적 고찰을 시도하고자 한다. 더글러스는 생의학적 도덕 향상이 허용 가능하며 도덕적으로 정당하다고 주장하는 도덕공학자이다. 그는 도덕적 향상을 ‘반도덕적 감성(counter-moral emotion)의 감소’, 즉 좋은 동기를 방해하는 동기의 완화로 정의했다. 도덕적 동기를 ‘선별’하는 것이 어렵기 때문에 반도덕적 동기를 완화하는 방식을 제안한 것이다. 또한 더글러스는 생의학적 기술적 개입을 통한 인간 향상으로 인해 등장할 Supra-person의 더 높은 도덕적 지위의 정당성도 주장했다. 그는 Supra-person이 등장하여 일반 인간들에게 손해가 될 수도 있지만, 그러한 도덕적 피해는 Supra-person만이 이익을 얻는 것이 아니라 사회 전체에도 더 나은 결과를 주는 것이라고 해명했다. 그리고 인격동일성을 근거로 동일인이 더 도덕적이 되어서 더 높은 도덕적 지위를 얻는 것이라고 정당화했다. 성리학 입장에서 필자는 부정적 동기의 완화를 통한 향상에 대하여, Supra-person의 등장으로 인한 도덕적 위계에 대하여 가능한 반론을 제시하고, 기술적 개입에 대한 ‘도덕과 도덕적 행위의 본질’ 측면에서의 반론을 제시했다. 더글러스가 정의한 ‘부정적 동기의 완화’는 “도덕이 이익을 위한 수단이 되어선 안되며 순수한 도덕적 동기는 외부적으로 조작될 수 없다”는 성리학의 기본 이념에 위배된다. 성리학에서 도덕적 선택에는 도덕 원리로부터 나온 도덕적 동기가 전제되어야 하며 결과 중심의 윤리적 평가를 경계하기 때문이다. 이황도 도덕적 마음이 일어나는 것은 본성에 갖춰져 있는 도덕적 능력이 발현하기 때문이라고 보기 때문에, 이미 발현된 감정을 바꾼다고 해서 더 나은 동기를 가질 수 있는 것이 결코 아니다. 이이도 결과로서 산출된 행위를 보고 동기를 판단하여 평가하는 경험주의적 접근을 통해, 도덕적 동기가 어떻게 ‘실천’으로 구현되는지를 평가했다. 이이에게 있어서 도덕적 행위의 동기로서 인간 내면의 의지를 주요하게 분석했다. 더글러스가 설명한 스미스 시나리오는 의지를 바꾸는 것이 아니라 단지 심리적 변화일 뿐이지만, 성리학에서 도덕적 행위란 단지 결과가 아니라, 수양을 통해 형성되거나 바뀐 의지의 선택이다. 또한, 성리학에서는 인간이 감정을 다스리면서 도덕적 선택을 훈련하는 과정을 중시한다는 점도 주요한 반대 논거이다. Supra-person의 등장으로 인한 도덕적 위계에 대한 반론은 성리학의 인간관, 즉 “누구나 성인이 될 수 있다”는 평등한 도덕 잠재성과 정면으로 충돌한다는 것이다. 그리고 Supra-person의 도덕적 지위 향상으로 인한 도덕적 불균형은 공동체의 조화를 해칠 수 있다. 마지막으로, 도덕과 도덕적 행위의 본질 측면에서의 반론은 도덕행위의 자발성과 주체성에 대한 성리학의 해명과 관련이 있다. 특히 기술적 개입을 통한 도덕적 향상은 수양의 과정을 간과하여 도덕적 행위의 본질을 왜곡한다. 그리고 성리학에서 개 ... As the post-human discussion expands, human enhancement has emerged as a key keyword, and among them, moral enhancement has become a new issue in the human enhancement debate. I think this philosophical discussion on moral enhancement technology needs to be discussed as important in East Asian philosophy, so I would like to analyze Thomas Douglas' concept of "Moral Enhancement" and "Supra-person's Moral Status" argument, which contributed to the starting point and spread of the discussion, and attempt critical consideration of it from the standpoint of Neo-Confucianism. Douglas is a leading debater of Moral Engineering who argues that biomedical moral enhancement is acceptable and morally justified. He defined moral enhancement as a 'reduction in counter-moral emotion', that is, a relaxation of motives that hinder good motivation. Since it is difficult to 'select' moral motives, he proposed a method of easing anti-moral motives. Douglas also argued for the justification of Supra-person's higher moral status, which will emerge from human enhancement through biomedical technical intervention. He explained that the emergence of Supra-person may harm ordinary humans, but such moral damage is not only beneficial to Supra-person, but also better for society as a whole. And based on personality identity, he justified that the same person becomes more moral and gains a higher moral position. From the standpoint of Neo-Confucianism, I presented a possible counterargument to the moral hierarchy caused by the emergence of Supra-person on the enhancement through the relaxation of negative motives, and presented a counterargument in terms of 'the nature of morality and moral behavior' for technical intervention. Douglas defined 'relaxation of negative motives' violates the basic ideology of Neo-Confucianism that "morality should not be a means for profit and pure moral motives cannot be manipulated externally." This is because moral choices in Neo-Confucianism must presuppose moral motives derived from moral principles, and they are wary of ethical evaluation centered on results. Lee Hwang also sees that the moral mind arises because the moral ability inherent in nature arises, so changing the already expressed feelings does not mean that you can have better motivation. Lee Yi also evaluated how moral motives were implemented as 'practice' through an empiricist approach that evaluates and evaluates the motivation for seeing the resulting behavior. For this, the inner will of human beings was mainly analyzed as a motive for moral behavior. The Smith scenario Douglas described is not just a change in will, but a psychological change, but in Neo-Confucianism, moral behavior is not just a result but a choice of will that has been formed or changed through discipline. The main opposition argument is that Neo-Confucianism emphasizes the process of training human moral choices while governing emotions. The objection to the moral hierarchy due to the appearance of Supra-person is that it directly conflicts with the human view of Neo-Confucianism, that is, the equal moral potential of "anyone can become an adult." And the moral imbalance caused by the enhancement of Supra-person's moral status can harm community harmony. Lastly, the objection in terms of the nature of morality and moral behavior is related to the clarification of Neo-Confucianism on the spontaneity and subjectivity of moral behavior. In particular, moral enhancement through technical intervention overlooks the process of cultivation and distorts the nature of moral behavior. And since individual moral enhancement is realized in a relationship in Neo-Confucianism, technical intervention is not considered to be able to achieve real enhancement.

도덕적 향상에 관한 신경윤리학적 성찰

추병완 ( Beong Wan Chu ) 한국윤리학회 2016 倫理硏究 Vol.106 No.1

도덕적 향상 논리는 오늘날 신경윤리학자들 사이에서 가장 격렬한 논쟁의 대상이다. 그리고 논쟁의 초점은 도덕적 향상 기술이 인류에게 닥칠 심각한 문제를 실제로 해결해 줄 수 있는지의 여부 그리고 그 도덕적 향상 기술을 우리가 허용해야하는지의 여부에 맞추어져 있다. 그럼에도, 국내에서는 도덕적 향상에 관한 신경윤리학적 논의가 아직 활성화되어 있지 못하다. 이에 이 논문은 도덕적 향상의 옹호론자들이 제기하고 있는 도덕적 향상의 의미와 방법 그리고 필요성에 대해 살펴보고, 도덕적 향상 논리가 지닌 이론적 문제와 실제적 문제를 신경윤리학적 관점에서 분석하는 데 그 목적을 두었다. 이론적 측면에서 직접적 개입에 의한 도덕적향상 논리는 도덕성의 본질에 대한 몰이해, 도덕적 향상 수단의 부적절, 강제성, 도덕적 악에 대한 과잉 단순화의 오류를 범하고 있다. 그리고 실제적 측면에서 도덕적 향상 논리는 효험과 안전성에서 명확한 한계를 드러내고 있다. 치료와 향상개념의 엄격한 구분이 점차 모호해지고 있는 상황을 고려할 때, 직접적 개입에 의한 도덕적 향상의 논리는 더욱 득세할 것이 분명하므로, 우리는 이에 대한 더욱분명한 반대 논리들을 개발해야 할 것이다. Nowadays, the logic of moral enhancement is the hottest controversial issue among neuroethicists. The core of the debate has been focused on whether or not growing technologies for moral enhancement can solve serious problems facing us. At the same time, the ethical desirability of moral enhancement has been the subject of intense debate. However, neuroethical discussions on moral enhancement among domestic scholars is still in infancy. In this regard, this article examined the definitions, means, and needs of moral enhancement advocated by those who strongly propose the urgency of moral enhancement and furthermore analyzed both the theoretical and practical problems of moral enhancement in neuroethical perspectives. In a theoretical aspect, the logic of moral enhancement commits four serious errors such as lack of understanding the nature of morality, inappropriate means of moral enhancement, coerciveness, and oversimplification of moral ills. In a practical aspect, the logic of moral enhancement still makes short of efficacy and safety. Considering that obscure distinction between therapy and enhancement is increasing, it is obvious that the logic of moral enhancement will be dominant in the near future. Thus, we should develop and articulate counter-logics of moral enhancement against the logic of moral enhancement.

Clinical Significance of Hepatic Capsular Enhancement in Multi-Directional Computed Tomography with Fitz-Hugh-Curtis Syndrome

Jeong-Ju Yoo,Jung Seok Park,Bora Lee,Min Hee Lee,Sang Gyune Kim,Young Seok Kim 순천향대학교 순천향의학연구소 2019 Journal of Soonchunhyang Medical Science Vol.25 No.2

Objective: Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome (FHCS) is characterized by perihepatitis in patients with pelvic inflammatory disease. Hepatic capsular enhancement in arterial phase of abdominal computed tomography (CT) is usually required for definite diagnosis. The objective of this study was to assess clinical significance of intensity of hepatic capsular enhancement in CT of patients with FHCS. Methods: A total of 86 patients who had hepatic capsular enhancement in CT due to FHCS were retrospectively enrolled. The hepatic capsular enhancement was divided into three patterns according to the intensity of enhancement by an expert radiologist: A, partial weak enhancement; B, partial strong or diffuse weak enhancement; and C, diffuse strong enhancement. Other clinical and laboratory parameters such as duration of admission were also evaluated. Results: Hepatic capsular enhancement in CT was classified into pattern A (n=28), pattern B (n=35), and pattern C (n=23). Hospital stay was significantly shorter in pattern A (6.1±2.4 days, P<0.001) than that in pattern B (7.2±2.9 days) or pattern C (7.7±2.2 days). Subjective perihepatic pain duration was well correlated with the degree of hepatic capsular enhancement (P<0.001). In multivariate analysis, the intensity of capsular enhancement was significantly associated with hospital stay after adjusting other factors. However, laboratory inflammation marker was not directly correlated with hepatic capsular enhancement. Conclusion: Enhancement pattern of CT scan in patients with FHCS is closely related to its clinical severity and the course of this disease.

뇌과학 기술의 형사법적 규제 필요성 - 향상(Enhancement) 목적 뇌과학 기술을 중심으로 -

김민규 ( Kim Minkyu ) 한국외국어대학교 법학연구소 2021 외법논집 Vol.45 No.3

Recently, brain science and technology are developing rapidly. In particular, so-called ‘Enhancement’ rather than treatment have been developed and have begun to be widely used. In this study, I tried to establish the legal concept of the enhancement. The characteristics and types of augmentation were also reviewed. There are few laws or guidelines regulating the enhancement. Therefore, there is a need for active review and regulation on enhancement-technologies. This is because enhancement techniques eventually involve interventions in the brain of a living person, either invasive or non-invasive ways. In other words, it is very important to secure the safety of the technology. Next, the criminal law issues that may be raised in relation to the use of enhancement- technologies were reviewed. The enhancement-technology are different from the existing medical technologies or medical devices. Typically, it is difficult to measure whether and to what level the enhancement of brain function has actually occurred. Therefore, it is necessary to discuss the legal evaluation of cases where enhancement is not felt even after using the enhancement-technology. On the other hand, there is disagreement as to whether the use of brain science and technology for the purpose of ‘cognitive enhancement’ can lead to social inequality or be considered cheating. Finally, the protection of personal information and privacy that may occur in relation to the so-called BMI technology was considered. In particular, i pointed out the criminal punishment in case of BMI-hacking. I hope that this study will contribute to creating legal discussions so that brain- enhancement-technologies can be used effectively while ensuring safety.