The Crowd-out Effects of Medical Assistance Expenditure on Cash Assistance and Social Services Expenditures

서기정 ( Ki Jung Seo ) 한국정책학회 2012 한국정책학회 학술대회 Vol.2012 No.4

This paper examines the crowd-out effects of the three types of social welfare spending on each other: (1) cash assistance spending, (2) medical assistance spending, and (3) social services spending. In doing so, it employs a fixed-effects model and utilizes panel data covering 1980 to 2004 for 50 states. Empirical findings are intersting. Medical assistance spending has crowd-out effects on social services spending and vice versa. The size of crowd-out effect flowing from medical assistance spending to social services spending is quite comparable to the crowd-out effect size flowing from social services spending to medical assistance spending. Medical assistance spending has crowd-in effects on cash assistance spending and vice versa. The size of crowd-in effect flowing from medical assistance spending to cash assistance spending is three times as large as the crowd-in effect size flowing from cash assistance spending to medical assistance spending. Social services spending and cash assistance spending have neither crowd-out nor crowd-in effects on each other. These findings suggest that a recent continuing expansion of health care spending in state budgets has cut spending for people in need of non-health social services from state and local governments.

워터파크 방문객의 타 방문객 밀어내기 효과 분석 - 혼잡지각과 이미지-방문목적 일치성 및 심리적 거리와의 상호작용 효과 -

류나은,김인신 동북아관광학회 2022 동북아관광연구 Vol.18 No.2

The aim of this study focused on examining the crowding-out effect among water park visitors. Specifically, the study investigated whether visitors’ crowding perception predicts crowding-out effect and verified the roles of two variables: 1) congruence of water park’s image and visiting purpose; 2) psychological distance from place of residence to the water parks. Based on compatibility management theory and construal level theory, the moderating roles of image-purpose congruence and psychological distance were proposed. The target sample is individuals who had visited top three water parks in South Korea prior to the outbreak of COVID-19, and a total of 314 responses were collected. Analyses results revealed that the visitors' perceived crowding in the water parks increased the crowding-out effect. In addition, the image-purpose congruence and psychological distance were found to make difference in crowding perception of the water parks. Lastly, both the image-purpose congruence and the psychological distance significantly moderated the effects of visitors’ crowding perception on crowding-out effect. Based on the research findings, critical ways to manage visitors’ crowding perception to prevent crowding-out effect were suggested. 이 연구는 워터파크에서 발생하는 타 방문객 밀어내기 효과를 확인하기 위하여 수행되었다. 방문객이 타 방문객에 대한 밀어내기 효과를 유발함에 있어서 혼잡지각의 영향력을 밝히고, 방문객이 지각하는 워터파크 이미지-방문목적의 일치성 및 심리적 거리가 타 방문객 밀어내기 효과에 어떻게 작용하는지 그 역할을 파악하고자 시도되었다. 이미지-방문목적의 일치성의 효과는 관광 및 호스피탈리티 산업에서 적용되어온 동질성 관리 이론을 근거로 하였으며, 심리적 거리는 해석수준이론을 토대로 그 역할들을 고찰하였다. 코로나19 발생 이전 성수기 시즌에 워터파크 방문 경험이 있는 성인 남녀를 대상으로 조사한 최종 표본 314부가 분석에 활용되었다. 데이터 분석 결과 첫째, 워터파크 방문객의 혼잡지각이 밀어내기 효과에 미치는 영향이 유의하게 작용하였음을 확인하였다. 둘째, 방문객이 지각한 워터파크에 대한 이미지와 방문목적 일치성, 그리고 거주지로부터 워터파크까지 방문객이 지각한 심리적 거리는 혼잡 지각에 유의한 차이를 발생시켰다. 셋째, 이미지-방문목적 일치성 및 심리적 거리는 혼잡지각과 밀어내기 효과 간의 관계를 조절하는 유의한 역할을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과를 통해 워터파크에서 타 방문객으로 인한 방문객의 밀어내기 효과에 대한 효율적인 관리 방안을 제시하였으며, 이론적 시사점 또한 제공하였다.

경로분석을 이용한 사업의 효과성 분석

김흥규(Heung Kyu Kim) 한국산업경영시스템학회 2017 한국산업경영시스템학회지 Vol.40 No.2

When evaluating effectiveness of a R&D program, there is a tendency to simply compare the performances of the beneficiaries before and after the program or to compare the differences in the performances of the beneficiaries and the non-beneficiaries before-after the program. However, these ways of evaluating effectiveness of a program have some problems because they can not differentiate between complement effect, which facilitates corporate R&D investment, and substitute effect, which, literally, substitutes corporate R&D investment. Therefore, these problems could bring about wrong policies concerning R&D programs. In this paper, a new approach using path analysis is suggested as a means to overcome these problems and it is utilized, as an application, to evaluate the effectiveness of Plant Engineering Program conducted by Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy, Korea. First, the direct impact of government R&D investment on corporate R&D investment is analyzed, through which it is identified which of crowding-in effect (complement effect) and crowding-out effect (substitute effect) is dominant. Next, the direct effect of government R&D investment on corporate performance and the direct effect of corporate R&D investment on corporate performance is analyzed respectively. Finally, by combining the two previous analysis, the total effect of government R&D investment on corporate performance is identified. As a result, it turns out that, in Plant Engineering Program, crowding-in effect is more dominant than crowding-out effect and that Plant Engineering Program has definitely positive effect on the beneficiary in terms of corporate performance indirectly and directly.

Does FDI crowd out domestic firms? Micro-level evidence from the Republic of Korea

최혜린 한국무역학회 2018 Journal of Korea trade Vol.22 No.4

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of the foreign investment on the exit and sales of the domestic firms. Furthermore, it studies whether domestic firms undergo different influences by foreign firms according to the size of domestic firms. Design/methodology/approach – Korean firm-level data for the period of 2006 through 2013 provided by Statistics Korea are used to study the impact of the foreign investment on the exit and sales of the domestic firms. Findings – The result shows that foreign firms crowd out small firms from the market and take their shares in the domestic market. On the other hand, larger firms rather enjoy positive spillover effect from foreign firms, reducing its exit probability and increasing sales. It may be that large firms have enough competitiveness and ability to learn and apply the advanced technology of the foreign firms. Practical implications – Despite the strong belief on the positive impacts of the foreign firms such as knowledge spillovers or job creation, there might be crowding-out or market-stealing effect from the presence of foreign firms. If the latter effect is larger than positive effect, the incentives provided by host country government to the multinational firms cannot be justified. In this regard, the question addressed in this paper is very important. Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of the foreign investment on the exit and sales of the domestic firms. Furthermore, it studies whether domestic firms undergo different influences by foreign firms according to the size of domestic firms. Design/methodology/approach – Korean firm-level data for the period of 2006 through 2013 provided by Statistics Korea are used to study the impact of the foreign investment on the exit and sales of the domestic firms. Findings – The result shows that foreign firms crowd out small firms from the market and take their shares in the domestic market. On the other hand, larger firms rather enjoy positive spillover effect from foreign firms, reducing its exit probability and increasing sales. It may be that large firms have enough competitiveness and ability to learn and apply the advanced technology of the foreign firms. Practical implications – Despite the strong belief on the positive impacts of the foreign firms such as knowledge spillovers or job creation, there might be crowding-out or market-stealing effect from the presence of foreign firms. If the latter effect is larger than positive effect, the incentives provided by host country government to the multinational firms cannot be justified. In this regard, the question addressed in this paper is very important. Originality/value – While most of previous papers have focused on the impacts of the foreign firms on productivity of the domestic firms, this paper deals with their impacts on the exit and sales of the domestic firms in order to examine more direct crowding-out and market-stealing effect of foreign firms.

지방자치단체 공공서비스 구축효과(驅逐效果) 분석

백동현 ( Dong Hyun Baek ),김용훈 ( Yong Hoon Kim ) 한국지방행정연구원 2013 地方行政硏究 Vol.27 No.1

This research is an analysis of the crowding-out effect of public service provided by local autonomous entity based primarily on the study of Hwaseong. For the study, first, public service programs provided by Hwaseong City Cultural Foundation were categorized into three types: leisure-type, support-type for vulnerable social group, and education-type including self improvement. Then, the possibility of crowding out was examined for each program, followed by a survey (consumer purchasing power and wants as the measuring variables) conducted to test if each category demonstrates different degree of crowding-out effect. The result of survey indicated that crowding-out effect takes place in the order of education-type, leisure-type, and support-type, thus supporting the research hypothesis. According to survey results, residents in Hwaseong generally prefer the direct distribution system as the most desirable method of supplying public services. However, the direct distribution system result in crowding-out effect and evenmore it lead to fiscal crisis of local autonomous entities due to heavy investments in facilities. Therefore, it is necessary to consider other alternative plans such as indirect distribution system or market scheme based system in oder to prevent the crowding-out effect. This research points out problems cased by the consumer-focused public service programs and also suggests that negative effects on the producers, as they are one of the major actors in the market, must be taken into consideration in the decision making process.

부양의무자 기준 폐지에 따른 사적이전 소득 구축 여부 분석

김학효,김홍균 한국재정학회 2023 재정학연구 Vol.16 No.2

If public transfers such as housing benefits lead to a decrease in private transfers, the redistribution effect of public transfers is weakened. Therefore, the redistribution effect is one of the most important research topics in public finance, and many researchers analyzed the redistribution effect. In this study, the effect of the abolition of the Family Support Obligation Rule in housing benefits implemented in October 2018 on the private transfers of households newly receiving housing benefits was estimated using the differences-in-differences (DID) method to analyze the crowd-out effect. As a result, it was found that the abolition of the Family Support Obligation Rule would crowd out about 43.2% of private transfers. In other words, it was analyzed that private transfers decreased significantly as the eligibility criteria for housing benefits was eased with the repeal of the Family Support Obligation Rule. On the other hand, it was estimated that the abolition of the Family Support Obligation Rule had no significant effect on expenditures, suggesting that the redistribution effect of the abolition of the Family Support Obligation Rule was weakened due to the crowd-out effect. There are positive aspects that the abolition of the Family Support Obligation Rule will resolve the welfare blind spot. In addition, the relief of the burden of support obligations can also be seen as a positive effect of the abolition of the Family Support Obligation Rule. However, since there are concerns about moral hazard, such as household separation or asset transfer to another household, it seems necessary to make policy decisions that take into account the crowd-out effect. 기초생활보장급여와 같은 공적이전 소득이 사적이전 소득의 감소를 유발한다면공적이전 소득 정책의 재분배 효과는 약화된다. 따라서 구축효과의 발생여부 및 정도는 공공경제에서 가장 중요한 연구 주제 중 하나이다. 본 연구에서는 2018년 10월에 시행된 주거급여의 부양의무자 기준 폐지 이후 주거급여를 새롭게 수급하게 된 가구의 사적이전 소득의 변화를 살펴봄으로써 우리나라 공공부조 제도에서의 구축효과를 분석하였다. 분석결과 부양의무자 기준 폐지는 사적이전 소득을 약 43.2% 구축하는 것으로 나타났다. 한편, 부양의무자기준 폐지가 소비에는 유의한 영향을 주지 못하는 것으로 분석되어 부양의무자 기준 폐지의재분배 효과가 사적이전 소득 구축으로 인해 약화된 것으로 확인되었다. 부양의무자 기준 폐지로 복지 사각지대가 해소되었고, 사적이전 소득을 제공하고 있던 부양의무자 가구(민간 부문)의 부양 부담이 크게 완화된 점은 긍정적이라고 볼 수 있다. 다만, 가구 분리나 타가구로의 자산 이전 등과 같은 도덕적 해이가 우려되는 상황에서 본 연구의 결과와 같이 사적이전소득이 크게 감소하였기 때문에 이러한 구축효과를 고려한 신중한 정책의 결정이 필요할 것으로 보인다.

Sluggish Recovery from the Financial Crisis: Crowding-out Effect and Contagion

김연준,이주영 연세대학교 동서문제연구원 2014 Global economic review Vol.43 No.4

The stimulus plans by the US Government after the financial crisis in 2008 may decrease private investment by means of a crowding-out effect. The US Federal Reserve utilized quantitative easing policies to maintain the interest rate as low as possible to minimize crowdingout. The 2008 financial crisis also affects other economies through contagion effects. This paper investigates the existence of the crowding-out effect and contagion effect after the crisis using Temin and Voth’s models. The empirical results from vector autoregession show that there is a crowding-out effect in the US economy as well as a contagion effect of the crisis on the Korean and Japanese economies.

사회복지기관에 대한 정부 보조금이 기부금에 미치는 구인· 구축효과

정무성(Chung, Moo Sung),김예진(Kim, Ye Jin) 한국비영리학회 2017 한국비영리연구 Vol.16 No.1

급격한 사회변동으로 국민들의 사회복지의 수요는 급증하고 있으나, 사회복지기관에 대한 정부 보조금은 그에 미칠 수 없는 상황에 놓여있다. 이에 사회복지기관들은 복지 서비스 공급자의 역할에서 더 나아가 사회복지 자원을 개발하는 역할까지 맡게 되었다. 자원의 개발이 공공과 민간 공동의 역할이 됨에 따라 사회복지기관의 중요 재원인 정부 보조금과 민간자원의 관계를 분석할 필요가 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 사회복지기관의 2015년, 2016년 결산보고서 자료와 보건복지부에서 공시한 현황자료를 활용하여, 정부 보조금이 민간자원 중 기부금에 미치는 영향에 대해 검증하였다. 또한, 선행연구를 바탕으로 운영기간에 따라 정부 보조금 효과가 달라지는가를 확인하기 위하여 운영기간 10년 미만 기관과 10년 이상 기관으로 나누어 다중회귀분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과, 기관의 운영기간과 상관없이 정부 보조금의 증가는 민간자원을 감소시키는 구축효과가 발생한 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 정부 보조금이 민간자원 효과성에 미치는 영향에 관한 실증적인 연구를 진행하여 후속 연구들을 위한 토대를 마련했다는 점과 사회복지기관에 대한 정부 보조금이 민간자원의 개발을 구인할 수 있는 방향으로 제공되어야 한다는 점을 강조하는데 의의가 있다. The increase in demand for social welfare can not be met by government grants alone. Social welfare centers have also served as the role of developing social welfare resources in the role of welfare service providers. As the development of resources becomes a common role in the public and private sector, It needs to analyze the relationship between government grants and private resources, which are important sources of social welfare. In this study, we use the data provided by the Social Welfare Center in 2015 and 2016 report on the settlement of accounts, and the status data provided by the Ministry of Health and Welfare. To identify the crowding-in or out effect between the government grants and the private donation. In addition, based on the preceding study, it is necessary to determine whether the effectiveness of government grants varies depending on the operating period. As a result, the increase in governmental grants, regardless of the operating period of the institution, has resulted in decrease of private donations. This study investigates the crowding-out effects of government grants on the effectiveness of the private resources. This study has the meanings for providing empirical studies on the effects of government grants on private resources, and laying out the groundwork for follow-up studies. Also, The social welfare center has the conviction that the development of private resources should be vigorous as the government grants increase.

『국민노후보장패널조사』 자료를 이용한 기초노령연금의 사적이전소득에 대한 동태적 구축효과 분석

설귀환,임병인 한국보건사회연구원 2019 保健社會硏究 Vol.39 No.4

This study applies both the difference-in-difference and the difference-in-difference–in-difference methods to the 2-6th waves of the Korean Retirement and Income Study, and estimates the crowding-out effect of private transfer income on households receiving Basic Old-age Pension by classifying its effects into two types, i.e., contemporaneous effect and dynamic effect. Some of the findings are as follows: first, the contemporaneous crowding-out effect has no statistical significance. Second, if the basic old-age pension is continuously received for more than two years, the private transfer income transferred to the elderly household is not only crowded out, but the effect continues to proceed. This leads to the following policy implication: the system raise the income of both elderly households receiving Basic Old-age Pension and households that have provided transfer income privately. It results in increasing the expenditure of two types of household, and further being able to induce a sort of social cost, such as implementation cost. 본 연구에서는 2-6차 『국민노후보장패널조사』 자료로써 이중차분 분석기법과 삼중차분 분석기법을 이용하여 기초노령연금 수급가구에 대한 사적이전소득 구축효과를 즉각적인 효과와 동태적인 효과로 구분, 추정하였다. 추정결과, 첫째 2006년 대비 2008년 시점, 2008년 대비 2010년 시점, 2010년 대비 2012년 시점, 2012년 대비 2014년 시점의 즉각적인 구축효과가 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다. 이는 기초노령연금 수령가구에 대한 사적이전소득 감소가 실증되지 못했음을 의미한다. 둘째, 기초노령연금 수령 이전 시점에 비하여 기초노령연금을 2년 이상 지속적으로 수령할 경우, 노인가구에 제공되는 사적이전소득이 구축될 뿐만 아니라 그 효과가 계속 이어지는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 동 제도 시행으로 해당 가구들의 소득을 증가시켜 사적이전소득을 제공해주던 가구와 기초노령연금수급가구의 소비를 증가시키나, 사회적 입장에서 구축된 사적이전소득 감소액이 동 제도 시행과정으로 인한 행정비용 등을 비롯한 사회적 비용일 수 있음을 시사해준다.

부양의식 및 공적이전소득의 사적이전소득 구축효과와 소득보장효과

강성호 ( Sung Ho Kang ) 한국재정정책학회 2011 財政政策論集 Vol.13 No.1

The function of private sectors on income support can be weaken because of the change of economic, social structure and supporting mindset of private sector, on the contrary to this, the function of public sectors will be increased. So, this paper estimates the crowding out effect on private sectors, and analyze the effect of public sectors on income supports. In short, the crowding out effect was estimated to be -0.869 in analysis of elasticity, and the coefficient of supporting mindset variable was estimated to be -0.190. So, we found public transfer income make the private transfer income crowded out, and the change of supporting mindset eliminate the private transfer income. Particularly, net income supporting effect of public transfer income is estimated to be 13.1%, so we found that public transfer income made partially private transfer income crowded out.