청소노동자의 간접돌봄노동 수행과 젠더 차이

서상희,김민정,김진석 비판과 대안을 위한 사회복지학회/ 건강정책학회 2025 비판사회정책 Vol.- No.87

인간 존재에 필수적인 돌봄 관계의 책임은 지속적으로 배분되어 왔고, 불균등한 돌봄 (노동) 책임 분배에 대한 논의도 오랫동안 진행되어 왔다. 그러나 돌봄노동에 대한 논의 는 주로 직접돌봄노동(요양, 보육, 간병 등과 같은 대인서비스)에 집중되어, 불균등한 돌 봄(노동) 책임 분배 논의에 있어서 누락되는 범주가 많았다. 이 연구에서는 돌봄 책임 분배 논의를 확장하기 위해서, 간접돌봄노동에 초점을 맞추어 살펴보고자 했다. 이에 대 표적인 간접돌봄노동에 해당하는 청소노동을 우선 살펴보았다. 청소노동자에 대한 생활 시간조사를 통해 간접돌봄노동 수행 실태와 현황, 특성을 확인했고, 청소노동자의 젠더 에 따른 차이까지 고찰했다. 이 연구의 함의는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 여전히 대부분의 돌봄 노동이 여성에게 전가되고 있는 상황에서 돌봄노동의 재분배 논의를 확장하기 위해서 돌봄노동 범주 확대와 개념 재정의가 필요하다는 문제제기를 한 데 의의가 있다. 둘째, 이 연구는 청소노동의 간접돌봄노동 특성과 젠더화된 돌봄노동 특성을 확인했다는 데 의의가 있다. 셋째, 이 연구에서는 동일 직종인 청소노동에 종사하더라도 남녀 성별에 따라 직장에서 청소노동의 수행방식이나 환경에서 차이가 있을 뿐 아니라, 가정 내에서 간접돌봄노동(가사노동)의 양에 있어서도 차이가 있음을 확인했다. 이처럼 중층적으로 얽혀 있는 맥락과 관계를 살펴, 돌봄노동 재분배 논의가 필요하다는 문제제기를 한 데 이 연구의 의의가 있다. The responsibility in a care relationship which is essential for human being has been distributed continuously, and so has been the discussion regarding the unequal distribution of care responsibility. However, the discussion about the care work has been focused on direct care works such as elderly care, childcare, and patient care so that many other types of care has been omitted from the discussion. In order to extend the discussion about the distribution of care responsibility, this study is to examine both the direct care and indirect care as well. In this regard, we examined cleaning work as an example of indirect care work. Using the life time survey method, we investigated the current status and characteristics of indirect care work, and the discrepancy based on the gender of cleaning workers. Implications of this study are as follows. First, considering that most care responsibility is placed on females, the expansion of the boundary of care work and redefining the concept of care should be executed in order to expand the discussion about the redistribution of care responsibility. Second, this study shed light on the characteristics of cleaning work in terms of the indirect care work and the genderedness of the cleaning care work. Third, this study found that there were differences by gender in terms of cleaning work conditions or of how to perform cleaning work even when conducting the same cleaning work. Also found was that there were gender differences in the quantity of unpaid work at home. This study suggests that the discussion about the redistribution of care work is needed considering the multi-layered context and relationship of care work.

유아기 자녀를 둔 아버지의 생성감과 돌봄 경험 만족도: 양육 책임감의 매개 효과

조윤주,김지현,한준아 한국아동권리학회 2018 아동과 권리 Vol.22 No.1

Objectives: The aim of this study was to explore the general tendencies of the major study variables and to analyze the variables that have an effects on father’s care work satisfaction. Methods: The sample included 119 male office workers with young children in dual-earner families. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation, hierarchical multiple regression, and bootstrapping. Results: First, the mean of father’s generativity and care work satisfaction were 29.1 pts (range = 10∼40 pts), and 12.2 pts (range = 6∼18 pts) respectively. The mean of care work satisfaction was 16.4 pts (range = 5∼20 pts). Second, the correlation between generativity and child care responsibility, and generativity and care work satisfaction were positive. Third, the variables which explained care work satisfaction of the father were generativity and child care responsibility. The fathers reported higher levels of generativity and child care responsibility, when they were more satisfied with care giving of the child. Fourth, a significant partial mediating effect on father’s care work satisfaction was child care responsibility. Conclusions: Activating interventions using generativity were suggested. 연구 목적: 본 연구는 아버지의 자녀 양육 참여에 대한 학문적, 시대적인 관심을 반영하여 유아기 자녀를 둔 아버지의 양육 경험에 관한 과정을 알아보고자 실시되었다. 방법: 연구 대상은 만 3세에서 5세 사이의 자녀를 두었으며 사무직에 종사하는 아버지 119명으로, 수집된 자료는 기술 통계와 Pearson의 적률 상관관계, 위계적 중다회귀분석, Bootstrapping 검증을 통해 분석되었다. 결과: 첫째, 주요 변수인 생성감의 평균 점수는 29.1점(점수 범위=10∼40점)이었으며, 양육 책임감은 평균 12.2점(점수 범위=6∼18점), 돌봄 경험 만족도는 16.4점(점수 범위=5∼20점)이었다. 둘째, 주요 변수간 상관관계로 아버지의 생성감과 양육 책임감은 정적 상관관계였다. 또한 아버지의 생성감과 돌봄 경험 만족도 역시 정적인 상관관계를 보였다. 셋째, 아버지의 돌봄 경험 만족도에 영향을 미치는 변수 중 설명력이 가장 크면서 유의한 변수는 생성감, 양육 책임감의 순이었다. 그리고 생성감은 양육 책임감을 통해 간접적으로 돌봄 경험 만족도에 영향을 미쳐 부분 매개 효과를 보였다. 결론: 본 연구 결과를 바탕으로 생성감에 초점을 둔 양육 참여 활성화 방안 등의 논의와 제언을 하였다.

‘국가책임보육’에 대한 일고: 일본 보육정책을 통해 본 국가의 책임과 역할

장영인(Jang, Young-In) 한국영유아보육학회 2019 한국영유아보육학 Vol.0 No.117

본 연구는 우리나라에서 ‘국가책임보육’이 강조되고 있지만 그 의미와 내용이 모호한점에 대한 문제의식을 가지고, 공보육이 발전된 일본의 사례를 통해 국가의 책임의 내용을 살펴보고 시사점을 얻고자 하였다. 국가보육책임의 중요한 기준은 그동안 언급되어 왔던 보육재정의 크기나 국공립시설의 비중이 아니라 보육에서의 국가의 역할이 되어야 한다고 보고, 이를 위해 국가책임보육의 근간을 이루는 기본관점과 보육목표, 보육실무의 기본원칙, 그리고 이를 실현하기 위한 보육시스템 구축의 측면에서 국가의 역할을 살펴보았다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 일본의 보육관련 법과 지침을 분석하고, 그러한 원칙들이 보육정책을 통해 구체적으로 실행되는 모습을 확인하기 위해 일본의 보육관련 학자, 보육소 운영자, 행정담당자와의 인터뷰를 수행하여 내용을 보완하였다. 연구결과, 일본은 대기아 해소방안으로 몇 차례의 중요한 정책변화가 있었고, 특히 ‘아동·육아지원신제도’(2015. 4. 1. 시행) 이후 민영화가 추진되고 이용자와 시설간의 직접 계약방식이 도입되는 등의 변화를 근거로 국가책임의 약화와 준시장화가 진행된다는 우려가 있었지만, 국가가 아동의 보육권을 보장하기 위해 보육제공 전반을 총괄하는 역할에는 변함이 없고, 그 점에서 국가가 보육제공에 직접 책임을 진다는 의미에서 공보육을 여전히 수행하고 있음을 확인하였다. 이러한 일본의 예를 통해, 우리나라도 국공립시설확충의 측면에서 국가책임보육을 논하기보다, 아동양육의 기본관점과 목표, 원칙에 대한 사회적 합의와 공감대를 기초로 가정, 시설, 국가 간의 역할분담과 협력이 필요함을 제안하였다. This paper amis at having some implications for state’s roles and duties of child care from the research on Japanese case to clarify the concept of ‘the state responsibility for child care’. This paper premises that the criteria of what ‘the state responsibility for child care’ is the state’s roles in the child care field rather than the size of child care related state fund and the portion of public child care facilities. To identify the nature and contents of ‘the state responsibility for child care’, this paper analyzes the principal viewpoint of the state child care policy, major principles applied to child care practices, and the state roles in establishing child care system in Japan. For that purpose, this paper analyzes Japanese laws and regulations related to child care services. To confirm how the principles embodied in laws and regulations are practiced through the child care systems in Japan, this paper conducts interviews with scholars, persons in charge of child care centers, and public officers in Japan. Although there have been critics against Japanese new child care policies related to that state responsibility for child care became weakened and market oriented, this paper confirms that the nature of Japanese child care is still public care services in terms of the state being responsible for the provision of child care services. Based on the research on Japanese child care policy, this paper suggests that the new role division among families, service providers and the state in child care should be made after social consensus on basic viewpoint, purpose and principles of child care services rather than focusing on expanding of child care facility purchase by the state and local authorities.

독일 돌봄 산업위기에 따른 논쟁적 고찰

김광선,김경선 한국사례관리학회 2025 사례관리연구 Vol.16 No.1

본 연구의 목적은 독일 수발보험 도입 30년을 맞이하여 돌봄이 산업의 한 분야로 등장하면서 발생되고 있는 현황을 파악하여 향후 실천적이고 정책적인 방향을 제시하는데 있다. 1995년 수발보험(Pflegeversicherung)이 시작되면서 독일 사회는 수년 동안 돌봄 위기가 발생되고 있다. 이에 공동체 형태로 자신의 삶을 보장받고 의존하기 마련인 돌봄이 사회보험 방식인 수발보험 도입으로 엄연한 산업으로 등장하면서 나타나는 문제들을 파악해 보았다. 특히 수발제도가 사회보험이라는 공공재원을 이용한 제도임에도 서비스 공급에서 돌봄이 공공성을 띠지 못하고 영리추구의 상황에서 국가와 복지기관들에 공공 책임이 필요한지에 대한 근본적인 재고방안을 제시해 보았다. 평균수명 증가와 고령화로 돌봄 필요대상자가 2023년 570만 명에 달하였던 독일 사회는 그 수요가 꾸준히 증가하고 있다. 이런 상황에 대형 요양원을 운영하는 상업적 운영주체들이 등장하여 돌봄 산업을 이끌고 있다. 문제는 민간 사모펀드 투자자들은 요양시설을 매력적이고 안전한 투자처로만 접근하지 돌봄 분야의 지속 발전 가능성에는 큰 관심이 없다는 점이다. 특히 수익 기대치를 충족시키기 위해 전체 합리화조치로 구조는 간소화하고, 인력 배치계획을 집중화하면서 돌봄 시장을 수요자 중심에서 공급자 중심으로 변화 시키고 있다. 이런 상황이 지속된다면 돌봄의 공공성 강화는 요원할 수밖에 없다. 이에 국가와 지자체의 책임을 명확히 하고 법적 내용을 강화함으로써 돌봄 산업의 등장에 따른 공공성을 확보하여 책임성을 갖춰야 할 당위성을 제시해 보았다. This study aims to assess the current state of the care industry in Germany on the 30th anniversary of the introduction of long-term care insurance (LTCI) and to propose practical and policy-oriented directions for the future. Since the establishment of LTCI in 1995, the German society has faced recurring care crises. As care-an essential aspect of human dependency and communal life-has transformed into a formalized industry under the social insurance system, new challenges have emerged. This study critically examines these issues, particularly focusing on the contradiction between the use of public funds for long-term care services and the increasing commercialization of care provision. It questions whether the state and welfare institutions should assume greater public responsibility to ensure the public nature of care services. Germany’s aging population and rising life expectancy have led to a continuous increase in demand for care workers, with approximately 5.7 million people requiring care in 2023. In response, large private operators have come to dominate the care industry, with private equity investors viewing care facilities as attractive and secure investment opportunities. However, these investors prioritize profit margins over the sustainable development of the care sector. In pursuit of higher returns, they implement extensive rationalization measures, streamline operational structures, and concentrate staffing plans, shifting the care market from a demand-driven to a supply-driven system. This profit-oriented approach raises concerns about the erosion of care’s public character. If private providers continue to prioritize profitability over care quality, strengthening the public responsibility of the care sector will become increasingly difficult. To ensure the sustainable development of the care environment, infrastructure investments must be driven by care needs and fundamental care principles rather than investor calculations. This study underscores the necessity of clarifying the responsibilities of the state and local governments and strengthening legal frameworks to safeguard public accountability in response to the growing influence of private actors in the care industry.

아리스토텔레스와 배려 윤리학

전재원 새한철학회 2025 철학논총 Vol.120 No.2

본 논문의 목적은 아리스토텔레스가 온건 배려 윤리학자들의 신념을 옹호하고 있음을 논증하는 것이다. 하지만 필자는 배려 윤리학을 창시한 캐롤 길리건과 넬 나딩스가 명백하게 아리스토텔레스의 저작에 입각하고 있는지 혹은 아리스토텔레스가 그들에게 영감을 주었는지의 문제에는 관심이 없다. 아리스토텔레스와 현대의 온건 배려 윤리학자들이 공유하는 신념이 있다. 첫째, 아리스토텔레스는 그리스어 필레인(친구를 사랑함)과 필리아(친구 사랑)를 배려 윤리학자들이 ‘캐어링’(배려함)이나 ‘캐어’(배려)라는 말로 의미하는 것과 매우 비슷하게 사용하고 있다. 둘째, 온건 배려 윤리학자들은 일반적인 도덕규범이 중요한 역할을 한다는 점을 인정하지만, 도덕적 사고와 행동에 있어서 특정한 것에 관한 세부 사항이 엄청나게 중요하다는 점을 강조한다. 이와 관련하여 아리스토텔레스는 온건 배려 윤리학자들에게 동의한다. 셋째, 배려 윤리학자들과 마찬가지로 아리스토텔레스도 인간의 본성은 다른 사람과 관계를 맺는 것이며 각각의 사람의 정체성 혹은 품성은 각각의 사람이 맺는 관계의 결과라고 주장한다. 특히 아리스토텔레스는 어떤 사람의 정체성이 그 사람의 친구 관계의 결과라고 생각한다. 넷째, 아리스토텔레스는 정념을 억제해야 한다고 생각하지 않는다. 대신 아리스토텔레스는 행동에 동기를 부여하기 위해 나쁜 정념을 없애고 좋은 정념을 이용해야 한다고 생각한다. 온건 배려 윤리학자들도 정념을 배제한 냉정한 의무보다는 배려의 정념이 도덕적 행동을 선호하게 하는 동기 부여자라고 생각한다. 다섯째, 나딩스처럼 아리스토텔레스 역시 친구들에 대한 개인의 책무를 관계가 변화함에 따라 다르게 부과한다. 개인들이 서로에 대해 짊어져야 할 책무는 관계의 친밀성과 본성에 따라 다르며, 관계가 변하면 책무도 변하게 된다는 것이다. 여섯째, 온건 배려 윤리학자들에 의하면 우리는 관계 내 당사자를 배려해야 하고 관계를 육성해야 한다. 하지만 그들은 배려와 관계 육성만으로는 불충분하다는 점을 인정한다. 관계 내 당사자들은 서로에게 공정해야 한다는 정의의 역할도 있기 때문이다. 아리스토텔레스도 친구는 서로에게 공정해야 한다고 말하고 있다. The purpose of this paper is to argue that Aristotle defends the beliefs of the advocates of the modern moderate ethics of care. However I am not interested in the question of whether Carol Gilligan and Nel Noddings, who founded the ethics of care, are clearly based on Aristotle's work or whether Aristotle inspired them. There is a belief shared by Aristotle and the advocates of the modern moderate ethics of care. First, Aristotle uses the greek philein(loving friend) and philia(friendship) very similarly to what ethics of care advocates mean by the words ‘caring’ or ‘care’. Second, the advocates of the modern moderate ethics of care acknowledge that general moral norms play an important role, but emphasize that particular details are incredibly important in moral thinking and behavior. Aristotle agrees with the advocates of the modern moderate ethics of care in this regard. Third, Aristotle, like the advocates of the modern moderate ethics of care, argues that human nature is to relate to others, and that each person's identity or character is the result of each person's relationship. Aristotle, in particular, thinks that a person's identity is the result of his or her friendship. Fourth, Aristotle does not believe that passion should be suppressed. Instead, Aristotle believes that in order to motivate action, bad passion should be eliminated and good passion should be used. The advocates of the modern moderate ethics of care also think that the passion of care rather than dispassionate duty is the preferred motivator of moral acts. Fifth, like Noddings, Aristotle imposes personal responsibilities to his friends differently as relationships change. Individuals' responsibilities for each other depend on the intimacy and nature of the relationship, and when relationships change, their responsibilities change. Sixth, according to the advocates of the modern moderate ethics of care, we must care the parties in the relationship and foster the relationship. However, they acknowledge that caring and relationship-nurturing are not enough. This is due to the fact that there is also a role of justice in which the parties in the relationship must be fair to each other. Aristotle also says that friends should be fair to each other.

돌봄접촉이 개심술환자의 스트레스 및 면역 반응에 미치는 효과

김혜순 성인간호학회 1999 성인간호학회지 Vol.11 No.3

Open heart surgery is itself a difficult and risky procedure, so patients who receive surgery experiences severe stress and anxiety from physiological and psychological sources. These stresses increase workload of heart and oxigen consumption so that increased pulse rate, blood pressure, arithmia can being a harmful effect to the patients. Thus, nursing intervention should be given in order to reduce these stresses. The purpose of this study was to define "caring touch" which could relieve a patient's anxiety and reinforce his immune reactions. This study examined how "caring touch" could be a easy and useful way of nursing care. Finally, this research attempted to find out when it is appropriate to begin this caring touch compared effect of caring touch given before and after operation. This study was designed using a quasi-experimental approach with non-equivalent control groups and non-synchronized design. The study subjects consisted of 65 adult patients who have undertaken open heart surgery in the two general hospitals of K. and S. located in Inchon and Buchon form the 4th of January to the 28th of May in 1998. Group A was a study group consisting of 22 patients who were given caring touch twice a day from the day before the operation until the 7th day after the operation. Group B was a study group consisting of 20 patients who received the care from the 1st day after the operation to the 7th day in the same manner as Group A. The control group consisted of 23 patients who were not given this care. This study used two measuring instrument : Visual Analogue Scale Anxiety which was developed by Cline(1922), and Trait and State Anxiety by Spielberger(1970). Measuring items were blood pressure, pulse rate, cortisol level percentages of T-lympgocyte, and natural killer cell in the blood. Data collected were analyzed by SAS program for χ²test, ANOVA. Repeated measures of ANOVA. Pearson-correlation, Scheffe multiple comparison, and Profile multiple comparison methods. The results of the study are as follows : 1. Emotional stress reaction Level of VAS anxiety and State anxiety of group A and B showed a significant decline compared to the control group(P<.05). The anxiety of group A and B showed significant lower level on the 1st day after operation than the day before operation, and the anxiety level was also lower on the 7th day after operation than 1st day after operation(P<.001). 2. Physiological stress reaction Systolic BP measured in groups A and B showed significant higher difference between before and after receiving caring touch compared to control group(P<.05). Systolic BP measured on the 1st day after the operation was lower than the day before and the 7th day after operation(P<.01). The control group however, showed no difference. Diastolic BP measured in group A showed significant higher difference between before and after receiving caring touch than control group(P<.05). However, there was no significant difference in it on the three points of measuring. Pulse rate measured in group A showed significant higher difference between before and after receiving caring touch than control group(P<.05), and the pulse rates measured on the 1st day after operation were significantly lower than the day before operation and the 7th day after operation(P<.01). But these was no difference in the control group. The cortisol level of all three groups showed no significant difference, and the level of cortisol measured on 1st day after operation was significantly higher than the day before operation and 7th day after operation(P<.01). 3. Immune reactions T-lymphocyte of group B was found higher rates than the control group(P<.05), and the T-lymphocyte measured on the day befor operation and 7th day after operation were significantly higher than the 1st day after operation(P<.001) NK-cell rate of all three groups revealed no significant difference and NK-cell measured on the 1st day after operation showed higher rates than the 7th day after operation(P<.001). Based on above mentioned results, it is found that emotional and physiological stress of open heart surgery patients can be relieved by giving caring and which was identified on the measured items of VAS Anxiety. State anxiety, BP and pulse rate. And those measuring were markedly decreased on the 1st day after operation. Especially group A, which began caring touch before undergoing operation showed less anxiety compared to group B, which received caring touch from the 1st day after operation. Thus, the most appropriate time for giving caring touch was a day before the operation. And also it was found that caring touch increased the T-lymphocyte rate, and immune reactions when anxiety level decreased. Therefore caring touch was proved to be a way of emotional nursing intervention to relieve anxiety and increase immune reaction.

응급의료와 형사책임

박철호,김양원,박득현,조준호,박경혜,권인호,박하영,여운형,윤유상 대한응급의학회 2013 大韓應急醫學會誌 Vol.24 No.5

Purpose: When a criminal act occurs during emergency care, it becomes fatal to both the patient and doctor. Criminal acts during emergency care and judged by the Supreme Court of Korea were analyzed and investigated to decrease and prevent medical malpractice. Methods: After assessing the Medical Act in Korea and Act on Emergency Care in Korea, a pattern of emergency care was categorized and applicable provisions were analyzed. Emergency medical malpractice cases were collected from previous reports and an internet site managed by the Supreme Court of Korea (http://glaw.scourt.go.kr). Results: The patterns of emergency care can be categorized into “general emergency care”, “interhospital patient transfer”, and the “request for medical treatment sent to another department or hospital”. Furthermore, inerthospiatl patient transfer can be categorized into “after request for emergency care” and “after medical treatment.” There were ten medical malpractice cases in emergency care in which criminal responsibility occurred. There were six cases related to general emergency care and four related to interhospital patient transfer. Conclusion: Though the emergency care cases in which criminal responsibility occurred were few, the results critically impacted the patient and doctor. Therefore, emergency physicians must do their best to decrease and prevent medical negligence. In addition, a nation has a primary responsibility to save lives and must support emergency care.

민간 의료기관에서의 보건교육사 활동 영역과 능력 개발

김영복 한국보건교육건강증진학회 2010 보건교육건강증진학회지 Vol.27 No.2

Objectives: In health care setting, patient education and health promotion services are inexpensive and effective initiatives to change health behavior due to use medical service resources and personnel. This study performed to define the responsibilities and competencies of health education specialist in private health care setting. For our suggestion, we reviewed regulatory, recommendation, and programs related to health education and promotion in clinics and hospitals. Results & Conclusion: The health promoting hospital and health services in Europe and innovative hospitals of community health promotion in the U.S. were examples of approaches that supply target groups with health promotion services in health care setting. The National Commission for Health Education Credentialing has suggested the specified responsibilities and competencies of health education specialist in health care setting according to their general duty. Considering the recommendation of the NCHEC, our suggestion included: 1) the three kinds of job scope, 2) the major targets, 3) the specified responsibilities and competencies, and 4) the available health promotion programs in clinic and hospital setting. The suggestion will contribute to the development of job market for health education specialist and to the cooperation with community health resources in health promotion services and comprehensive health care. Objectives: In health care setting, patient education and health promotion services are inexpensive and effective initiatives to change health behavior due to use medical service resources and personnel. This study performed to define the responsibilities and competencies of health education specialist in private health care setting. For our suggestion, we reviewed regulatory, recommendation, and programs related to health education and promotion in clinics and hospitals. Results & Conclusion: The health promoting hospital and health services in Europe and innovative hospitals of community health promotion in the U.S. were examples of approaches that supply target groups with health promotion services in health care setting. The National Commission for Health Education Credentialing has suggested the specified responsibilities and competencies of health education specialist in health care setting according to their general duty. Considering the recommendation of the NCHEC, our suggestion included: 1) the three kinds of job scope, 2) the major targets, 3) the specified responsibilities and competencies, and 4) the available health promotion programs in clinic and hospital setting. The suggestion will contribute to the development of job market for health education specialist and to the cooperation with community health resources in health promotion services and comprehensive health care.

<심포지엄 특집> 고령화 사회와 법 : 케어 윤리의 의의와 가능성 -사회구상의 핵심 개념 확립을 위해서-

정상광자 ( Inoue,Masako ) 아세아여성법학회 2014 아세아여성법학 Vol.17 No.-

Ethics of care is the concept that C. Gilligan as developmental psychologist has been presented in the definitive work “ In a Different Voice”1) in 1982. Gilligan, by the empirical analysis of the developmental psychology of the face of moral dilemma girls and young women of moral judgment and decision making process experiment, she found a “another” and “different” voice of women and called it Different Voice. And she criticized to ethics of justice by L. Kohlberg and his development theory as the mainstream which is centered on the fair logical reasoning, that it implies the gender bias, and has been assumed ethics of care as inferior one stage. Ethics of care as a rethinking of the social norms, has the impact on the broad range of fields, ethics, sociology, political philosophy, and jurisprudence, as well as gender theory and feminism. Also in Japan, the ethics of care had a major impact both the practice and the theoretical. A lot of feminists had much interests on it. But evaluation for it was controversial rather than simple. In one hand, ecological feminists based on the difference appreciated it, because it gave the named to the voice or emotion of women that have not been conceptualized. Moreover based on the scientific method of developmental psychology analysis, it asserted that female voice as moral judgment is not inferior to men’s voice, but equivalent which is based on a different philosophy. In the other hand, liberal feminism and radical feminism submitted critical evaluation. Because ethics of care occurs that women are exclusively tied to caring activities, and reinforces the traditional gender stereotypes in Japan. In spite that she clearly charged against gender bias, they criticized on it. Unfortunately, this twisted point had not been solved or digested on the discussions among various feminisms in the 1980s Japan. It is much more important that criticism of Gilligan rather than being directed only to Kohlberg, and gender bias such as Freud and Piaget, that is called as empirical research were included accusations of discrimination to the structure. The purpose of this essay is to point out the significances of the ethics of care as key concept of social theory for our days, at same time the problems to solve. Ethics of care, has only been considered to be a valid theory in special human relationships such as caring, care work, and family or intimate sphere. But ethics of care has significance and potentiality as the key concept of social theory. That it should not be to limit the adaptation range to “care relationship” or “care of the place”. Rather, in a relationship that also includes so-called civil society, the ethics of care is important as an idea. In order to function it as the key concept of social theory, I want to give the following two points, referring the discussion on Domestic Violence case organizing of the relationship between ethics and the essentialism of care.

배려받는 자의 윤리

고미숙 ( Mi Suk Ko ) 한국윤리학회 2015 倫理硏究 Vol.100 No.1

배려 관계는 배려하는 자와 배려받는 자의 만남으로 이해되었지만, 배려하는 자가 중심적인 역할을 해왔고 배려받는 자는 배려하는 자의 배려를 수동적으로 받아들이는 존재로 간주되었다. 배려하는 자는 독립적이고 자율적인 존재인 반면, 배려받는 자는 취약하고 의존적인 존재라는 이분법적인 사유가 자율성을 중시하는 사회 속에서 배려받는 자를 경시하도록 만들었다. 이러한 배려받는 자에 대한 편견은 배려하는 자의 배려가 완성되지 못하도록 만들고 있다. 그리하여 본 연구는 배려받는 자에 대한 오해는 무엇이며, 배려받는 자가 갖추어야 할 윤리는 무엇인지, 배려받는 자를 위한 교육은 어떻게 해야 하는지를 탐구해 보았다. 인간의 취약성과 의존성은 배려받는 자만이 아닌 모든 인간의 조건이며, 이에 모든 인간은 배려가 필요하고 배려를 해야 하는 존재이다. 배려받는 자의 윤리로서 윤리적 응답과 자기 배려를 제시하였다. 배려받는 능력을 함양하기 위해서, 배려받는 자의 경험과 목소리가 들려질 수 있는 내러티브와 대화의 방법을 사용하고, 배려하는 자와 배려받는 자의 배려 방식 간에 조정하는 기술을 습득하는 것이 필요하다. 또한 도덕적인 관점에서 배려 경험에 대해 비판적으로 성찰하고 적절하지 못한 배려를 인식하는 능력을 길러주어야 한다. Although caring relation is the meeting between the carer and the cared-for, it has been regarded as the central role of carer and the passive role of cared-for, the carer independent-autonomous and the cared-for vulnerable-dependent. The dichotomy is related to the disdain on the cared-for in the society of autonomy. The prejudices on the cared-for make impossible the completion of caring. My question is that what are misunderstandings on the cared-for?, what are the ethics of the cared-for?, how can we learn to be the cared-for? Human vulnerability and dependence are conditions of our humanity, not only of the cared-for. I suggested the ethical responsiveness and care of self as the ethics of cared-for, the experiences and voices of the cared-for which can be heard through narrative and dialogue, how to mediate the differences on opinions of caring between the carer and the cared-for. Also, we should develop the critical reflection on our caring experiences and the capacity for awareness on improper caring in moral perspective.