훈제식육식품 중 벤조피렌 함량 분석 및 안전성 평가

조현경,김미혜,박성국,신한승,Cho, Hyoun-Kyoung,Kim, Mee-Hye,Park, Sung-Kug,Shin, Han-Seung 한국축산식품학회 2011 한국축산식품학회지 Vol.31 No.6

훈제식육식품을 통한 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)의 대표독성물질인 benzo[a]pyrene의 위해도를 판단하기위해 시중에 유통되는 69개의 훈제식육식품을 통한 위해성을 평가하였다. 사용된 훈제식육식품은 훈제 치킨, 오리, 칠면조, 돼지 등이며 benzo[a]pyrene의 검출범위는 불검출-2.87 ${\mu}g$/kg이었고 평균 농도는 0.42 ${\mu}g$/kg로 나타났다. 2005 국민건강영양조사를 참고하여 만성1일인체노출량을 평가한 결과 훈제식육식품을 통한 노출량은 총 0.187 ng/kg B.W./d로 나타났다. 위해도 산출을 위하여 benzo[a]pyrene의 위상부암에 대한 BMDL값인 0.31-0.74 mg/kg B.W./d와 만성1일인체노출량을 이용하여 MOE를 구한결과 MOE는 1,657,754-3,957,219 수준으로 나타났다. Benzo[a]pyrene의 오염도는 식품의약품안전청에서 제시하는 기준규격인 5 ${\mu}g$/kg 이하로 나타나 훈제식육식품을 통한 benzo[a]pyrene의 노출정도는 안전한것으로 판단된다. The content of benzo[a]pyrene from 69 smoked meat products commonly consumed in Korean food market was analysed with high performance liquid chromatography. Smoked meat products including smoked chicken, pork, turkey and duck were saponified, extracted and cleaned up to analyze the benzo[a]pyrene content. As a result of analysis from smoked meat products, the mean benzo[a]pyrene content was 0.42 ${\mu}g$/kg and the highest content of benzo[a]pyrene was 2.87 ${\mu}g$/kg detected in smoked chicken product. All somked meat products contained benzo[a]pyrene below the limit regulated by Korean Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). Exposure assessment of benzo[a]pyrene from smoked meat products ingestion was calculated by using National Health and Nutrition Survey (NHNS). The estimated lifetime average daily intake of benzo[a]pyrene was 0.187 ng/kg bw/d. Margin of exposure of benzo[a]pyrene was ranged from 1,657,754 to 3,957,219.

흡착제를 이용한 참기름의 벤조피렌 저감화

최승관(Seung Kwan Choi),최수빈(Su Bin Choe),강성태(Sung Tae Kang) 한국식품영양과학회 2014 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.43 No.4

Benzo(a)pyrene 함량이 4.1 ppb가 되도록 첨가한 참기름에 흡착제인 활성탄을 첨가하였을 때 첨가량, 교반시간, 교반온도가 증가함에 따라 benzo(a)pyrene 함량이 줄어들었다. 참기름에 활성탄을 0.5%(w/w) 투입하고, 30분간 70°C에서 교반하였을 때 볶은 참기름에 존재하고 있는 benzo(a)pyrene의 함량은 0.91 ppb까지 낮아져 식품공전규격인 2.0 ppb 이하의 적합 수준의 참기름을 얻을 수 있었다. 경기권 재래시장에서 판매되고 있는 재래식 압착 참기름 30건의 benzo(a)pyrene의 함량은 0.19 ppb부터 4.11 ppb로 나타났다. 경기권 재래시장에서 구입한 참기름 중 benzo(a)pyrene 함량이 가장 높은 3가지 시료(2.14~4.11 ppb)를 위와 같은 최적의 흡착조건으로 처리하였을 때 benzo(a)pyrene의 함량은 0.43~0.86 ppb로 매우 효과적으로 감소하였다. 본 연구는 활성탄 첨가 후 교반처리만으로 볶음공정을 반드시 거치는 참기름에서 규격 이상의 벤조피렌이 검출되는 것을 저감화 하는 방법을 제시함으로써 참기름이 안전하게 생산, 유통될 수 있는 데에 응용할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. This study was conducted to reduce benzo(a)pyrene in sesame oil by addition of several kinds of absorbents (active carbon, diatomaceous earth, kaolin, acid clay, perlite, and silicate). Sesame oil containing 4.1 ppb benzo(a)pyrene was stirred with 0.2% (w/w) several kinds of adsorbents at 40°C for 30 min. Active carbon resulted in the highest reduction of benzo(a)pyrene in sesame oil among the investigated adsorbents, and decolorization was observed only by using silicate. Reduction of benzo(a)pyrene was optimized by controlling amount the of active carbon, stirring time, and stirring temperature. Futher, 4.1 ppb benzo(a)pyrene in sesame oil was reduced by up to 0.91 ppb by adding 0.5% (w/w) active carbon and stirring for 30 min at 70°C. Optimized conditions were applied to sesame oil (2.14~4.11 ppb) purchased from a Gyeonggi traditional market, and benzo(a)pyrene in sesame oil was reduced by up 0.43~0.86 ppb.

농산물 및 경작지 토양 시료 중 Benzo(a)pyrene 신속잔류분석법 개선 연구

김희곤,함헌주,홍경숙,신희창,허장현 한국환경농학회 2020 한국환경농학회지 Vol.39 No.1

BACKGROUND: Benzo(a)pyrene is a highly toxic substance which has been listed as a Group I carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. There have been numerous studies by researchers worldwide on benzo(a)pyrene. Soxhlet, ultrasound-assisted, and liquid–liquid extractions have been widely used for the analysis of benzo(a)pyrene. However these extraction methods have significant drawbacks, such as long extraction time and large amount of solvent usage. To overcome these disadvantages, we aimed to establish a rapid residual analysis of benzo(a)pyrene content in agricultural products and soil samples. METHODS AND RESULTS: A Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe (QuEChERS) method was used as the pretreatment procedure. For rapid residual analysis of benzo(a)pyrene, a modified QuEChERS method were used, and the best codition was demonstrated after various performing instrument analysis. The extraction efficiency of this method was also compared with Soxhlet extraction, the current benzo(a)pyrene extracting method. Although both methods showed high recovery rates, the rapid residual analysis method markedly reduced both the measurement time and solvent usage by approximately 97% and 96%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Based on these results, we suggest the rapid residual analysis method established through this study, faster and more efficient analysis of residual benzo(a)pyrene in major agricultural products such as rice, green and red chili peppers and also soil samples. .

Benzo(a)pyrene의 돌연변이원성에 대한 유기게르마늄(GE-132)의 항돌연변이 효과

이효민(Hyo Min Lee),정용(Yong Chung),정기화(Ki Why Jung),김재완(Jae Wan Kim),권순경(Sun Kyung Kwon) 대한약학회 1993 약학회지 Vol.37 No.1

This study was initiated to investigate the effective action and mechanism of GE-132 (Carboxyethylgermanium sesquioxide)on benzo(a)pyrene, which have strong carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. To confirm desmutagenic effect (inhibition of metabolic processes of benzo(a)pyrene with S9 Mix or inactivation of the mutagenicity of benzo(a)pyrene metabolites) and antimutagenic effect (inhibition of gene-expression of reverted genes) of GE-132 against benzo(a)pyrene using with Salmonella typhimurium TA98 Ames test was performed. The revertants in desmutagenicity test were decreased significantly in the combined groups of benzo(a)pyrene and GE-132 than benzo(a)pyrene only, without inhibition the metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene by S9 Mix. The ideal combined groups of benzo(a)pyrene and GE-132 were lOmcM and 10mg, 20mcM and 20mg, lOOmcM and 30mg, respectively. Then, the revertants in antimutagenicity test, which was studied the direct action of GE-132 on the induction of revertant cells by Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and activated benzo(a)pyrene were decreased significantly in the treated groups of GE-132 than no treated groups. The number of revertants of Salmonella typhimurium TA98 were reduced with increasing amounts of GE-132. From the above results, it was found that GE-132 inactivated the mutagenic metabolites of benzo(a)pyrene without inhibition of the enzyme action in the S9 Mix, and GE-132 showed antimutagenic effect which have inhibitory action of reverted gene expression.

수입농산물 가공식품 중 벤조피렌, 다이옥신 분석 및 비스페놀 A 함량 분석과 안전성 평가

김경지(Gyeong-Ji Kim),안정희(Jeung Hee An),이권재(Kwon-Jai Lee) 한국식품영양과학회 2021 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.50 No.6

본 연구는 수입산 농산물 가공식품 내의 오염물질인 벤조피렌과 다이옥신의 잔류 정도를 확인하고 포장재로부터 비스페놀 A의 검출 정도를 분석하였으며 국민영양조사를 참고하여 벤조피렌과 다이옥신의 인체 노출량을 평가하였다. 사용된 수입농산물 가공식품은 훈제육, 훈제생선, 라면, 튀긴 채소류 등이며, 이 중 벤조피렌은 17건, 다이옥신은 8건, 비스페놀 A는 13건에서 분석을 진행하였다. 수입산 농산물 가공식품에서의 벤조피렌 검출범위는 0.03~1.71 μg/kg이었으며, 중국산 라조장이 가장 높은 벤조피렌 함량을 보였고 훈제한 전갱이(필리핀)에서도 0.88 μg/kg의 벤조피렌이 검출되었다. 벤조피렌의 인체 노출량의 경우 라조장(중국산)과 훈제 전갱이(필리핀)에서 0 ng/kg b.w./d로 나타났다. 이는 한국인의 라조장과 훈제 전갱이의 1일 섭취량이 적기 때문으로 보인다. 반면, 양파의 1일 섭취량이 많았기 때문에 양파 플레이크(파키스탄)의 인체 노출량은 0.15 ng/kg b.w./d로 높게 나타났다. 다이옥신 함량은 베이컨(스위스, 덴마크, 아일랜드)에서 0.0019 pg WHO-TEQ/g으로 가장 높았으나, 다이옥신의 인체 노출량은 모든 시료에서 0 pg TEQ/kg b.w./d로 나타나 안전한 수준이었다. 또한, 비스페놀 A도 13종의 시료에서 모두 불검출되었다. 본 연구에 사용된 수입농산물 가공식품은 식품의약품안전처에서 제시한 기준규격에 비해 낮은 수준으로 나타났다. 그러나 벤조피렌의 경우 원료나 제조환경에 따라 함량이 증가할 수 있으며 국내산 가공식품을 대체하여 수입산 농산물 가공식품의 섭취 시 벤조피렌의 인체 노출량이 높은 수준으로 증가할 것으로 보이므로 수입산 농산물 가공식품의 장기적인 섭취는 주의할 필요가 있다. This study estimated the contents of benzo[a]pyrene (17 samples), dioxin (8 samples), and bisphenol A (13 samples) in imported agricultural processed foods (smoked meat, smoked fish, noodles, fried vegetable, oil, etc.). We further analyzed the estimated lifetime average daily intake of benzo[a]pyrene and dioxin. The benzo[a]pyrene levels in imported agricultural processed foods ranged from 0.03 to 1.71 μg/kg. The highest benzo[a]pyrene content was found in black chili bean sauce produced in China. However, the estimated lifetime average daily intake of benzo[a]pyrene showed high levels in onion flakes produced in Pakistan. The highest dioxin content was obtained in bacon (Switzerland, Denmark, Ireland), at 0.0019 pg WHO-TEQ/g. The exposure assessment of dioxin was 0 pg TEQ/kg b.w./d for all samples. Furthermore, bisphenol A was not detected in any sample. In general, the contents of benzo[a]pyrene, dioxin and bisphenol A in processed foods from imported agricultural products were found to be lower than the standard levels proposed by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. However, there is a possibility that the average intake of benzo[a]pyrene will increase to the high level if the domestic processed foods are replaced with imported agricultural processed foods and continually consumed. Therefore, we propose the necessity of being attentive to the long-term consumption of imported agricultural processed foods.

Screening of Ecotoxicant Responsive Genes and Expression Analysis of Benzo[a]pyrene-exposed Rockfish (Sebastes schlgeli)

Yum, Seung-Shic,Woo, Seon-Ock,Lee, Taek-Kyun The Korean Society of Toxicogenomics and Toxicopro 2006 Molecular & cellular toxicology Vol.2 No.2

Benzo[a]pyrene is a representative ecotoxicant in marine environment and a model compound of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which has an ability to bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms. This study aimed to identify molecular biomarkers suitable for assessing environmental pollution using a microarray technique. We examined the effects of benzo[a]pyrene on gene expressions in the rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli. We constructed the subtractive cDNA library with hepatic RNA from benzo[a]pyrene-exposed and non-exposed control fish. From the library 10,000 candidate clones were selected randomly and cDNA microarray was constructed. We determined benzo[a]pyrene-responsive genes using a high-density microarray. Statistical analysis showed that approximately 400 genes are significantly induced or reduced by benzo[a]pyrene treatment ($2\;{\mu}m$). Especially gene expression changes of 4 candidate clones among the up- or down-regulated genes were investigated in 6, 12 and 24 hr BaP-exposed fish groups. Many methods have been developed to monitor marine environmental status, which depend on quantifying the levels of the toxic components in polluted seawater or on ecological accessing, such as species diversity or richness. However, those methods could not provide information on physiological or genetic changes induced by such environmental stresses. Comparing with the conventional methods, these data will propose that benzo[a]pyrene-responsive genes can be useful for biological risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on marine organism at molecular level.

Inhibitory effect of Phenethyl Isothiocyanate Against Benzo[a] Pyrene-Induced Rise in CYP1A1 mRNA and Apoprotein Levels as its Chemopreventive Properties

Razis, Ahmad Faizal Abdull,Konsue, Nattaya,Ioannides, Costas Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2015 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.16 No.7

Background: Phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), the most comprehensively studied aromatic isothiocyanate, has been shown to act as an anti-cancer agent mainly through modulation of biotransformation enzymes responsible for metabolizing carcinogens in the human body. Humans are often exposed to carcinogenic factors, some of which through the diet, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon benzo[a]pyrene via the consumption of over-cooked meats. Inhibition of the enzymes responsible for the bioactivation of this carcinogen, for example CYP1A1, the major enzyme required for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) bioactivation, is recognized as a chemoprevention strategy. Objective: To evaluate the inhibitory effects of PEITC against benzo[a]pyrene-induced rise in rat liver CYP1A1 mRNA and apoprotein levels. Materials and Methods: Precision cut rat liver slices were treated with benzo[a]pyrene at 1 and $5{\mu}M$ in the presence of PEITC ($1-25{\mu}M$) for 24 hours, followed by determination of CYP1A1 mRNA and apoprotein levels using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting. Results: Findings revealed that PEITC inhibited benzo[a]pyrene-induced rise in rat liver CYP1A1 mRNA in a dose-dependent manner as well as the apoprotein levels of CYP1A. Conclusions: It was demonstrated that PEITC can directly inhibit the bioactivation of benzo[a]pyrene, indicating chemopreventive potential.

로스팅 정도에 따른 원두커피의 벤조피렌 함량 연구

김상은(Sang Eun Kim),김종환(Jong Hwan Kim),이상원(Sang Won Lee),이문조(Moon Jo Lee) 한국식품영양과학회 2013 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.42 No.1

벤조피렌은 IARC에 의해 그룹 1로 분류된 다환방향족 탄화수소 유기물로서 불완전 연소 시 부산물로 발생되며 유전독성과 발암성이 강한 것으로 알려져 있다. 벤조피렌의 오염원은 매우 다양하여 환경오염 등으로 인해 조리 또는 가공 과정에서 열분해 되어 생성되는 것으로 알려져 있다. 전 세계적으로 가장 널리 음용되고 있는 대표적인 기호음료인 원두커피 또한 생두를 볶는 과정에서 고온의 배전 과정을 거치는 제조공정을 감안할 때 벤조피렌이 생성될 가능성이 있어 본 연구에서는 생두의 종류와 로스팅 정도에 따른 원두커피 분말과 원두커피 추출물의 색도 및 벤조피렌 함량을 조사하였다. Hunter scale의 L값과 b값은 배전이 진행될수록 감소하는 경향을 보였고 a값은 약배전 시까지는 증가하였다가 중, 강배전으로 진행될수록 감소하는 결과를 보였다. 벤조피렌의 검출한계(LOD)와 정량한계(LOQ)는 0.03과 0.09 μg/kg이었다. 원두커피 분말의 벤조피렌 함량은 강배전의 조건에서 로스팅한 원두분말에서만 검출되었다. 생두를 강배전 조건으로 로스팅을 실시한 경우에는 0.142~0.757 μg/kg의 함량을 보였고 중배전 및 약배전 조건의 커피분말과 원두커피 추출물 모두 불검출의 결과를 보였다. 이는 식품의약품안전청에서 식용유지에서 벤조피렌의 기준을 2.0 μg/kg 이하로 설정한 기준에 미치지 않는 안전한 수준이며, 원두의 로스팅 과정이 벤조피렌이 생성되는 고온에 미치지 못하고 열원방식이 직화식이 아닌 전기적인 열풍방식으로 이루어지기 때문인 것으로 판단된다. Benzo[a]pyrene, a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) whose metabolites are mutagenic and highly carcinogenic, is listed as a Group 1 carcinogen by the IARC. In this study, Arabica and Robusta green coffee beans were roasted under controlled conditions and the formation of benzo[a]pyrene during the roasting process was monitored. The concentration of benzo[a]pyrene in ground coffee and brewed coffee were determined by a HPLCfluorescence detector. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) of benzo(a)pyrene were 0.03 and 0.09 μg/kg, respectively. Benzo[a]pyrene was only detected in the dark roast of ground coffee, with a concentration ranging from 0.147~0.757 μg/kg. The content of benzo[a]pyrene in Ethiopia Mocha Harrar G4 is the highest (0.757 μg/kg).

참깨 볶음 방법에 따른 벤조피렌 생성에 관한 연구

전은미(Eun-Mi Jeon),전덕영(Deok-Young Jhon) 전남대학교 생활과학연구소 2021 生活科學硏究 Vol.31 No.-

This study was performed to detect benzo[a]pyrene in raw sesame seeds, sesame powder and sesame oils produced by various roasting temperatures(135℃, 150℃, 180℃, 200℃, 210℃, 230℃) with or without ventilation. The methodology involved extraction with n-hexane, washing with water, clean-up on Sep-Pak Florisil Cartridges, and determination by high performance liquid chromatography/fluorescence detector. Benzo[a]pyrene levels in the sesame oils were not different significantly(p<0.05) depending on roasting temperature, 135℃ to 210℃, except the temperature 230℃. The levels of benzo[a]pyrene were ranged from 0.0 to 0.6 ㎍/kg oils. The amounts were less than 2.0 ㎍/kg, the maximum level of benzo[a]pyrene in edible oils which was established in the Food Code, Korea. Production of benzo[a]pyrene decreased when the parch process was done with ventilation. Small amount of benzo[a]pyrene was present in sesame or sesame powder. The levels were 0.4 ㎍/kg and 0.7 ㎍/kg. The results suggest that both raw sesame materials and roasting conditions are very important to commercially safe edible oil production concerning carcinogenic benzo[a]pyrene.

Benzo[a]pyrene Alters the Expression of Genes in A549 Lung Cancer Cells and Cancer Stem Cells

( Yesol Bak ),( Hui-joo Jang ),( Ji-hye Seo ),( Su-hyun No ),( Jung-il Chae ),( Jintae Hong ),( Do-young Yoon ) 한국미생물생명공학회(구 한국산업미생물학회) 2018 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.28 No.3

Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, is a principal component of cigarette smoke. B[a]P can cause lung carcinogenesis and plays a key role in lung cancer progression. The role of B[a]P has been reported in lung cancer, but its effects on lung cancer stem cells (CSCs) have not been investigated. Emerging evidence indicates that CSCs are associated with carcinogenesis, tumor initiation, relapse, and metastasis. Therefore, targeting CSCs to defeat cancer is a challenging issue in the clinic. This study explored whether B[a]P alters gene expression in lung cancer cells and CSCs. The lung adenocarcinoma A549 cell line was used to investigate the role of B[a]P on lung cancer cells and lung CSCs using microarray and quantitative PCR. B[a]P (1 μM) provoked gene expression changes in A549 cancer cells and CSCs by deregulating numerous genes. Gene pathway analysis was performed using GeneMANIA and GIANT. We identified genes that were coexpressed and showed physical interactions. These findings improve our understanding of the mechanism of B[a]P in lung cancer and cancer stem cells and can be an attractive therapeutic target.