홍삼 및 흑삼의 제조 시 증숙 및 건조온도가 Benzo(a)pyrene 생성에 미치는 영향

조은정,강신정,김애정 한국식품영양학회 2009 한국식품영양학회지 Vol.22 No.2

For the purpose of developing a safe & hygienic manufacturing method to acquire low levels of benzo(a)pyrene in black and red ginseng products, this study investigated the effects of steam- and dry-processing temperatures on benzo(a)pyrene production in ginseng. By the red ginseng with a fix dry-process temperature of 50℃ and setting the steam-process temperature between 80~120℃, an extremely small amount(0.1 ppb) of benzo(a)pyrene was produced, indicating there was no relationship between the steam-temperature and benzo(a)pyrene production. On the other hand, when the red and black ginseng were steamed at the fixed temperature of 100℃ and dried at various temperatures between 50~120℃, the amount of benzo(a)pyrene produced was closely connected with the dry-temperature, and increased with higher drying temperatures. Upon repeating the steam and dry process nine times, in which the steam-temperature was set at 100℃ and the dry- temperature at 50℃, higher amount of benzo(a)pyrene were produced in red and black ginseng, respectively, with increasing steam- and dry-processing time. However, the level of benzo(a)pyrene still remained extremely small(below 0.12 ppb), showing a maximum amount in the black ginseng that was steamed and dried nine times. This suggests that the fine root of ginseng may be carbonized by increasing the number of times it is steam- and dry-processed. From the above results, this study determined that the optimum temperatures for manufacturing red and black ginseng products with safe levels of benzo(a)pyrene would be a temperature between 80 and 120℃ for steaming and a temperature less than 50℃ for drying. Benzo(a)pyrene이 저감된 안전한 홍삼 및 흑삼 제조방법을 개발하기 위하여 증숙 및 건조온도와 benzo(a)pyrene 생성관계를 조사한 결과는 다음과 같았다. 1. 건조온도를 50℃로 고정시키고 증숙온도를 80~120℃ 범위에서 홍삼을 제조한 결과 증숙온도 상승에 따른 benzo(a) pyrene 생성량의 증가는 없었다. 반면, 증숙온도를 100℃로 고정시키고, 50~120℃ 범위에서 건조온도를 달리하여 홍삼을 제조한 결과, 건조 온도의 상승에 따른 benzo(a)pyrene 생성량의 유의적인 증가가 보였다. 2. 증숙온도 100℃, 건조온도 50℃로 하여 수삼을 9회 반복하여 증포한 경우, 증포 횟수의 증가는 benzo(a)pyrene의 증가를 수반하는 경향을 보였으나, benzo(a)pyrene 함량 증가는 극미량이었고, 최고 함량을 보인 9포 흑삼에서도 0.12 ppb가 측정될 정도로 낮은 함량이었다. 또한 이러한 benzo(a)pyrene의 증가는 증포 횟수를 증가함으로써 미삼부분의 탄화에 의한 것으로 확인되었다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 benzo(a)pyrene으로부터 안전한 홍삼 및 흑삼을 제조할 수 있는 증숙 및 건조 온도는 각각 80~120℃ 및 건조온도 50℃ 이하가 적합한 것으로 판단된다.

흡착제를 이용한 참기름의 벤조피렌 저감화

최승관(Seung Kwan Choi),최수빈(Su Bin Choe),강성태(Sung Tae Kang) 한국식품영양과학회 2014 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.43 No.4

Benzo(a)pyrene 함량이 4.1 ppb가 되도록 첨가한 참기름에 흡착제인 활성탄을 첨가하였을 때 첨가량, 교반시간, 교반온도가 증가함에 따라 benzo(a)pyrene 함량이 줄어들었다. 참기름에 활성탄을 0.5%(w/w) 투입하고, 30분간 70°C에서 교반하였을 때 볶은 참기름에 존재하고 있는 benzo(a)pyrene의 함량은 0.91 ppb까지 낮아져 식품공전규격인 2.0 ppb 이하의 적합 수준의 참기름을 얻을 수 있었다. 경기권 재래시장에서 판매되고 있는 재래식 압착 참기름 30건의 benzo(a)pyrene의 함량은 0.19 ppb부터 4.11 ppb로 나타났다. 경기권 재래시장에서 구입한 참기름 중 benzo(a)pyrene 함량이 가장 높은 3가지 시료(2.14~4.11 ppb)를 위와 같은 최적의 흡착조건으로 처리하였을 때 benzo(a)pyrene의 함량은 0.43~0.86 ppb로 매우 효과적으로 감소하였다. 본 연구는 활성탄 첨가 후 교반처리만으로 볶음공정을 반드시 거치는 참기름에서 규격 이상의 벤조피렌이 검출되는 것을 저감화 하는 방법을 제시함으로써 참기름이 안전하게 생산, 유통될 수 있는 데에 응용할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. This study was conducted to reduce benzo(a)pyrene in sesame oil by addition of several kinds of absorbents (active carbon, diatomaceous earth, kaolin, acid clay, perlite, and silicate). Sesame oil containing 4.1 ppb benzo(a)pyrene was stirred with 0.2% (w/w) several kinds of adsorbents at 40°C for 30 min. Active carbon resulted in the highest reduction of benzo(a)pyrene in sesame oil among the investigated adsorbents, and decolorization was observed only by using silicate. Reduction of benzo(a)pyrene was optimized by controlling amount the of active carbon, stirring time, and stirring temperature. Futher, 4.1 ppb benzo(a)pyrene in sesame oil was reduced by up to 0.91 ppb by adding 0.5% (w/w) active carbon and stirring for 30 min at 70°C. Optimized conditions were applied to sesame oil (2.14~4.11 ppb) purchased from a Gyeonggi traditional market, and benzo(a)pyrene in sesame oil was reduced by up 0.43~0.86 ppb.

시중에 유통되는 식용유지 중 benzo[a]pyrene 함량 분석

남혜정,서일원,이규은,이송영,신한승 한국산업식품공학회 2009 산업 식품공학 Vol.13 No.3

Concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene in edible oils from Korean market were evaluated by high performance liquid chromatography. Benzo[a]pyrene known of the carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs), has been found at variable concentrations in several foods. This is associated with several factors during the process including contaminated raw materials, exposure of environment, and procedure of process or cooking. The levels of benzo[a]pyrene were ranged from 0.5 to 1.4 μg/kg in virgin olive oil. Benzo[a]pyrene contents in refined and virgin olive oil, sesame oil, soybean oil, corn oil, sunflower oil, safflower oil, and processed oil were 0.6-1.0 μg/kg, 0.9-1.3 μg/kg, 0.6-3.3 μg/kg, 0.5-1.1 μg/kg, 1.2-1.7 μg/kg, 1.0-2.1 μg/kg, and 1.0-1.4 μg/kg, respectively. 시중에 유통되고 있는 33종류의 식용유지를 대상으로 하 여 benzo[a]pyrene의 함량을 모니터링한 결과 압착올리브 유 0.5-1.4 μg/kg, 혼합올리브유 0.6-1.0 μg/kg, 참기름 0.9- 1.3 μg/kg, 대두유 0.6-3.3 μg/kg, 옥수수유 0.5-1.1 μg/kg, 해 바라기유 1.2, 1.7 μg/kg, 홍화유 1.0, 2.1 μg/kg, 유지가공품 1.0, 1.4 μg/kg 수준으로 검출되었다. 대부분의 시료에는 benzo[a]pyrene 기준치인 2.0 μg/kg를 초과하지 않았지만, 미국산 대두유와 미국산 홍화유에서 각각 3.3 μg/kg, 2.1 μg/kg로 두 종류에서 기준치 이상 검출되었다. Benzo [a]pyrene은 식용유지로 제조되기 이전에 원재료가 오염되 었거나, 가공공정, 환경으로부터 노출되는 등 노출경로는 다양하다. 정제과정인 deodorizing 과정이나, bleaching 과 정에 의해서 benzo[a]pyrene의 함량이 감소되며, 압착올리 브유와 혼합올리브유의 실험결과에서 정제올리브유가 혼합 되어 있는 혼합올리브유의 benzo[a]pyrene의 함량이 낮게 나타났음을 확인할 수 있었다. Benzo[a]pyrene의 함량은 연기성분에서도 영향을 받을 수 있으므로 원재료를 건조시 키거나, 볶는 과정에서 밀폐된 상태로 진행하는 것보다 개 방된 상태에서 진행하는 것이 benzo[a]pyrene의 생성을 억 제할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

농산물 및 경작지 토양 시료 중 Benzo(a)pyrene 신속잔류분석법 개선 연구

김희곤,함헌주,홍경숙,신희창,허장현 한국환경농학회 2020 한국환경농학회지 Vol.39 No.1

BACKGROUND: Benzo(a)pyrene is a highly toxic substance which has been listed as a Group I carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. There have been numerous studies by researchers worldwide on benzo(a)pyrene. Soxhlet, ultrasound-assisted, and liquid–liquid extractions have been widely used for the analysis of benzo(a)pyrene. However these extraction methods have significant drawbacks, such as long extraction time and large amount of solvent usage. To overcome these disadvantages, we aimed to establish a rapid residual analysis of benzo(a)pyrene content in agricultural products and soil samples. METHODS AND RESULTS: A Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe (QuEChERS) method was used as the pretreatment procedure. For rapid residual analysis of benzo(a)pyrene, a modified QuEChERS method were used, and the best codition was demonstrated after various performing instrument analysis. The extraction efficiency of this method was also compared with Soxhlet extraction, the current benzo(a)pyrene extracting method. Although both methods showed high recovery rates, the rapid residual analysis method markedly reduced both the measurement time and solvent usage by approximately 97% and 96%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Based on these results, we suggest the rapid residual analysis method established through this study, faster and more efficient analysis of residual benzo(a)pyrene in major agricultural products such as rice, green and red chili peppers and also soil samples.

Benzo(a)pyrene의 돌연변이원성에 대한 유기게르마늄(GE-132)의 항돌연변이 효과

이효민(Hyo Min Lee),정용(Yong Chung),정기화(Ki Why Jung),김재완(Jae Wan Kim),권순경(Sun Kyung Kwon) 대한약학회 1993 약학회지 Vol.37 No.1

This study was initiated to investigate the effective action and mechanism of GE-132 (Carboxyethylgermanium sesquioxide)on benzo(a)pyrene, which have strong carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. To confirm desmutagenic effect (inhibition of metabolic processes of benzo(a)pyrene with S9 Mix or inactivation of the mutagenicity of benzo(a)pyrene metabolites) and antimutagenic effect (inhibition of gene-expression of reverted genes) of GE-132 against benzo(a)pyrene using with Salmonella typhimurium TA98 Ames test was performed. The revertants in desmutagenicity test were decreased significantly in the combined groups of benzo(a)pyrene and GE-132 than benzo(a)pyrene only, without inhibition the metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene by S9 Mix. The ideal combined groups of benzo(a)pyrene and GE-132 were lOmcM and 10mg, 20mcM and 20mg, lOOmcM and 30mg, respectively. Then, the revertants in antimutagenicity test, which was studied the direct action of GE-132 on the induction of revertant cells by Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and activated benzo(a)pyrene were decreased significantly in the treated groups of GE-132 than no treated groups. The number of revertants of Salmonella typhimurium TA98 were reduced with increasing amounts of GE-132. From the above results, it was found that GE-132 inactivated the mutagenic metabolites of benzo(a)pyrene without inhibition of the enzyme action in the S9 Mix, and GE-132 showed antimutagenic effect which have inhibitory action of reverted gene expression.

수입농산물 가공식품 중 벤조피렌, 다이옥신 분석 및 비스페놀 A 함량 분석과 안전성 평가

김경지(Gyeong-Ji Kim),안정희(Jeung Hee An),이권재(Kwon-Jai Lee) 한국식품영양과학회 2021 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.50 No.6

본 연구는 수입산 농산물 가공식품 내의 오염물질인 벤조피렌과 다이옥신의 잔류 정도를 확인하고 포장재로부터 비스페놀 A의 검출 정도를 분석하였으며 국민영양조사를 참고하여 벤조피렌과 다이옥신의 인체 노출량을 평가하였다. 사용된 수입농산물 가공식품은 훈제육, 훈제생선, 라면, 튀긴 채소류 등이며, 이 중 벤조피렌은 17건, 다이옥신은 8건, 비스페놀 A는 13건에서 분석을 진행하였다. 수입산 농산물 가공식품에서의 벤조피렌 검출범위는 0.03~1.71 μg/kg이었으며, 중국산 라조장이 가장 높은 벤조피렌 함량을 보였고 훈제한 전갱이(필리핀)에서도 0.88 μg/kg의 벤조피렌이 검출되었다. 벤조피렌의 인체 노출량의 경우 라조장(중국산)과 훈제 전갱이(필리핀)에서 0 ng/kg b.w./d로 나타났다. 이는 한국인의 라조장과 훈제 전갱이의 1일 섭취량이 적기 때문으로 보인다. 반면, 양파의 1일 섭취량이 많았기 때문에 양파 플레이크(파키스탄)의 인체 노출량은 0.15 ng/kg b.w./d로 높게 나타났다. 다이옥신 함량은 베이컨(스위스, 덴마크, 아일랜드)에서 0.0019 pg WHO-TEQ/g으로 가장 높았으나, 다이옥신의 인체 노출량은 모든 시료에서 0 pg TEQ/kg b.w./d로 나타나 안전한 수준이었다. 또한, 비스페놀 A도 13종의 시료에서 모두 불검출되었다. 본 연구에 사용된 수입농산물 가공식품은 식품의약품안전처에서 제시한 기준규격에 비해 낮은 수준으로 나타났다. 그러나 벤조피렌의 경우 원료나 제조환경에 따라 함량이 증가할 수 있으며 국내산 가공식품을 대체하여 수입산 농산물 가공식품의 섭취 시 벤조피렌의 인체 노출량이 높은 수준으로 증가할 것으로 보이므로 수입산 농산물 가공식품의 장기적인 섭취는 주의할 필요가 있다. This study estimated the contents of benzo[a]pyrene (17 samples), dioxin (8 samples), and bisphenol A (13 samples) in imported agricultural processed foods (smoked meat, smoked fish, noodles, fried vegetable, oil, etc.). We further analyzed the estimated lifetime average daily intake of benzo[a]pyrene and dioxin. The benzo[a]pyrene levels in imported agricultural processed foods ranged from 0.03 to 1.71 μg/kg. The highest benzo[a]pyrene content was found in black chili bean sauce produced in China. However, the estimated lifetime average daily intake of benzo[a]pyrene showed high levels in onion flakes produced in Pakistan. The highest dioxin content was obtained in bacon (Switzerland, Denmark, Ireland), at 0.0019 pg WHO-TEQ/g. The exposure assessment of dioxin was 0 pg TEQ/kg b.w./d for all samples. Furthermore, bisphenol A was not detected in any sample. In general, the contents of benzo[a]pyrene, dioxin and bisphenol A in processed foods from imported agricultural products were found to be lower than the standard levels proposed by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. However, there is a possibility that the average intake of benzo[a]pyrene will increase to the high level if the domestic processed foods are replaced with imported agricultural processed foods and continually consumed. Therefore, we propose the necessity of being attentive to the long-term consumption of imported agricultural processed foods.

오미자 메탄올 추출액이 흰쥐에 있어서 Benzo(a)pyrene에 이해 유도된 간장해에 미치는 영향

이윤경 동아시아식생활학회 1995 동아시아식생활학회지 Vol.5 No.1

The protective effect of omija methanol extract on benzo(a)pyrene induce liver injury was studied in rats in vitro and in vivo. In vitro experiment, primary cultured hepatocytes(5${\times}$105cells/$m\ell$) were cultured for 20∼24 hours after adding omija methanol extract(5.1$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$) and B(a)P(50$\mu\textrm{m}$) in culture medium. In vivo experiment, omija methanol extract(0.1g/kg/day, per os) was administered for 7days and B(a)P(0.1mg/kg body weight, intraperitoneally) was given to the rats after the last administration of extract. Omija methanol extract significantly recovered serum enzyme activities(AST, ALT and LDH) and lipid contents(total cholesterol, triglyceride and HDL-cholesterol) changed by benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) to normal levels in vivo. In vitro experiment, as a result of 3-(4, 5-dimethlythiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide(MTT) assay, omija methanol extract showed a little hepatotoxicity compared with group I (normal) but significantly recovered enzyme activities(AST, ALT and LDH) changed by B(a)P in comparison to group IIadministered B(a)P only. It was suggested that omija methanol extract has a protective effect on liver injury induced by B(a)P.

Screening of Ecotoxicant Responsive Genes and Expression Analysis of Benzo[a]pyrene-exposed Rockfish (Sebastes schlgeli)

Yum, Seung-Shic,Woo, Seon-Ock,Lee, Taek-Kyun The Korean Society of Toxicogenomics and Toxicopro 2006 Molecular & cellular toxicology Vol.2 No.2

Benzo[a]pyrene is a representative ecotoxicant in marine environment and a model compound of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which has an ability to bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms. This study aimed to identify molecular biomarkers suitable for assessing environmental pollution using a microarray technique. We examined the effects of benzo[a]pyrene on gene expressions in the rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli. We constructed the subtractive cDNA library with hepatic RNA from benzo[a]pyrene-exposed and non-exposed control fish. From the library 10,000 candidate clones were selected randomly and cDNA microarray was constructed. We determined benzo[a]pyrene-responsive genes using a high-density microarray. Statistical analysis showed that approximately 400 genes are significantly induced or reduced by benzo[a]pyrene treatment ($2\;{\mu}m$). Especially gene expression changes of 4 candidate clones among the up- or down-regulated genes were investigated in 6, 12 and 24 hr BaP-exposed fish groups. Many methods have been developed to monitor marine environmental status, which depend on quantifying the levels of the toxic components in polluted seawater or on ecological accessing, such as species diversity or richness. However, those methods could not provide information on physiological or genetic changes induced by such environmental stresses. Comparing with the conventional methods, these data will propose that benzo[a]pyrene-responsive genes can be useful for biological risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on marine organism at molecular level.

Inhibitory effect of Phenethyl Isothiocyanate Against Benzo[a] Pyrene-Induced Rise in CYP1A1 mRNA and Apoprotein Levels as its Chemopreventive Properties

Razis, Ahmad Faizal Abdull,Konsue, Nattaya,Ioannides, Costas Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2015 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.16 No.7

Background: Phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), the most comprehensively studied aromatic isothiocyanate, has been shown to act as an anti-cancer agent mainly through modulation of biotransformation enzymes responsible for metabolizing carcinogens in the human body. Humans are often exposed to carcinogenic factors, some of which through the diet, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon benzo[a]pyrene via the consumption of over-cooked meats. Inhibition of the enzymes responsible for the bioactivation of this carcinogen, for example CYP1A1, the major enzyme required for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) bioactivation, is recognized as a chemoprevention strategy. Objective: To evaluate the inhibitory effects of PEITC against benzo[a]pyrene-induced rise in rat liver CYP1A1 mRNA and apoprotein levels. Materials and Methods: Precision cut rat liver slices were treated with benzo[a]pyrene at 1 and $5{\mu}M$ in the presence of PEITC ($1-25{\mu}M$) for 24 hours, followed by determination of CYP1A1 mRNA and apoprotein levels using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting. Results: Findings revealed that PEITC inhibited benzo[a]pyrene-induced rise in rat liver CYP1A1 mRNA in a dose-dependent manner as well as the apoprotein levels of CYP1A. Conclusions: It was demonstrated that PEITC can directly inhibit the bioactivation of benzo[a]pyrene, indicating chemopreventive potential.

Benzo[a]pyrene Alters the Expression of Genes in A549 Lung Cancer Cells and Cancer Stem Cells

( Yesol Bak ),( Hui-joo Jang ),( Ji-hye Seo ),( Su-hyun No ),( Jung-il Chae ),( Jintae Hong ),( Do-young Yoon ) 한국미생물생명공학회 2018 Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol.28 No.3

Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, is a principal component of cigarette smoke. B[a]P can cause lung carcinogenesis and plays a key role in lung cancer progression. The role of B[a]P has been reported in lung cancer, but its effects on lung cancer stem cells (CSCs) have not been investigated. Emerging evidence indicates that CSCs are associated with carcinogenesis, tumor initiation, relapse, and metastasis. Therefore, targeting CSCs to defeat cancer is a challenging issue in the clinic. This study explored whether B[a]P alters gene expression in lung cancer cells and CSCs. The lung adenocarcinoma A549 cell line was used to investigate the role of B[a]P on lung cancer cells and lung CSCs using microarray and quantitative PCR. B[a]P (1 μM) provoked gene expression changes in A549 cancer cells and CSCs by deregulating numerous genes. Gene pathway analysis was performed using GeneMANIA and GIANT. We identified genes that were coexpressed and showed physical interactions. These findings improve our understanding of the mechanism of B[a]P in lung cancer and cancer stem cells and can be an attractive therapeutic target.