The Association between Nuts Intake and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Risk: a Case-Control Study

( Omid Asbaghi ),( Hadi Emamat ),( Mahnaz Rezaei Kelishadi ),( Azita Hekmatdoost ) 한국임상영양학회 2020 Clinical Nutrition Research Vol.9 No.3

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease. Nuts are nutrient- and calorie-dense foods with several health-promoting compounds. In this case-control study, we investigated the association between nut intake and NAFLD risk. Hundred ninety-six subjects with NAFLD and eight hundred three controls were recruited. The participants' dietary intakes were assessed by a valid and reliable semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Participants were categorized according to deciles of daily nuts intake. Multivariable logistic regression models were used with NAFLD as the dependent and deciles of daily nuts intake as an independent variables. Range of age was 18 to 75 years. Forty three percent of participants were male. Range of nuts intake was between 0 to 90.90 g/day. In model 3, after adjusting for potential confounding variables including, age, sex, BMI, alcohol consumption, smoking, diabetes and physical activity, the relation between daily nuts intake and risk of NAFLD was positive and significant in the deciles 9 and 10 compared to the lowest decile (odds ratio [OR], 3.22; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04-7.49; p = 0.039 and OR, 3.03; 95% CI, 1.03-8.90; p = 0.046, respectively). However, in the final model after additional adjusting for energy intake, no significant association was found. According to the findings, there is not any significant relationship between nuts intake and NAFLD risk; while higher intake of nuts is related to the higher risk of NAFLD mediated by energy intake.

The Effect of a Granule-type Anti-hangover Compound, Quechung, on Acute Alcohol-induced Hangover in Healthy Subjects : a Randomized Crossover Study

Subham Sharma,Johny Bajgai,Ailyn Fadriquela,Md. Habibur Rahman,Trinh Thi Thuy,Seong-Hoon Goh,Cheol-Su Kim,Kijong Yu,Kyu-Jae Lee 한국물학회 2020 한국물학회지 Vol.8 No.1

About two billion people in the world drink alcoholic products and among them, more than 76 million are suffering from serious alcoholic disorder including hangover. Hanover can be caused by the by-products which are produced in the process of alcohol metabolism such as acetaldehyde and acetate in human body. There are various type of anti-hangover-related commercial products which can help to somewhat reduce hangover symptoms. In this study, we investigated the effects of Quechung which is a granule-type of anti-hangover compounds containing functional substances such as HK mycelial culture of Lentinus edodes, Hovenia dulcis fruit extract, Lactobicillus fermentum MG590 and so on. The subjects were 20 healthy men and women, and washout period for the crossover design was 7 days. Participants were randomly divided into two groups: the control group (alcohol + purified water) and the experimental group (alcohol + Quechung). The experimental group was first supplied with the anti-hangover compound before and after 30 min of 20% alcohol intake (7.8 g/kg body weight). Blood pressure, temperature, heart rate, and alcohol concentration in breath and blood were measured one time before alcohol intake and also 3 times after Quechung intake at an interval of 1 h. Biochemical parameters such as albumin, electrolytes, lipid profile, liver function markers, alcohol level in breath and blood, acetaldehyde concentration were analyzed. Consequently, breath alcolol concentration was lower in the experimental group than control group after 1 h, especially showed statistical difference in female. Blood alcohol concentration before and after treatment also showed significant decrease in experimental group, whereas blood acetaldehyde showed significant increase in control group. Especially female participants showed higher effect than male. In the reslut of AST, experimental group showed little difference before and after treatment but control group showed significant increase, in addition female much higher effect than male. Taken together, this anti-hangover compound, Quechung, clinically showed the hangover-relieving effect on the acute alcohol-induced hangover symptom based on the positive results of alcohol concentration, acetaldehyde concentration, and level of liver function markers etc. in addition, Quechung also can influence on the protection of liver and blood vessel. This clinical study has a significance in that it provides scientific evidence to systemically establish database for the effectiveness and efficiency of the commercial anti-hangover products, and to help consummer’s easy choice and their better health.

N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate 수용체 길항제 memantine의 투여가 C57BL/6형 생쥐의 알코올 섭취량에 미치는 영향

김현경(Hyeun Kyeung Kim),김성곤(Sung Gon Kim),김지훈(Ji Hoon Kim),신수미(Su Mi Shin),이상신(Sang Shin Lee),배소현(So Hyun Bae),김호찬(Ho Chan Kim) 한국생명과학회 2009 생명과학회지 Vol.19 No.4

알코올 의존과 N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) 수용체와 밀접한 관계가 있을 수 있다는 연구들이 있는데, 즉 NMDA 수용체가 알코올의 금단, 내성의 발생과 관련이 있다는 연구 결과들이다. 그러나 NMDA 수용체 길항제가 알코올 의존의 재발 예방에 효과가 있을 것이라는 것에 대해서는 아직 논란이 되고 있다. 본 연구는 유전적으로 알코올을 선호하는 C57BL/6형 생쥐를 이용하여 유한접근법으로 NMDA 수용체 길항제인 memantine을 5, 25, 50 ㎎/㎏으로 각각 투여하였을 때 알코올 섭취량에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 알코올 의존화된 C57BL/6형 수컷 생쥐를 5군으로 나눈 뒤, 12일간 각 군에 vehicle, naltrexone 1.0 ㎎/㎏, memantine 5, 25, 50 ㎎/㎏으로 각각 투여하면서 알코올의 섭취량, 물 섭취량, 사료 섭취량 및 체중을 조사하였다. 본 연구의 결과, 2시간 알코올 섭취량의 12일간 변화에 대해 vehicle 투여군과 naltrexone, memantine 5, 25, 50 ㎎/㎏ 투여군 각각의 군을 repeated measure ANOVA를 이용하여 비교하였을 때, naltrexone (df=4, F=11.827, p<0.01), memantine 5 ㎎/㎏ (df=4, F=7.999, p<0.01), memantine 25 ㎎/㎏ (df=4, F=6.199, p<0.05) 및 memantine 50 mg/kg (df=4, F=10.522, p<0.01) 투여군에서 각각 유의한 군과 일수의 상호작용을 보였다. 그러나 22시간 물 섭취량, 24시간 사료섭취량 및 체중의 12일간 변화에 대해서는 vehicle 투여군과 memantine 투여군 3군 각각에서 유의한 상호작용이 없었다. 한편, vehicle 투여군과 naltrexone 투여군 간에는 체중의 변화에서 유의한 군과 일수의 상호작용을 보였고, 22시간 물 섭취량 및 24시간 사료 섭취량에서는 유의한 상호 작용이 없었다. 이상의 결과는 NMDA 수용체 길항제인 memantine을 생쥐에게 투여하였을 때 알코올 섭취량에 영향을 줄 수 있다는 것을 의미한다. 이는 앞으로 부작용은 적으면서 치료 효과는 우수한 알코올 의존 재발 예방 치료제 개발의 가능성을 제안하고 있다. Previous studies reported that the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor is related to alcohol dependence in terms of developing withdrawal or tolerance, however, it is controversial whether NMDA receptor antagonists are effective in preventing relapse in alcohol-dependent patients or not. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of memantine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, on alcohol intake in C57BL/6 mice, which prefer drinking hereditarily. Using limited access procedures in C57BL/6 mice in the state of alcohol dependence, vehicle, naltrexone 1.0 ㎎/㎏ or, memantine 5, 25, or 50 ㎎/㎏ i.p. was administered respectively for twelve days. Medication effects on 2-hours alcohol, 22-hour water, and 24-hour food intake and body weight were studied. Using repeated measure ANOVA, the naltrexone 1 ㎎/㎏, memantine 5, 25, or 50 ㎎/㎏, and vehicle groups showed significant medication by day interaction (naltrexone, df=4, F=11.827, p<0.01, memantine 5 mg/kg, df=4, F=7.999, p<0.01; memantine 25 ㎎/㎏, df=4, F=6.199, p<0.05; memantine 50 mg/kg, df=4, F=10.522, p<0.01) in 2-hour alcohol intake. In 3 memantine groups, there was no significant medication by day interaction with the vehicle group in 22-hour water intake, 24-hour food intake, or body weight. The naltrexone and vehicle groups showed significant medication by day interaction in body weight, but not in 22-hour water or 24-hour food intake. From these results, it is suggested that memantine treatment can affect alcohol intake in mice. Therefore, it is possible that a pure NMDA receptor antagonist is effective in preventing relapse in alcohol-dependent patients.

Naltrexone과 ondansetron의 병합투여가 C57BL/6형 생쥐의 알코올 섭취량에 미치는 영향

김현경(Hyeun Kyeung Kim),김성곤(Sung Gon Kim),강철중(Cheol Joong Kang),박상익(Sang Ick Park),김원호(Won Ho Kim) 한국생명과학회 2007 생명과학회지 Vol.17 No.11

알코올 의존의 음주 행동에 VTA에서 NA로 뻗어 있는 도파민 대뇌 보상 경로가 중요하다. 이러한 경로의 도파민 활성도가 5-HT₃계 신경에 의하여 조정되고 있으며, 5-HT3 수용체 길항제인 ondansetron (OND)이 알코올리즘 환자에서 음주량을 감소시키고 금주률을 높인다는 보고가 있다. 이에 생쥐의 섭취량에 대하여 5-HT₃수용체 길항제인 ondansetron의 투여 효과와, 이러한 ondansetron 및 비 특이적 아편계 수용체 길항제인 naltrexone (NTX)과의 병합 투여 효과를 검증하는데 목적이 있다. 알코올 의존화된 C57BL/6형 수컷 생쥐를 4군으로 나눈 뒤, 10일간 각 군에 vehicle, OND 0.01 ㎎/㎏ 단독, NTX 1.0 ㎎/㎏ 단독, 및 OND 0.01 ㎎/㎏과 NTX 1 ㎎/㎏ 병합 투여하면서 2시간 알코올의 섭취량, 22시간 물 섭취량, 24시간 사료 섭취량 및 체중을 조사하였다. 본 연구의 결과로 2시간 알코올 섭취량의 10일간 변화에 대해 vehicle 투여 군과 나머지 3군의 약물 투여군과 repeated measure ANOVA를 이용하여 각각 비교하였을 때, vehicle 투여군과 NTX 단독 투여군간에 유의한 교차가 관찰되었으나 (p=0.042), OND 단독 투여군과 NTX과 OND 병합 투여군은 vehicle 투여군과 유의한 차이가 없었다. 일별 2시간 알코올 섭취량에 대하여 NTX 투여군과 vehicle 투여군의 군간 비교시 vehicle 투여군에 비하여 NTX 투여군에서 약물투여 4일부터 10일까지 유의하게 감소하였다(4일 p=0.010; 6일 p=0.050; 8일 p=0.017; 10일 p=0.005). 그리고 NTX과 OND 병합 투여군과 vehicle 투여군의 양군을 비교하였을 때에는 2시간 알코올 섭취량이 4일과 10일에만 유의하게 감소하였다(4일 p=0.049; 10일 p=0.022). 그러나 22시간 물 섭취량, 24시간 사료 섭취량 및 체중의 10일간 변화에 대해 vehicle 투여군과 나머지 3 군의 약물 투여군과의 repeated measure ANOVA를 이용하여 각각 비교하였을 때, 모두 유의한 교차효과가 없었다. 이상의 결과는 생쥐의 섭취량에 대하여 OND의 투여 효과는 없었으며, OND과 NTX의 병합 투여시에는 NTX의 알코올의 섭취량 억제 효과가 감소되었다. 따라서 앞으로 5-HT3 신경계와 도파민 및 아편 신경계와의 상관관계에 대한 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다. Dopamine reward pathway projecting from ventral tegmental area to nucleus accumbens is well known as playing an important role in alcohol dependence. It is supposed that this dopamine pathway is modulated by 5-HT₃ nervous system, and it was reported that ondansetron (OND), 5-HT₃ receptor antagonist, reduced drinking amount and increased abstinence rate in alcohol-dependent patients. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of combination of OND and naltrexone (NTX), non-specific opioid receptor antagonist, on alcohol intake in C57BL/6 mice. In 40 C57BL/6 mice in the state of alcohol dependence, vehicle, while OND 0.01 ㎎/㎏, or NTX 1.0 ㎎/㎏ administrated respectively, or OND 0.01 ㎎/㎏ and NTX 1.0 ㎎/㎏ administrated simultaneously for ten days, medication effects on 2-hr alcohol, 22-hr water, 24-hr food intake and body weight were studied. When vehicle group was compared with 3 medication groups respectively, using a repeated measure ANOVA, NTX alone and vehicle groups showed a significant medication by time interaction (p=0.042) in 2-hr alcohol intake, but in the other 2 groups, OND and NTX combination group and OND alone group, there was no significant interaction with vehicle group in 2-hr alcohol intake. From these results, it is suggested that there is no effect on alcohol intake in mice treating with OND, and naltrexone's suppression effect on alcohol intake in mice is attenuated when treating with OND and NTX simultaneously. It is supposed that a further study looking at the interactions of serotonin, dopamine and opioid nerves systems will be needed.

GABA 고함유 흑찰거대배아미의 투여가 C57BL/6형 생쥐의 알코올 섭취량에 미치는 영향

김현경(Hyeun-Kyeung Kim),김성곤(Sung-Gon Kim),이진성(Jin-Sung Lee),이상신(Sang-Shin Lee),정우영(Woo-Young Jung),한상익(Sang-Ik Han),김병주(Byung-Ju Kim) 한국생명과학회 2013 생명과학회지 Vol.23 No.5

본 실험은 일반미보다 GABA 함량이 많은 흑찰거대배아미(밀양263호) 및 거대배아미와 일반미를 C57BL/6 생쥐에게 16일 동안 자유 섭취시키면서 2시간 알코올 섭취량, 22시간 물 섭취량 및 체중의 변화 등을 조사하였다. 그 결과 흑찰거대배아미 및 거대배아미와 일반미 3군과 2시간 알코올 섭취량의 일변화에 대해 repeated measure ANOVA를 실시하였을 때, 유의한 차이가 관찰되었다(df=16, F=3.109, p=0.004). 일별 2시간 알코올 섭취량에 대하여 흑찰거대배아미군과 일반미군의 양군간 비교시 일반미군에 비하여 흑찰거대배아미군에서 자유 섭취 후 2일째부터 16일째까지 지속적으로 유의하게 감소하였다. 또한 흑찰거대배아미군과 일반미군 2군을 각각 군내 비교를 하였을 때, 일반미 섭취군의 경우에는 섭취전과 유의한 차이가 없었으나, 흑찰거대배아미 군에서는 섭취 전에 비하여 섭취 후 4일째부터 16일째까지 유의하게 감소하였다. 한편 22시간 물 섭취량의 일변화와 체중의 일변화에 대해서 repeated measure ANOVA를 실시하였을 때에도 유의한 교차가 없었다. 그러나 쌀 섭취량의 일변화에 대한 repeated measure ANOVA를 실시하였을 때에 유의한 차이가 관찰되었다(df=16, F=7.145, p=0.001). 이러한 2시간 알코올 섭취량의 변화의 결과는 일반미와의 성분비교에서 흑찰거대배아미에 많이 함유되어 있는 GABA 등에 의한 것으로 추정할 수 있다. It is known that black sticky rice with giant embryo (BSRGB, Milyang 263) and giant embryo rice (GER) contains higher levels of GABA than rice. Therefore, feeding BSRGB, GER, or rice freely to C57BL/6 mice with two-hour alcohol intake for 16 days was investigated. For two-hour alcohol intake, a repeated measure ANOVA (three treatment groups repeated across 16 days; 8 two-day blocks) yielded a significant group by block interaction (df=16, F=3.109, p=0.004). The independent t-test showed that significant suppression of two-hour alcohol intake was observed when subjects were administered with BSRGB, compared with the rice alone across all the two-day blocks (p<0.05). The paired t-test revealed that a significant suppression of two-hour alcohol intake was observed starting 4 to 16 days after freely feeding with BSRGB compared to before feeding. However, there is no significant difference in the two-hour alcohol intake observed between the before and after administration of rice. A repeated measure ANOVA revealed no significant group by block interaction for 22-hour water intake and body weight. However, a repeated measure ANOVA revealed a significant grouping by block interaction for food intake. These results indicate a change of two-hour alcohol intake is presumably caused by GABA, which is found in higher levels in BSRGB than in rice.

음주와 흡연, 육류섭취, 운동의 관계

이미옥(Miok Lee),이광옥(Kwang Ok Lee),정명지(Myoungjee Jung) 한국컴퓨터정보학회 2018 韓國컴퓨터情報學會論文誌 Vol.23 No.6

This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between drinking, smoking, meat intake, and exercise. The participants were 1,060 males and females who voluntarily responded to the survey by visiting the health promotion booth at the H Festival held in C city in 2014. Research data were collected in interview form using questionnaires on alcohol use, smoking, exercise, and meat intake. The data were analyzed by descriptive analysis, cross tabulation analysis, multinominal logistic regression after stratification of gender using the SPSS 24 program. The results of the study are as follows: Smokers had a significantly higher frequency of drinking (x²=163.33, p<.001) than non-smokers. Meat intake was high when alcohol use was high (x²=35.13, p<.001). The risk rates for smoking, meat consumption, and exercise related to alcohol use are as follows. The smoking was higher as the frequency of drinking increased. For men, smoking OR(odd ratio) was 6.26 (p=.001) and for women, smoking risk OR was 16.82 (p=.002). Meats intake showed a higher OR as the alcohol use increased. The OR of almost daily ingestion of meat at frequent drinking days was 4.40 (p=.002) for males and 4.52(p=.009) for females. As the frequency of drinking increased, the OR of days of exercise tended to decrease. In men, the OR was 0.36 (p=.003), the lowest in the probability of exercising more than 5 days when drinking high. In the case of women drinking less than once a week, the OR was 0.43 (p=.027), which was the lowest for exercise for 5 days or more. In conclusion, the higher the frequency of drinking, the higher the smoking and meat intake, and the less exercise. If drinking, smoking, and meat intake are high but there is a lack of exercise, a chronic disease can occur and cause premature death unless there is a change in the new health behavior. The results of this study suggest researches to understand the motives related to alcohol abstinence, smoking cessation, dietary control and exercise, and to develop programs.

대구지역 성인 남성의 녹차와 음료 섭취 습관에 따른 영양소 섭취

정숙영(Jung Suk young),최미자(Mi-Ja Choi) 한국차학회 2015 한국차학회지 Vol.21 No.2

This study examined the association of beverage consumption (green tea, coffee and alcohol) on the nutrient intake. The average age, height, weight, and BMI of the subjects were 44.6 years, 171.3 cm, 70.3 kg, and 24.0 kg/cm2, respectively. The mean energy, protein, dietary fiber, calcium, and sodium intakes were 2,082 kcal, 78.3 g, 20.1 g, 554.9 mg, and 4,605 mg, respectively. The carbohydrate, dietary fiber, calcium, phosphorus, and folate intakes in the more alcohol drinking group were significantly lower than those of the less or no alcohol drinking group. On the other hand, the cholesterol intake in the more alcohol drinking group was significantly higher than that of the less alcohol drinking group. No significant differences in the nutrient intake were observed according to the frequency of green tea and coffee consumption. The nutrient adequacy ratio for calcium and folate was significantly higher in the subjects who did not drink alcohol than those who drank more than 3 times per week. These results suggest that green tea and coffee consumption do not affect the nutrient intake of the participants. On th other hand, alcohol consumption had negative effects on the nutrient intake. In conclusion, the consumption of alcohol decreases the nutritional quality of the diet, while the consumption of green tea and coffee does not.

μ형 및 δ형 아편계 수용체 길항제가 C57BL/6형 생쥐의 알코올 섭취량에 미치는 영향

김성곤,이국희,김명정 釜山大學校 醫科大學 精神科學敎室 1998 釜山精神醫學 Vol.7 No.-

C57BL/6형 생쥐에게 μ형 아편계 수용체 길항제 CTOP와 δ형 아편계 수용체 길항제 naltrindole을 투여하였을 때 2시간 알코올 섭취량, 22시간 물과 24시간 사료 섭취량의 약물 투여 전후간 차이를 조사하였다. 그 결과는 아래와 같다. 첫째, 생리적 식염수 투여군에서는 2시간 알코올 섭취량, 22시간 물 및 24시간 사료 섭취량 모두 투여 전후간에 유의한 차이가 없었다. 둘째, CTOP 0.1㎎/㎏ 및 CTOP 1.0㎎/㎏ 투여군 모두에게 2시간 알코올 섭취량이 약물 투여 전에 비하여 약물 투여 후에 유의하게 감소되었으며, 22시간 물 섭취량은 약물 투여 전후간에 유의한 차이가 없었다. 그리고 24시간 사료 섭취량이 CTOP 0.1㎎/㎏ 투여 군에서는 약물 투여 전후간에 유의한 차이가 없었으나, CTOP 1.0㎎/㎏ 투여 군에서는 약물 투여 전에 비하여 약물 투여 후에 유의하게 감소되었다. 세째, 2시간 알코올 섭취량이 naltrindole 5 ㎎/㎏ 투여 군에서는 약물 투여 전후간에 유의한 차이가 없었으나, naltrindole 10 ㎎/㎏ 투여 군에서는 약물 투여 전에 비하여 약물 투여 후에 유의하게 감소되었다. naltrindole 5 ㎎/㎏ 및 naltrindole 10 ㎎/㎏ 투여군 모두에서 22시간 물 섭취량 및 24시간 사료 섭취량은 약물 투여 전후간에 유의한 차이가 없었다. 이상의 결과는 μ형 및 δ형 아편계 수용체 모두가 알코올 섭취 행동 감소에 연관이 있다는 것을 시사하고 있으며, 따라서 μ형 및 δ형 아편계 수용체 모두 알코올의 강화 효과와 연관이 있을 것으로 생각된다. Effect of p-opioid receptor antagonist, CTOP and 6-opioid receptor antagonist, naltrindole on 2 hour alcohol, 22 hour water and 24 hour food in-take was studied in C57BL/6 mice. The results are summarized as follows : 1) Pretreatment of saline did not effect any change in 2 hour alcohol, 22 hour water and 24 hour food intake. 2) Significant reduction in 2 hour alcohol in-take was resulted by pretreatment of CTOP in both 0.1 mg/kg and 1.0 mg/kg doses. Twenty-two hour water intake was not changed by pretreatment of CTOP in both dose groups. Twenty-four hour food intake was reduced significantly by pre-treatment of CTOP 1.0 mg/kg, but not by CTOP 0.1 mg/kg. 3) Two hour alcohol intake was reduced significantly by pretreatment of naltrindole 10 mg/kg, but not by naltrindole 5 mg/kg. Twenty-two hour water and 24 hour food intake were not changed by pretreatment of naltrindole in both dose groups. From these results, it is suggested that both N-and &-opioid receptors are involved in the reduction of alcohol intake in C57BL/6 mice.

알코올 섭취량에 따른 한의변증설문(DSOM)의 타당성에 대한 연구

홍상훈,김정은,김성환,박상은,홍수현,강창완,이인선,Hong, Sang-Hoon,Kim, Jung-Eun,Kim, Sung-Hwan,Park, Sang-Eun,Hong, Su-Hvun,Kang, Chang-Wan,Lee, In-Sun 대한한방내과학회 2009 大韓韓方內科學會誌 Vol.30 No.1

Purpose : This study was conducted to find the possibility of DSOM (Diagnosis System of Oriental Medicine) as a diagnostic method according to alcohol intake. Method : 49 men who drink alcohol over 40g per day and whose AUDIT scores were over 12 were allocated to the drinker group. 30 men who do not drink alcohol at all were allocated to the control (non-drinker) group. The study period was from June 15, 2006 to September 30, 2008. All of both groups were analyzed using DSOM. Result : There were some differences between the drinker group and the non-drinker group in stagnation of Ki(氣滯), deficiency of Yin(陰虛), insufficiency of Yang(陽虛), heat syndrome(熱), dryness (燥), and lung(肺). A group whose gamma-GTP is over twice the normal condition shows meaningful difference in stagnation of Ki(氣滯), heat syndrome(熱), dryness(燥), and insufficiency of Yang(陽虛). Conclusion : We found out that DSOM can be a diagnostic method on alcoholic liver disease patients. However, other studies to supplement it should be continued.

Association Between Protein Intake From Different Animal and Plant Origins and the Risk of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Case-Control Study

Yasaman Khazaei,Narges Dehghanseresht,Sara Ebrahimi Mousavi,Matin Nazari,Shekoufeh Salamat,Omid Asbaghi,Anahita Mansoori 한국임상영양학회 2023 Clinical Nutrition Research Vol.12 No.1

Previous studies have frequently reviewed how different macronutrients affect liver health. Still, no study centered around protein intake and the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) risk relationship. This study aimed to examine the association between the consumption of total and different sources of protein and NAFLD risk. We allocated 243 eligible subjects to the case and control groups, including 121 incidence cases of NAFLD, and 122 healthy controls. Two groups were matched in age, body mass index, and sex. We evaluated the usual food intake of participants using FFQ. Binary logistic regression was conducted to estimate the risk of NAFLD in relation to different sources of protein intake. The age of participants was 42.7 years on average, and 53.1% were male. We found Higher intake of protein in total (odds ratio [OR], 0.24; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.11–0.52) was significantly associated with a lower risk of NAFLD, despite adjusting for multiple confounders. in detail, higher tendency to the vegetables (OR, 0.28; 95% CI, 0.13–0.59), grains (OR, 0.24; 95% CI, 0.11–0.52), and nuts (OR, 0.25; 95% CI, 0.12–0.52) as the main sources of protein, were remarkably correlated with lower NAFLD risk. In contrary, increased intake of meat protein (OR, 3.15; 95% CI, 1.46–6.81) was positively associated with a higher risk. Totally, more calorie intake from proteins was inversely associated with lower NAFLD risk. This was more likely when the protein sources were selected less from meats and more from plants. Accordingly, increasing the consumption of proteins, particularly from plants, may be a good recommendation to manage and prevent NAFLD.