하수처리장의 탄소중립 방안 연구

안세영(Seyoung Ahn),김해림(Haerim Kim) 대한환경공학회 2024 대한환경공학회지 Vol.46 No.7

목적: 현대 사회에서 하수처리장은 필수적인 사회 기반 시설이지만, 동시에 온실가스를 방출하는 주요 배출원이다. 기후 위기를 완화하고 지속 가능한 사회로 나아가기 위해 하수처리장의 온실가스 배출량을 감축하는 것은 시급한 과제이며, 이를 위해서는 기술적 개선과 제도적 장치의 통합적 접목이 필요하다. 방법: 하수처리장의 온실가스 배출량 감축의 기본 전략으로는 배출원의 세분화와 정량화, 온실가스 감축 시설 도입, 물 사용량 절감 정책의 시행을 고려할 수 있다. 본 연구는 공정모델링 소프트웨어와 기존 배출계수를 활용하여 하수처리 과정에서 발생하는 온실가스 세부 배출량을 산정한다. 또한, 하수처리장의 기준선(baseline)을 설정하고, 기술적 방법인 혐기성소화조와 열병합발전 (combined heat and power, CHP) 시스템을 도입하여 각 시설의 온실가스 감축 효과를 분석한다. 제도적 접근 방식으로 물발자국 (water footprint, WF) 인증제에 의한 물 사용량 감소가 하수처리장의 온실가스 배출에 미치는 영향을 평가한다. 결과 및 토의: 시나리오 분석에서 혐기성소화조를 도입한 결과, 기준선 대비 온실가스 배출량이 6.7% 감소하는 것으로 나타났으며, 혐기성소화조에 CHP 시스템을 추가할 경우 29.1%의 배출량 감소가 예측된다. 혐기성소화조에 CHP 시스템을 접목한 통합적 운영에 더하여 WF 인증제 적용으로 하수처리장의 온실가스 배출량은 기준선 대비 38.3%의 감소가 예상된다. 이러한 결과는 혐기성소화조와 CHP 시스템의 도입 및 WF 인증제 시행이 하수처리장의 탄소중립 목표 달성에 주요한 역할을 할 수 있음을 보여준다. 결론: 이러한 기술적 방법과 제도적 접근의 통합적 적용, 그리고 공정모델링을 통한 세부항목별 배출량 산정은 하수처리장의 온실가스 감축을 위한 중요한 요소로 간주 될 수 있다. Objectives : In modern society, domestic wastewater treatment plants are essential infrastructure. However these facilities are also major sources of significant greenhouse gas emissions. To mitigate the climate crisis and move towards a sustainable society, reducing greenhouse gas emissions from domestic wastewater treatment plants is an urgent task. Achieving this requires the integrated application of technological improvements and institutional measures. Methods : Fundamental strategies for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from domestic wastewater treatment plants include detailed categorization and quantification of emission sources, the implementation of greenhouse gas reduction facilities, and the enforcement of water usage reduction policies. This study uses modeling software to estimate the detailed emissions of greenhouse gases generated during the domestic wastewater treatment process. Additionally, it establishes the baseline treatment process of the domestic wastewater treatment plant and analyzes the greenhouse gas reduction effects of each facility by incorporating technological methods such as anaerobic digesters and combined heat and power (CHP) systems. Furthermore, it evaluates the impact of reducing water usage through water footprint (WF) labeling on greenhouse gas emissions from the domestic wastewater treatment plant as an institutional approach. Results and Discussion : In scenario analysis, the implementation of anaerobic digesters results in a 6.7% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions compared to the baseline, while the addition of CHP systems to anaerobic digestion is predicted to reduce emissions by 29.1%. By integrating CHP systems with anaerobic digesters and applying WF labeling, a reduction of 38.3% in greenhouse gas emissions from the domestic wastewater treatment plant compared to the baseline is anticipated. These results demonstrate the significant role of implementing anaerobic digesters, CHP systems, and WF labeling in achieving the carbon neutrality goal of domestic wastewater treatment plants. Conclusion : The integrated application of technological methods, institutional approaches, and detailed emission calculations through process modeling can be considered crucial for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from domestic wastewater treatment plants.

하수처리장 연계처리를 위한 가축분뇨 최적 처리공정 선정에 관한 연구

김충곤,신현곤 유기성자원학회 2012 유기물자원화 Vol.20 No.3

As the result of reviewing the linked treatment of water quality for treating process at public livestock wastewater treatment facilities for fair selection of the proper linked process in case of linking sewage treatment plant for livestock wastewater, in case of wastewater processed by bio-reactor that is only biologically-treated, the load factor showed relatively high as 1.67%(base on design quality), 2.59%(base on operation quality) regarding COD and 3.69%(base on design quality), 7.67%(base on operation quality) regarding CODMn but it is judged that there is nearly no influence on the operation of sewage treatment plan. And, in case of oxidized flotation-treated water & biofiltlation-treated water that are the advanced wastewater treatment, the load factor is approximately 1% and there is concern about the installation of excessive facilities in case of installing the advanced wastewater treatment. So, in case of considering the economic efficiency & stable operation of sewage treatment plant S, it is judged to be desirable to link with wastewater processed by bio-reactor that is biologically-treated. 가축분뇨처리수의 하수처리장 연계 시 적정한 연계처리 공정 선정을 위해 가축분뇨공공처리시설의 처리공정별 연계처리수질을 검토한 결과 생물학적처리만 거친 생물반응조 처리수의 경우 연계부하율이 CODMn의 경우 1.67%(설계수질 기준), 2.59%(운영수질 기준), T-P의 경우 3.69%(설계수질 기준), 7.67%(운영수질 기준)로 다소 높게 나타났으나 하수처리장 운영에 미치는 영향은 거의 없을 것으로 판단된다. 또한, 고도처리공정인 산화부상분리 처리수 및 생물여과 처리수의 경우 연계부하율은 1% 내외로 고도처리설비 설치 시 과대 설비설치의 우려가 있다. 따라서 S하수처리장의 경제성 및 안정적인 운영을 고려할 경우 생물학적처리인 생물반응조를 거친 처리수를 연계하는 것이 바람직할 것으로 판단된다.

국내 하수처리시설 에너지 등급 평가를 위한 ENERWATER의 적용 가능성에 관한 연구

박민오,이호식 한국물환경학회 2022 한국물환경학회지 Vol.38 No.5

In this study, we applied ENERWATER to evaluate the energy consumption labeling of wastewater treatment plants in Korea using the Korea sewerage statistics data. The results showed that the energy label status was excellent in the SBR process for small and medium-scale wastewater treatment plants and the A2O process for large-scale wastewater treatment plants. The energy labeling of wastewater treatment plants of 50,000 tons capacity was excellent. The statuses of metropolitan cities and Jeollanam-do province were excellent. We analyzed the effects of renewable energy on wastewater treatment plants’ energy consumption and found out that digestion gas for large-scale plants and photovoltaic energy for small-scale plants were effective inimproving energy labeling. In addition, we compared the energy labels of four wastewater treatment plants in “Z” city and wastewater treatment plant “X” had the best energy label, and the wastewater treatment plants “V” and “Y” had to be selected as priorities for the energy diagnosis and improvement project. In a comprehensive conclusion, the applicability of ENERWATER was confirmed based on sewage statistics data and labeling can be used to set priorities for the energy diagnosis and improvement project.

농촌 지역에서 유입 유량이 소규모 하수처리장 처리 효율에 미치는 영향

임지열,길경익 한국습지학회 2016 한국습지학회지 Vol.18 No.3

농촌 지역 하수도 보급은 하천, 호소 및 습지와 같은 수계 수질 보호를 위해서 반드시 필요하다. 또한 안정적인 소규모 하수처리장 운영을 위해서는 유입 유량과 농도의 변화가 큰 소규모 하수도 특성을 고려해야 한다. 본 연구에서는 봉 화군 18개의 소규모 하수처리장 운전 결과를 통해 유입유량비 (유입 유량 / 설계 유량) 특성, 소규모 하수처리장 처 리 효율에 미치는 영향과 적정 유입유량비 산정에 관한 연구를 수행하였다. 분석 결과 유입유량비는 여름철에 가장 높은 것으로 나타난 반면, 유입 하수 농도는 가을철과 겨울철에 높은 것으로 나타났다. 유입유량비가 증가할수록 처 리 효율이 증가하는 경향을 보였으며, 영양염류 처리 효율이 유기물과 부유물질 처리 효율에 비해 민감한 영향을 받 는 것으로 나타났다. 안정적인 소규모 하수처리장 처리 효율을 위해서는 유입유량비 0.8 이상을 유지해야 할 것으로 판단된다. Sewerage supply in rural community is the important for water quality protection of water system such as river, lake and wetland. And characteristic of small scale wastewater system that have wide range of inflow and concentration in sewage should be considered for stable operation of small scale wastewater treatment plant. In this research, characteristics of flow ratio (flow / designed flow), effect on treatment efficiency of small scale wastewater treatment plant and assessment of optimal flow ratio were conducted through analysis on operation result of 18 small scale wastewater treatment plant in Bong-hwa gun. As a result, flow ratio shows the higher value during summer. However pollutants concentration in sewage was shown the higher concentration during autumn and winter. Treatment of small scale wastewater treatment plant is increased when flow ratio increased, and nutrient treatment efficiency is more sensitive to change of flow ratio than organic compound and suspended solids. According to this research result, it need to be maintained flow ratio 0.8 over value for stable treatment efficiency of small scale wastewater treatment plant.

Nanowastes treatment in environmental media

Younghun Kim 환경독성보건학회 2014 환경독성보건학회지 Vol.29 No.-

Objectives : This paper tried to review a recent research trend for the environmental exposure of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) and its removal efficiency in the nanowaste treatment plants. Methods : The studies on the predicted environmental concentrations (PEC) of ENMs obtained by exposure modeling and treatment (or removal) efficiency in nanowaste treatment facilities, such as wastewater treatment plant (WTP) and waste incineration plant (WIP) were investigated. The studies on the landfill of nanowastes also were investigated. Results : The Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology group has led the way in developing methods for estimating ENM production and emissions. The PEC values are available for surface water, wastewater treatment plant effluents, biosolids, sediments, soils, and air. Based on the PEC modeling, the major routes for the environmental exposure of the ENMs were found as WTP effluents/sludge. The ENMs entered in the WTP were 90-99% removed and accumulated in the activated sludge and sludge cake. Additionally, the waste ash released from the WIP contain ENMs. Ultimately, landfills are the likely final destination of the disposed sludge or discarded ENMs products. Conclusions : Although the removal efficiency of the ENMs using nanowaste treatment facilities is acceptable, the ENMs were accumulated on the sludge and then finally moved to the landfill. Therefore, the monitoring for the ENMs in the environment where the WTP effluent is discharged or biomass disposed is required to increase our knowledge on the fate and transport of the ENMs and to prevent the unintentional exposure (release) in the environment.

Perfluorochemicals in Korean Wastewater Treatment Plants: Implications on Sources and Monitoring

주권호,김용환,김근영,송진영,이미란,최정권,최용주 대한토목학회 2021 KSCE JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Vol.25 No.6

The occurrence of perfluorochemicals (PFCs) in two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Korea, Plant I and G2, is investigated from a year-round sampling campaign. Plant I influent is characterized by the dominance of perfluorohexanesulfonate showing 10.8-fold higher per capita mass discharge value in the service area than that of Plant G2 service area. Plant G2 influent shows the dominance of perfluorooctanote and perfluorohexanoate, whose per capita mass discharge values are 3.7- and 11.8-fold higher than those of Plant I, respectively. Contrary to the dramatic difference of concentration and per capita mass discharge pattern of PFCs, the per capita mass discharge values for typical wastewater quality indicators are nearly identical for two WWTPs. This result implies that industrial contribution is significant for the PFC loading at the two WWTPs despite the fact that Plant I and G2 influents are officially reported to include only 0.4% and 7.5% of industrial wastewater in flowrate, respectively. This disagreement between the implication from the PFC data and the official report suggests the need to improve our knowledge on the impact of industrial sources on PFCs in WWTP influents, including those sources that are not officially registered or are poorly managed. The PFC fate during the wastewater treatment is slightly different between the two WWTPs, which can be partially explained by the different biological treatment processes applied. Seasonal variations in PFC concentrations observed in this study suggest that any monitoring program should be performed at least on a seasonal basis.

공공하수처리장 침사지의 악취 배출계수 산정

장현섭,김성태,이종국,오남승,송지현 한국냄새환경학회 2017 실내환경 및 냄새 학회지 Vol.16 No.4

Odor emission factors (OEFs) are important parameters in characterizing odor sources, understanding emission patterns, designing abatement facilities, and providing appropriate control methods. In this study, OEFs for complex odor from grit removal chambers in publicly-owned wastewater treatment plants were determined, and the major operating conditions affecting the emission factors were investigated. In the main study site of “S” wastewater treatment plant, the averaged OEFs from the grit chamber were found to be 466.2, 162.6, and 54.7 OU/m2/min in summer, spring, and winter, respectively. OEFs from two other grit chambers in different wastewater plants were independently measured for comparison, and the values were in the same range as the OEF from S-site at a 95% confidence level. Nevertheless, the OEFs could differ depending on the types of wastewater and the sizes of wastewater treatment plants. Using the multi-variable linear regression method, correlations between OEFs and operating conditions, i.e. activities, from grit chambers were statistically analyzed. The analyses showed that operating conditions, including total suspended solids, water temperature, and temperature difference between water and air, were the most significant parameters affecting the OEF. A linear equation using these three parameters was proposed to estimate the OEF, and can be used to predict an OEF for another grit chamber, without odor measurement.

국내 하수처리시설에 인공지능기술 적용을 위한 사례 연구

김태우,이호식 한국물환경학회 2019 한국물환경학회지 Vol.35 No.4

In the recent years, various studies have presented stable and economic methods for increased regulations and compliance in sewage treatment plants. In some sewage treatment plants, the effluent concentration exceeded the regulations, or the effluent concentration was manipulated. This indicates that the process is currently inefficient to operate and control sewage treatment plants. The operation and control method of sewage treatment plant is mathematically dealing with a physical and chemical mechanism for the anticipated situation during operation. In addition, there are some limitations, such as situations that are different from the actual sewage treatment plant. Therefore, it is necessary to find a more stable and economical way to enhance the operational and control method. AI (Artificial Intelligence) technology is selected among various methods. There are very few cases of applying and utilizing AI technology in domestic sewage treatment plants. In addition, it failed to define specific definitions of applying AI technologies. The purpose of this study is to present the application of AI technology to domestic sewage treatment plants by comparing and analyzing various cases. This study presented the AI technology algorithm system, verification method, data collection, energy and operating costs as methods of applying AI technology.

시설용량을 초과하는 폐수량의 유입확률 분석을 위한 극치분포모델의 적용에 관한 연구

최성현,유순유,박태욱,박규홍 대한상하수도학회 2016 상하수도학회지 Vol.30 No.4

It was confirmed that the extreme value distribution model applies to probability of exceeding more than once a day monthly the facility capacities using data of daily maximum inflow rate for 7 wastewater treatment plant. The result of applying the extreme value model, A, D, E wastewater treatment plant has a problem compared to B, C, F, G wastewater treatment plant. but all the wastewater treatment plant has a problem except C, F wastewater treatment plant based 80% of facility capacity. In conclusion, if you make a standard in statistical aspects probability exceeding more than once a day monthly can be ‘exceed day is less than a few times annually’ or ‘probability of exceeding more than once a day monthly is less than what percent’.

하 ·폐수내 브롬화 디페닐 에테르(Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether, PBDEs)의 분포 및 제거기술 동향

김민희,현승훈,이원석 한국물환경학회 2017 한국물환경학회지 Vol.33 No.6

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a group of industrial aromatic organobromine chemicals that have been used since the 1970s as flame retardants in a wide range of consumer products and articles, such as plastics, computers, textiles and upholstery. Commercial PBDEs were added to Annex A of the Stockholm Convention as persistent organic pollutants in May 2009. PBDEs are still frequenlty found in sludge and effluent from wastewater treatment plants, even though commercial PBDEs were prohibited or voluntarily phased out several years ago. Conventional wastewater treatment processes are not designed to effectively remove PBDEs. This indicates that there is an urgent need for new developments and improvements in currently available treatment techniques. Several studies have suggested the potential removal and degradation technologies for PBDEs in wastewater. In this study, the concentrations and compositional profiles of PBDE congeners in sludge and effluent are investigated by analyzing literature data in relation to their usage patterns in commercial products in North America and South Korea. The strengths and weaknesses of cureent PBDEs removal techniques (i.e., biodegradation, zero-valent iron, photolysis, sorption, etc.) are critically discussed. In addition, future research direction regarding on the treatment and removal of PBDEs from wastewater is also suggested based on the literature review.