Exploring Village Level for the Implementation of the Sustainable Development Goal on Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment: the Case of Korea’s Saemaul Women’s Association

소가영 국제개발협력학회 2019 국제개발협력연구 Vol.11 No.2

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to explore village level for the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) on gender equality and women’s empowerment. Originality: The originality of this paper is to fill the literature and practice gaps on discussing how to implement the SDGs, by investigating the feasibility and importance of village level. Methodology: Based on historical institutionalism, this paper incorporates both case study and the analysis of archival materials. The novelty of this methodology comes from interpreting the archival materials, written memoirs of female Saemaul Women’s Association leaders from three different villages. Result: Saemaul Women’s Association, a government-initiated community development program for Koreas’ rural areas, has contributed to enhancing gender equality and women’s empowerment. Through the activities of Saemaul Women’s Association, women have begun to participate in the collective activities at the village level, departing away from their previously-confined space, household. Conclusion and Implication: This historical case study of Saemaul Women’s Association raises village level as the unit of implementation for the SDG on gender equality and women’s empowerment. Adopting village level enables women on the ground to voice their opinions and empower themselves. So far, dominantly, the approach to the international cooperation and development has been one-sided from developed countries to developing countries, resulting in the neglect of diverse and heterogenous contexts across countries of different development levels. In this regard, this research, adopting village level, stresses the context diversity could be a significant driver of development.

배후도시 특성이 어촌체험휴양마을 소득에 미치는 영향

최규철,이서구,김정태 한국해양비즈니스학회 2022 해양비즈니스 Vol.- No.54

It is very important to understand the effect of the characteristics of the hinterland on the income of the fishing village experience resort village in order to revitalize the fishing village experience resort village. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify the mechanism of the factors affecting the income of the fishing village experience resort village by reflecting the characteristics of the hinterland, and to analysis the degree of influence and present it. As a result of the study, the spatial distance and the number of population in the hinterland affect the number of visitors to the fishing village experience resort village, and the spatial distance from the visitor affects the visitors. Through this study, implications such as promotion and marketing targets for increasing the income of the fishing village experience resort village, the need for population inflow efforts, diversification of fishing village experience programs, and reinforcement of the reservation system were derived and presented.

Exploring Village Level for the Implementation of the Sustainable Development Goal on Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment: the Case of Korea’s Saemaul Women’s Association

Ga-Young So(소가영) 국제개발협력학회 2019 국제개발협력연구 Vol.11 No.2

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to explore village level for the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) on gender equality and women’s empowerment. Originality: The originality of this paper is to fill the literature and practice gaps on discussing how to implement the SDGs, by investigating the feasibility and importance of village level. Methodology: Based on historical institutionalism, this paper incorporates both case study and the analysis of archival materials. The novelty of this methodology comes from interpreting the archival materials, written memoirs of female Saemaul Women’s Association leaders from three different villages. Result: Saemaul Women’s Association, a government-initiated community development program for Koreas’ rural areas, has contributed to enhancing gender equality and women’s empowerment. Through the activities of Saemaul Women’s Association, women have begun to participate in the collective activities at the village level, departing away from their previously-confined space, household. Conclusion and Implication: This historical case study of Saemaul Women’s Association raises village level as the unit of implementation for the SDG on gender equality and women’s empowerment. Adopting village level enables women on the ground to voice their opinions and empower themselves. So far, dominantly, the approach to the international cooperation and development has been one-sided from developed countries to developing countries, resulting in the neglect of diverse and heterogenous contexts across countries of different development levels. In this regard, this research, adopting village level, stresses the context diversity could be a significant driver of development. 연구목적: 이 연구의 목적은 UN의 지속가능발전목표 (SDGs) 중 양성평등과 여성역량증진에 관하여 효과적이고 성공적인 실천방안을 검토하기 위한 것으로 1970년대 한국의 새마을부녀회 활동을 분석하여 접근한다. 연구의 중요성: 새천년개발목표(MDGs) 이후 UN이 새롭게 선언한 지속가능발전목표는 구체적인 실천방안과 관련한 논의 부족 등 문제점이 지적되고 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 지속가능발전목표 중 양성평등과 여성역량증진 의 실천방안을 마을단위에서 탐색하고자 한다. 마을은 가족과 공공부문의 접점을 이루는 공간단위로 개인의 이익과 공공의 이익을 동시에 추구할 수 있는 실천현장이다. 이러한 논의는 국가 및 개인의 차원을 뛰어 넘어 지속가능발전목표의 실천력을 제고할 수 있는 실천방안을 도출하는데 기여할 것이다. 연구방법론: 본 연구는 1970년대 대한민국의 농촌지역에서 양성평등과 여성역량증진에 기여한 마을단위 운동인 새마을부녀회 활동사례를 중심으로 접근한다. 본 연구는 역사적 제도주의에 기반하여 3개 마을의 새마을부녀회 회장 성공수기를 분석하고 새로운 제도가 형성되는 과정을 통하여 남녀평등과 여성 역량증진 과정을 검토한다. 연구결과: 대한민국정부가 설계하고 지원했던 마을단위에서 주민주도형 새마을운동의 일환인 새마을부녀회 활동은 전통적으로 가사일에 국한되었던 여성의 역할을 마을 공공의 활동으로 전환하는 토대를 마련하여 농촌지 역에서 남녀평등과 여성역량증진에 공헌하였다. 특히, 새마을부녀회는 주민들의 일상생활터전인 마을 단위에서 공공재 생산활동에 참여하면서 공공정책의 실천력을 제고하였다. 또한, 마을단위에서 새마을부녀회 회원들의 활동은 당시 공공영역에 참여하는 여성들에 대한 부정적인 사회적 관점을 타파하는데 기여하였다. 결론 및 시사점: 본 사례연구는 대한민국의 새마을부녀회 활동이 주민들의 일상 생활터전인 마을 단위에서 새로운 정책 및 제도형성과 상호작용하면서 종래의 관습과 전통을 극복하고, 양성평등과 여성역량증진에 기여하는 과정을 보여준다. 따라서 이 연구는 지속가능발전목표 실천방안이 공익과 사익이 접점을 이루는 주민들의 기초생활 터전인 마을단위에서 마련되어야 할 필요성을 시사한다. 또한 본 연구는 종래 선진국 사례를 일방적으로 따라하는 양성평등과 여성역량증진 실천방안이 개발도상국 주민들의 일상생활방식과 공간활용방식을 고려하여 접근되어야 함을 시사한다. 개발도상국 주민들의 일상생활 공간은 그들 전통과 관습이 만들어진 터전이라서 문제와 이의 해결방안을 동시에 가지고 있기 때문이다.

전북 형 마을교육과정의 활성화 방향 탐색

장용우 ( Jang Yong-woo ) 창조교육학회 2021 창조교육논총 Vol.23 No.-

This study analyzed research cases of village education community types through various cases of village-school linkage curriculum at the Jeonbuk-type village school and teacher-level that fit the lives of local communities and students, and concluded as follows. First, in the case of Jeonbuk-type village curriculum, which was based on the village education community, a clear direction and alternative to Jeollabuk-do elementary innovation policy were suggested by creating a curriculum linked to the philosophy and practice of innovation as a future vision of Jeonbuk education. Second, it is true that Jeonbuk education in the past had a certain gap between developers and implementers in the same way as other cities and provinces in the school curriculum. In other words, in general, it was a common form that curriculum development was led by researchers and implementation was left to field teachers. If a village-school-linked curriculum suitable for the Jeonbuk-type village curriculum has been developed and implemented for elementary schools in the early region, the stage of establishing and expanding directions by activating it should proceed. Many point out that one of the problems pointed out in the implementation of the national-level curriculum is that the gap between theory and the field is severe. To improve this, it is important for elementary field teachers and professors from the College of Teachers to participate as executive researchers to solve field problems and find alternatives, and to promote participatory and cooperative joint research that interconnects the field and theory. From this point of view, this study raises that villages and schools based on the region are in a continuous interrelationship, and found that village curriculums created by regions and schools have performed various alternative functions to complement public education.

중국 농촌 기층(基層) 거버넌스 법치화의 진로 탐색 - 촌민위원회에 있어서 위탁투표제도를 중심으로 -

伊泰民,김수갑 충북대학교 법학연구소 2022 法學硏究 Vol.33 No.2

The state's attention to the development of democracy has never ceased, and the development of democracy at the grassroots level in the countryside has never been slackened. The method of governance at the grass-roots level of rural areas has undergone many changes, and has finally been realized through mass self-government at the grass-roots level, and has become the basic political system of China. Village committees, as grassroots governance organizations, are directly elected by villagers with voter qualifications. Whether the village committee can represent the interests of the villagers and administer the grass-roots for the villagers depends on whether the voters' will to elect the village committee is reflected directly and completely. Improving the quality of the election process is also a precondition for the quality of the election results. Regarding the phenomenon of proxy voting in the electoral process, with the improvement of democratic awareness in recent years and the improvement of legal awareness, we have gradually realized that the proxy voting system has an impact on the authenticity of the election results, then damages grass-roots democracy and the rule of law. Furthermore Village committees that have been improperly elected may infringe on the fundamental rights of the villagers during their operation. In addition to increasing the legal obligations and legal responsibilities of trustees, we should actively use technology as a tool for grassroots governance, participate in the process of village committee elections as an alternative or selective measure to reduce the deep dependence of voters in other places on the proxy voting system. The research on the rule of law of the proxy voting system is only an entry point for exploring grassroots democratic governance. In order to realize the rule of law in grassroots democracy, it must be achieved through legislative protection. Formulate professional laws to protect villagers’ fundamental rights, establishing a three-dimensional rule of law system for rights protection based on the protection of the origin of rights The establishment of a three-dimensional rule of law system for rights protection based on the protection of the origin of rights has far-reaching significance for promoting the construction of grass-roots democracy and the rule of law.

Hydrological Modelling of Water Level near "Hahoe Village" Based on Multi-Layer Perceptron

Oh, Sang-Hoon,Wakuya, Hiroshi The Korea Contents Association 2016 International Journal of Contents Vol.12 No.1

"Hahoe Village" in Andong region is an UNESCO World Heritage Site. It should be protected against various disasters such as fire, flooding, earthquake, etc. Among these disasters, flooding has drastic impact on the lives and properties in a wide area. Since "Hahoe Village" is adjacent to Nakdong River, it is important to monitor the water level near the village. In this paper, we developed a hydrological modelling using multi-layer perceptron (MLP) to predict the water level of Nakdong River near "Hahoe Village". To develop the prediction model, error back-propagation (EBP) algorithm was used to train the MLP with water level data near the village and rainfall data at the upper reaches of the village. After training with data in 2012 and 2013, we verified the prediction performance of MLP with untrained data in 2014.

Recurrent Neural Network with Multiple Hidden Layers for Water Level Forecasting near UNESCO World Heritage Site "Hahoe Village"

Oh, Sang-Hoon The Korea Contents Association 2018 International Journal of Contents Vol.14 No.4

Among many UNESCO world heritage sites in Korea, "Historic Village: Hahoe" is adjacent to Nakdong River and it is imperative to monitor the water level near the village in a bid to forecast floods and prevent disasters resulting from floods.. In this paper, we propose a recurrent neural network with multiple hidden layers to predict the water level near the village. For training purposes on the proposed model, we adopt the sixth-order error function to improve learning for rare events as well as to prevent overspecialization to abundant events. Multiple hidden layers with recurrent and crosstalk links are helpful in acquiring the time dynamics of the relationship between rainfalls and water levels. In addition, we chose hidden nodes with linear rectifier activation functions for training on multiple hidden layers. Through simulations, we verified that the proposed model precisely predicts the water level with high peaks during the rainy season and attains better performance than the conventional multi-layer perceptron.

중국 농촌기층 거버넌스의 현황 및 대안탐색

조수성 ( Soo Sung Cho ) 대한정치학회 2011 大韓政治學會報 Vol.18 No.1

중국 농촌의 기층거버넌스는 ``향정촌치``의 구조를 이루고 있다. 즉 향진인민정부가 행정기능을 수행하고 촌민위원회가 자치기능을 실행하는 구조이었다. 이러한 구조 속에서 두 기관은 거버넌스 행위주체들이 민주적 참여와 협상을 진행하는 수평적 네트워크를 형성하지 못하고 있다. 더욱이, 중국공산당 단일영도원칙은 이러한 상하수직구도를 더 강화하여, 결국 향진 공산당위원회와 공산당 촌지부가 거버넌스 주체로써 활동하고 있다. 이러한 문제점을 개선해야한다는 공감대가 정계와 학계에 널리 형성되면서 농촌기층정치 분야의 주요과제가 되었다. 이에 2004년부터 연속 7년간 1호문건을 농촌문제로 채택하였으며 그 주요내용으로 농촌기층 거버넌스 건전화를 다루고 있다. 즉, 촌민자치 메커니즘을 활성화하고, 민주적 협의방식인 일사일의제도를 완비하고, 농촌 민간단체를 결성하고, 농촌엘리트를 육성하라고 주문하고 있는 것이다. 2009년에는 농업세폐지 후 가속화되고 있는 농촌기층조직 재정악화문제에 대한 해결방안을 모색하라고 하였으며, 2010년 올해에는 ``중국 실정에 부합하는 농촌기층 거버넌스 메커니즘을 확립하라``고 하였다. 이러한 지침내용 중 가장 주목할 만한 것은 ``중국특색 거버넌스 모델``을 만들자는 것이다. 이는 서구의 거버넌스이론을 중국의 정치실정에 적응할 수 있도록 중국화하며 특히 중국공산당이 농촌기층 거버넌스에서 영도적 행위주체로써 활약해야 한다는 것을 중심 내용으로 하고 있다. 이에, 중국의 학자들이 합리적인 개선방안들을 제기하고 있고 일부학자들은 보다 진보적인 제안을 내놓고 있다. 하지만, 중국정치현실에 비추어 볼 때, 중국공산당의 역할증대를 제한하는 것은 거의 불가능하므로, 절충적 의미에서 농촌기층 거버넌스의 이원화구조를 제안해본다. 즉 중국공산당 조직과 기타 거버넌스 주체들을 분리하고, 향진인민정부·촌민위원회·촌민 그리고 사회민간단체들 간에 수평적 네트워크를 형성하자는 것이다. The basic level governance in China is ``township-government and village self-governance`` system. In this system, it is common that township-government plays a leadership role instead of a directive role to village committee. Therefore, it is hard to build up the horizontal network which governance transactors can carry out democratic participation and corporation. Especially the principle of unique leadership of the CCP(Chinese Communist Party) more strengthens the top-down structure, and so township CCP committee and village CCP branch play critical role in governance network. In order to reform these unreasonable conditions, the China central government and Chinese scholars think on the new governance model in rural basic level. For this, CCP adopt the first-article of the year as rural problems from 2004 to 2010. Those articles recommend several kinds of measures improving and perfecting on governance. Those include : invigorating village self-governance; stabilizing ``one-matter one-discussion system``; forming local non-government organizations; cultivating local elites. 2009 article also asked to draft possible solutions for financial embarrassment which rapidly accelerated after abolishing of agriculture- tax. And 2010 this year the first-article suggested to establish rural basic level governance mechanism which is correspond to China reality, so-called ``rural governance model with Chinese characteristics``. Its core point is the township CCP committee and village CCP branch have to be the main agents of basic level governance. Plenty of Chinese scholars those who especially majored in governance politics also agree with the opinion which the western governance theory can not be transplanted into China as it is. Among them, a few are offering some kinds of progressive directions about new model. But it is nearly impossible to deny or restrict the authority of CCP on rural politics. Therefore, this paper suggest the dual governance system, that is, the one is CCP committee and the other is the horizontal governance network composed with township government, village committee, villagers and social organizations.

Recurrent Neural Network with Multiple Hidden Layers for Water Level Forecasting near UNESCO World Heritage Site “Hahoe Village”

오상훈 한국콘텐츠학회 2018 International Journal of Contents Vol.14 No.4

Among many UNESCO world heritage sites in Korea, “Historic Village: Hahoe” is adjacent to Nakdong River and it is imperative to monitor the water level near the village in a bid to forecast floods and prevent disasters resulting from floods.. In this paper, we propose a recurrent neural network with multiple hidden layers to predict the water level near the village. For training purposes on the proposed model, we adopt the sixth-order error function to improve learning for rare events as well as to prevent overspecialization to abundant events. Multiple hidden layers with recurrent and crosstalk links are helpful in acquiring the time dynamics of the relationship between rainfalls and water levels. In addition, we chose hidden nodes with linear rectifier activation functions for training on multiple hidden layers. Through simulations, we verified that the proposed model precisely predicts the water level with high peaks during the rainy season and attains better performance than the conventional multi-layer perceptron.

어촌체험 만족도 설문조사를 통한 어촌체험마을 활성화 방안 연구

문성배(Serng-Bae Moon) 한국항해항만학회 2009 한국항해항만학회지 Vol.33 No.10

농림수산식품부는 어촌경제 활성화를 도모하기 위한 사업의 일환으로 2001년부터 어촌체험마을을 조성하고 있다. 그러나 일부 어촌체험마을의 경우 체험객이 감소하거나 일시적 방문관광의 형태로 운영되고 있는 실정이다. 이 연구에서는 2006년도까지 우리나라 영남권에 선정된 총 21개 어촌체험마을을 대상으로 어촌체험마을 이용 현황 및 만족도 그리고 체험프로그램의 선호도 파악을 위한 설문조사를 수행하였다. 그리고 설문결과를 바탕으로 어촌체험마을의 활성화를 도모하고 어가소득증대와 어촌경기회복에 기여할 수 있는 3가지 활성화 방안을 제안하였다. The Ministry for Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries has been designating as Fishery village from 2001 to revitalize economy of fishery villages. But a few of the Fishery villages have been operated as general visiting tourist places or decreased the number of the tourists. In this study, a survey about some status of usage and satisfaction level with Fishery village, the preference for fishery village stay programs was conducted at 21 villages designated in Young-nam area. As a result, three revitalization plans were suggested to improve the fishery village stay program and to promote economic growth of the fishery villages.