Characterization of Veterinary Hospital-Associated Isolates of Enterococcus Species in Korea

( Yeon Soo Chung ),( Ka Hee Kwon ),( Sook Shin ),( Jae Hong Kim ),( Yong Ho Park ),( Jang Won Yoon ) 한국미생물 · 생명공학회 2014 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.24 No.3

Possible cross-transmission of hospital-associated enterococci between human patients, medical staff, and hospital environments has been extensively studied. However, limited information is available for veterinary hospital-associated Enterococcus isolates. This study investigated the possibility of cross-transmission of antibiotic-resistant enterococci between dog patients, their owners, veterinary staff, and hospital environments. Swab samples (n =46 5) were obtained from five veterinary hospitals in Seoul, Korea, during 2011. Forty-three Enterococcus strains were isolated, representing seven enterococcal species. E. faecalis and E. faecium were the most dominant species (16 isolates each, 37.2%). Although slight differences in the antibiotic resistance profiles were observed between the phenotypic and the genotypic data, our antibiogram analysis demonstrated high prevalence of the multiple drug-resistant (MDR) isolates of E. faecalis (10/16 isolates, 62.5%) and E. faecium (12/16 isolates, 75.0%). Pulsed-field gel electrophoretic comparison of the MDR isolates revealed three different clonal sets of E. faecalis and a single set of E. faecium, which were isolated from different sample groups or dog patients at the same or two separate veterinary hospitals. These results imply a strong possibility of cross-transmission of the antibiotic-resistant enterococcal species between animal patients, owners, veterinary staff, and hospital environments.

우분 퇴비공장 주변 농경지 및 수계의 계절별 잔류 항생물질 모니터링

이상수(Sang-Soo Lee),김성철(Sung-Chul Kim),양재의(Jae-E Yang),옥용식(Yong-Sik Ok) 한국토양비료학회 2010 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.43 No.5

Overuse of veterinary antibiotics threats public health and surrounding environment due to the occurrence of antibiotic resistant bacteria. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antibiotic’s concentrations of tetracycline (TC), chlortetracycline (CTC), and oxytetracycline (OTC) in a tetracycline group (TCs), sulfamethazine (SMT), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), and sulfathiazole (STZ) in a sulfonamide group, lasalocid (LSL), monensin (MNS), and salinomycin (SLM) in a ionophore (IPs), and tylosin (TYL) in a macrolide (MLs) group from soil, water, and sediment samples adjacent to a cattle manure composting facility. For all samples of soil, water, and sediment, the highest concentrations were detected in TCs among the tested antibiotics because of its higher annual consumption in veterinary farms, Korea and its higher cohesiveness with divalent or trivalent cations in soil. Moreover, the concentrations of residual antibiotics in September were generally higher than in June because of heavier rainfall in June. We suggest that continual monitoring and developing guideline of antibiotics are needed to control residual antibiotics in the environment.

Simple wipes of the hospital settings with disinfectants could reduce nosocomial infection in veterinary clinics

김형준,김성원,황재원,김수현,임윤규 한국예방수의학회 2013 예방수의학회지 Vol.37 No.2

Nosocomial infection in animal hospitals is possible through direct contact with contaminated hospital settings. To confirm whether the hospital settings contribute to harboring these pathogens, swab samples were collected from the environmental sites of six different veterinary hospitals. Cleansed and disinfected sites were investigated and bacterial counts were recorded accordingly. Isolated bacteria were tested for their resistance to antibiotics. Various bacterial counts were observed accordingly in comparison with the frequency of cleanness or disinfection state, respectively. Of particular interestingly, the surface of the stethoscope, to which little attention is paid with regard to sanitation, showed moderate bacterial contamination (>103 cfu/cm2), which was decreased by one tenth (>102 cfu/cm2) after a brief wiping with a disinfectant (chlorhexidine). In conclusion, first priority is maintenance of sanitary conditions in hospital settings; in addition, frequent wiping of the surface of stethoscopes with disinfectant could reduce occurrence of nosocomial infection at the first contact with patients who visit animal hospitals. These results can assist in development of improved infection control guidelines for animals in veterinary clinics in order to prevent occurrence of nosocomial infections.

Monitoring of Seasonal Variation Characteristics for Veterinary Antibiotics in Agricultural Environment

김진욱,김성철,홍영규,류송희,권오경 한국토양비료학회 2023 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.56 No.1

Released veterinary antibiotics (VAs) in the agricultural environment can be transported due to various humanactivities and natural influences. Moreover, VAs are considered as emerging contaminants because of theirpotential to increase antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs) in the environment. In this study, the residual concentrationand distribution of VAs were monitored in agricultural environmental samples. The concentrations of 11antibiotics in four classes (penicillins, tetracyclines, macrolides, and sulfonamides) were measured in differentsample matrixes (arable soil, sediment, surface water, manure-based compost, and liquid manure) using liquidchromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). Result showed that 8 out of 11 VAs were detectedin the measured samples. Chlortetracycline was detected in all arable soil and sediment in the range of 3.02 -203.36 μg kg-1. Penicillin G was detected in the range of 1.55 - 5.11 g kg-1 in only April soil samples due toshort half-life in the environment. Sulfamethoxazole was dissipated in arable soil with time, which indicatedthat this compound could be transported to groundwater due to rainfall and exhibited high mobility in soil. This study provides information on the seasonal variation of VAs in agricultural environments and could beused as primary data for managing residual VAs in the environment.

Concentration and Environmental Loading of Veterinary Antibiotics in Agricultural Irrigation Ditches

Sung-Chul Kim,Doug Young Chung,Kye Hoon Kim,Ja Hyun Lee,Hyo Kyung Kim,Jae E. Yang,Yong Sik Ok,Yaser A.O. Almarwei 한국토양비료학회 2012 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.45 No.6

The concentration of veterinary antibiotics in aqueous and sediment matrices was measured in agricultural irrigation ditches bordering several animal-feeding operations (AFOs) and then compared to its concentration in the watershed. Analytical determination in aqueous samples was based on solid phase extraction (SPE) and appropriate buffer solutions were used to extract residuals in sediment samples. Separation and detection of extracted veterinary antibiotics were performed with high performance liquid chromatograph tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS/MS). In general, higher concentrations of antibiotic were observed in the aqueous phase of irrigation ditches, with the highest concentration of erythromycin hydrochloride (ETM-H₂O) of 0.53 μg L^-1, than in aqueous watershed samples. In contrast, higher concentrations were measured in river sediment than in irrigation ditch sediment with the highest concentration of oxytetracycline of 110.9 μg kg^-1. There was a high calculated correlation ( > 0.95) between precipitation and measured concentration in aqueous samples from the irrigation ditches for five of the ten targeted veterinary antibiotics, indicating that surface runoff could be an important transport mechanism of veterinary antibiotics from field to environment. Further, environmental loading calculation based on measured concentrations in aqueous samples and flow information clearly showed that irrigation ditches were 18 times greater than river. This result suggests the likelihood that veterinary antibiotics can be transported via irrigation ditches to the watershed. The transport via surface runoff and likely environmental loading via irrigation ditches examined in this study helps identify the pathway of veterinary antibiotics residuals in the environment.

Uptake of the veterinary antibiotics chlortetracycline, enrofloxacin, and sulphathiazole from soil by radish

Chung, Hyung Suk,Lee, Young-Jun,Rahman, Md. Musfiqur,Abd El-Aty, A.M.,Lee, Han Sol,Kabir, Md. Humayun,Kim, Sung Woo,Park, Byung-Jun,Kim, Jang-Eok,Hacımü,ftü,oğ,lu, Fazil,Nahar, Nilufar,Sh Elsevier BV 2017 Science of the Total Environment Vol.605 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Veterinary antibiotics are available for uptake by the plants through sources such as manure, irrigation, and atmospheric interaction. The present study was conducted to estimate the half-lives of three veterinary antibiotics, chlortetracycline (CTC), enrofloxacin (ENR), and sulphathiazole (STZ), in soil and experimentally explore their uptake from contaminated soil to radish roots and leaves. Samples were extracted using a modified citrate-buffered version of the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe “QuEChERS” method followed by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometric analysis (LC–MS/MS) in the positive ion mode. Good linearity was observed for the three tested antibiotics in soil and plants (roots and leaves) with high coefficients of determination (<I>R</I> <SUP>2</SUP> ≥0.9922). The average recovery rates at two spiking levels with three replicates per level ranged between 77.1 and 114.8%, with a relative standard deviation (RSD)≤19.9% for all tested drugs. In a batch incubation experiment (<I>in vitro</I> study), the half-lives of CTC, ENR, and STZ ranged from 2.0–6.1, 2.2–4.5, and 1.1–2.2days, respectively. Under greenhouse conditions, the half-lives of the three target antibiotics in soil with and without radishes were 2.5–6.9 and 2.7–7.4; 4.7–16.7 and 10.3–14.6; and 4.4–4.9 and 2.5–2.8days, respectively. Trace amounts of the target antibiotics (CTC, ENR, and STZ) were taken up from soil <I>via</I> roots and entered the leaves of radishes. The concentration of CTC was lower than 2.73%, ENR was 0.08–3.90%, and <1.64% STZ was uptaken. In conclusion, the concentrations of the tested antibiotics decreased with time and consequently lower residues were observed in the radishes. The rapid degradation of the tested antibiotics in the present study might have only little impact on soil microorganisms, fauna, and plants.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> A method to estimate the half-life of veterinary antibiotics in soil was developed. </LI> <LI> Veterinary antibiotic uptake rate by radish from contaminated soil was determined. </LI> <LI> The half-lives of antibiotics in soil with and without radishes did not differ. </LI> <LI> Trace antibiotic residue levels moved to roots and leaves from contaminated soil. </LI> <LI> We elucidate residual antibiotic transplantation and antibiotic tolerance in soil. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Concentration and Environmental Loading of Veterinary Antibiotics in Agricultural Irrigation Ditches

Kim, Sung-Chul,Chung, Doug Young,Kim, Kye Hoon,Lee, Ja Hyun,Kim, Hyo Kyung,Yang, Jae E.,Ok, Yong Sik,Almarwei, Yaser A.O. Korean Society of Soil Science and Fertilizer 2012 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.45 No.6

The concentration of veterinary antibiotics in aqueous and sediment matrices was measured in agricultural irrigation ditches bordering several animal-feeding operations (AFOs) and then compared to its concentration in the watershed. Analytical determination in aqueous samples was based on solid phase extraction (SPE) and appropriate buffer solutions were used to extract residuals in sediment samples. Separation and detection of extracted veterinary antibiotics were performed with high performance liquid chromatograph tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS/MS). In general, higher concentrations of antibiotic were observed in the aqueous phase of irrigation ditches, with the highest concentration of erythromycin hydrochloride (ETM-$H_2O$) of $0.53{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$, than in aqueous watershed samples. In contrast, higher concentrations were measured in river sediment than in irrigation ditch sediment with the highest concentration of oxytetracycline of $110.9{\mu}g\;kg^{-1}$. There was a high calculated correlation ( > 0.95) between precipitation and measured concentration in aqueous samples from the irrigation ditches for five of the ten targeted veterinary antibiotics, indicating that surface runoff could be an important transport mechanism of veterinary antibiotics from field to environment. Further, environmental loading calculation based on measured concentrations in aqueous samples and flow information clearly showed that irrigation ditches were 18 times greater than river. This result suggests the likelihood that veterinary antibiotics can be transported via irrigation ditches to the watershed. The transport via surface runoff and likely environmental loading via irrigation ditches examined in this study helps identify the pathway of veterinary antibiotics residuals in the environment.

농업용수 관개방법에 따른 축산용 항생제의 토양중 잔류와 적상추와 열무 작물로의 흡수․이행

박영재,전희수,조재영 한국유기농업학회 2024 韓國有機農業學會誌 Vol.32 No.1

Three types of veterinary antibiotics, including oxytetracycline (OTC) and chlortetracycline (CTC) of tetracycline class and amoxicillin (AMX) of penicilline class, were artificially introduced into the irrigation water. The residue of veterinary antibiotics in the soil, the absorption-translocation of veterinary antibiotics into the red lettuce and young radish plant, and crops yield were investigated according to the agricultural water irrigation method (surface drip irrigation, underground drip irrigation, and sprinkler irrigation). There was no significant difference in the residue and translocation of veterinary antibiotics in the soils and crops according to the irrigation method and type of veterinary antibiotics (p>0.05). For the edible parts of red lettuce and young radish, all three types of veterinary antibiotics were found to be below the detection limit, indicating that the safety of the crops was secured. The translocation factor of red lettuce and young radish were found to be less than 0.3 and 0.2, respectively. However, continuous introduction of veterinary antibiotics in agricultural arable lands may have negative effects by affecting soil microbial activity and soil microbe species diversity, so continuous management is deemed necessary.

고추작물 재배지에 처리된 축산용 항생제의 토양중 잔류와 작물체로의 흡수·이행

박영재 ( Park Young-jae ),태은하 ( Tae Eun-ha ),조재영 ( Cho Jae-young ) 한국유기농업학회 2024 韓國有機農業學會誌 Vol.32 No.2

In a field study, we investigated the consequences associated with the irrigation of red pepper with water contaminated by three types of veterinary antibiotics (amoxicillin, oxytetracycline, and chlortetracycline) on the soil residue, the absorptiontranslocation, and crop yields. As a result of evaluating the residue of veterinary antibiotics in pepper cultivation soil treated with veterinary antibiotics a total of 7 times from June 7 to August 26, 2023, the three antibiotics were not detected at the background level, but in the group treated with 10-fold and 50-fold of the background level was detected at a level of 2-10 μg/kg. For the leaf (stem) and fruit of red pepper, all three types of veterinary antibiotics were found to be below the detection limit at all treatments. However, trace levels were detected in red pepper roots. If veterinary antibiotics are unintentionally introduced into agricultural soil in the short term, the soil environment and crop safety will not be a problem. However, long-term introduction of veterinary antibiotics in agricultural soil may have negative effects by affecting soil microbial diversity and antibiotic resistance problems, so continuous monitoring and risk assessment are deemed necessary.

Novel Approaches to Monitoring and Remediation of Veterinary Antibiotics in Soil and Water: A Revie

Yasser M. Awad,이상수,김성철,양재의,옥용식 한국환경농학회 2010 한국환경농학회지 Vol.29 No.4

A vast increase of antibiotics usage in concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) over the last few decades has led to an environmental risk due to the presence of antibiotic residuals in different environmental compartments. Especially in Korea, the use of antibiotics in CAFOs is much greater than in other developed countries. One of the primary adverse impacts of antibiotic residuals in the environment is that they readily produce antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB), which exert detrimental effects on the ecosystem as well as human health. In this article, the impacts of veterinary antibiotic residuals with regard to their quantification and management, and desirable remediation technologies have been widely reviewed. This review article concluded that the continuous monitoring should be required to ensure the safety of antibiotic residuals in the surrounding environments. Furthermore, the management guidelines of antibiotic residuals need to be developed in the future.