음용수중 Trihalomethane의 오염과 그 위해성에 관한 조사연구 - 주요 14개도시를 대상으로 (1988. 9-1989. 2) -

정용,신동천,이보영,유승한,정상혁,Chung, Yong,Shin, Dong-Chun,Lee, Bo-Young,Yu, Sung-Han,Chung, Sang-Hyuk 대한예방의학회 1989 Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Vol.22 No.4

This study was conducted as a nationwide survey In Korea to determine the THM (trihalomethane) concentration levels in the drinking water of 14 selected cities. The survey was underdtaken in one city (Kwangju) during September and October of 1988 and 14 cities in January through February of 1989. The results were as follows : 1. The $KMnO_4$ consumption was 10.6mg/l-11.6mg/l in Pusan and Ulsan, exceeding the drinking water standard of 10mg/l. Pusan, Inchon, Kwangju, Ulsan, Mokpo and Junju areas also exceeded the ammonia nitrate standard of 0.5mg/l. Other tap waters surveyed were detected below the drinking water standards. 2. The THM concentrations of tap water measured in January and February of 1989 were detected in the range $1.20{\mu}g/l-150.8{\mu}g/l$. 3. In the comparative study of the THM concentration of tap water measured in the Kwangju area during September and October of 1998, the average THM concentation of $145.63{\pm}70.72{\mu}g/l$ showed a sixfold increase compared to that of $23.8{\pm}8.31{\mu}g/l$ surveyed in January and February 1989. 4. The proportion of the four THM compounds found in tap water was bromoform, 47% ; chloroform, 30% ; chlorodibromomethane, 13% ; and dichlorobromomethane, 10%. 5. Since the results indicate that the concentration of bromoform was 2-10 times higher than that of chloroform measured in the seaside district of Pusan, Ulsan and Cheju Island, it is reasonable to assume that the raw water was somehow Influenced by seawater. 6. The average lifetime cancer rate of the population exposed to chloroform measured in the surveyed areas was 17 cancer incidences per 1 million population. From the above results, the existence of THM in the distribution systems seems to be inevitable, since chlorine disinfection is performed in water treatment plants In our country. There seems to be a trend of increasing. THM cncentrations due to the contamination of raw water. In order to establish my form of regulations, health risk assessment is an imminent subject.

농촌지역 마을상수 중 trihalomethanes의 농도 분포 및 생성 특성

김희갑(Hekap Kim),김세영(Seyoung Kim) 한국분석과학회 2015 분석과학 Vol.28 No.1

정수처리공정에서 소독부산물인 트리할로메탄의 생성모델

이성식,성낙창,이종팔,박현석,정미은,이상준,윤태경 한국환경과학회 2004 한국환경과학회지 Vol.13 No.3

We have been proposed model equation which is able to predict the trihalomethane producing concentration formation, that is one of byproduct, in the water treatment processes. In proposed model, the effects of trihalomethane factors like chlorine contact time, pH, temperature, TOC and UV-254 are considered. The concentration of the trihalomethane produced is proportion to the contact with chlorine, pH of water, temperature of water TOC and UV-254, respectively. This proposed model could be predicted the formed concentration of trihalomethanes by trihalomethane factors.

An overview of the technology used to remove trihalomethane (THM), trihalomethane precursors, and trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) from water and wastewater

Fathiyyah Mohd Zainudin,Hassimi Abu Hasan,Siti Rozaimah Sheikh Abdullah 한국공업화학회 2018 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.57 No.-

In developing countries such as Malaysia, chlorination is a popular and inexpensive technique fordisinfecting water before distribution to consumers. However, the chlorination process results in theformation of low concentrations of toxic trihalomethanes (THMs), which may, over long periods ofexposure, lead to adverse effects in consumers. Thus, these compounds should be prevented fromforming and removed from drinking water and wastewater through either physicochemical or biologicaltechniques. In this paper, an overview of the various technologies for the removal of THM precursors andTHMs is presented. In addition, emerging technology using microbes to effectively biodegrade THMs isalso discussed. Biodegradation technology has the potential to eliminate THM precursors and THMs fromwater and wastewater and has the advantages of being a green technology and being inexpensive tooperate and maintain compared with other physicochemical techniques.

정수처리에서 염소 처리시 요오드계 트리할로메탄류 생성에 영향을 미치는 인자들

손희종(Hee Jong Son),염훈식(Hoon Sik Yoom),김경아(Kyung A Kim),송미정(Mi Jeong Song),최진택(Jin Taek Choi) 大韓環境工學會 2014 대한환경공학회지 Vol.36 No.8

본 연구에서는 염소처리시 요오드계 트리할로메탄(iodo-trihalomethanes, I-THMs)의 생성에 영향을 미치는 인자들을 조사하였다. 염소를 소독제로 사용하여 염소 투입농도, 수온, pH, 브롬이온과 요오드이온 농도, 염소 접촉시간, 암모니아성 질소 농도 및 용존 유기물질의 특성 변화에 따른 I-THMs 6종에 대한 생성특성을 조사하였다. 수중의 요오드이온과 브롬이온의 농도가 증가할수록 I-THMs의 생성농도가 증가하였으며, 염소 투입농도 및 수온에 따른 I-THMs 생성에서는 염소 투입농도 및 수온 상승에 비례하여 I-THMs 생성농도도 증가하다가 염소 투입농도 3 mg/L 및 수온 30℃ 이상의 조건에서는 오히려 I-THMs 생성농도가 감소하였다. 또한, 시료수의 pH가 상승할수록 I-THMs의 생성농도가 증가하였다. 수중의 NH₄ +-N 농도가 증가할 수록 염소와 반응하여 생성된 클로라민에 의해 I-THMs 생성농도가 증가하였다. 하수처리장 방류수, 휴믹산 조제수, 조류유래 유기물질 함유수 및 4개의 낙동강 시료수(고령, 매리, 하구 및 진천천)와 같은 7개의 시료수의 유기물질과 I-THMs와의 반응성을 조사한 결과, 하수처리장 최종방류수가 I-THMs와의 반응성(12.31 μg/mg)이 가장 높았고, 다음으로 휴믹산 시료수 (4.96 μg/mg)로 나타났고, 조류유래 유기물질이 가장 낮은 결과(0.99 μg/mg)를 나타내었다. 또한, SUVA₂54값과 I-THMs 반응 성과의 상관성을 평가한 결과에서 상관계수(r2)가 0.002로 매우 낮게 나타나 SUVA₂54값과 I-THMs 생성과는 연관성을 찾기가 어려웠다. Effects of bromide (Br-) and iodide (I-) concentrations, chlorine (Cl₂) doses, pH, temperature, ammonia nitrogen concentrations, reaction times and water characteristics on formation of iodinated trihalomethanes (I-THMs) during oxidation of iodide containing water with chlorine were investigated in this study. Results showed that the yields of I-THMs increased with the high bromide and iodide level during chlorination. The elevated pH significantly increased the yields of I-THMs during chlorination. The formation of I-THMs was higher at 20℃ than 4℃, 10℃ and 30℃. In chloramination study, addition of ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl) markedly increased the formation of I-THMs. Among the water samples collected from seven water sources including wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent water (EfOM water), prepared humic containing water (HA water) and algal organic matter (AOM) containing water (AOM water), EfOM water generated the highest yields of I-THMs (12.31 μg/mg DOC), followed by HA water (4.96 μg/mg DOC), while AOM water produced the lowest yields of I-THMs (0.99 μg/mg DOC). SUVA₂54 values of EfOM water , HA water and AOM water were 1.38 L/mg·m, 4.96 L/mg·m and 0.97 L/mg·m, respectively. The I-THMs yields had a low correlation with SUVA₂54 values (r2 = 0.002).

상수처리에서 염소소독부산물 현황과 제어에 관한 연구

김영진 ( Kim Yeong Jin ),임용성 ( Im Yong Seong ),신판세 ( Sin Pan Se ),현길수 ( Hyeon Gil Su ) 한국수처리학회 2004 한국수처리학회지 Vol.12 No.1

The formation of disinfection by-products(DBPs) is one of the major issue in drinking water quality control. A significant amount of Trihalomethanes (THMs) and Haloacetic acids (HAAs) are produced by chlorinating the raw water or organic compounds extracted from natural water. With an advances in the analysis of chlorination by-products and their health effects, numerous organic halides such as HAAs, THMs, haloacetonitriles. etc have been identified at low level. Animal studies have demonstrated that dichloroacetic acid(DCAA) causes a carcinogen. A five kinds of HAAs such as MCAA, DCAA, TCAA, MBAA and DBAA are regulated under the U.S Environmental Protection Agency`s proposed Disinfectant Disinfection By-Products Rule. The goal of this study was to control DBPs contained in the drinking water from HM, DS, MJ and PES water treatment plants(WTP). The results obtained from this study are as fallows : for HMWTP, DSWTP, and MJWTP, the THMs concentrations were 22∼29,%/L, 22∼28㎍/L, and 6∼8㎍/L, and the HAAs concentrations were 1∼22㎍/L, 1∼16㎍/L. and 0.4∼16㎍/L, respectively, which were very low value compared to USEPA rule of DBPs. The HAAs was seen to be decreased rapidly in the sand filter of the WTP. This was caused by the HAAs biodegraded in the sand filter. In addition, HAAs can be removed in the advanced treatment process although an adsoption of the THMs is gone.

Trihalomethanes in the Cooling Discharge of a Power Plant on Chlorination of Intake Seawater

R. K. Padhi,S. Subramanian,A. K. Mohanty,S. N. Bramha,M. V. R. Prasad,K. K. Satpathy 대한환경공학회 2012 Environmental Engineering Research Vol.17 No.-

Trihalomethanes (THMs) formation and species distribution in the discharged chlorinated cooling seawater of a nuclear power plant was assessed during Aug 2010 to July 2011. The monthly variation of chlorine demand of the source seawater under laboratory chlorination conditions was studied for the same period. The entire period can be divided into two separate zones; viz. Feb, Mar, Apr, Sep, Oct (low chlorine demand), and May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Nov, Dec, Jan (high chlorine demand) months. Bromoform was found to be the single dominant THMs species in the chlorinated cooling seawater discharge. The THMs concentration was observed to be highest for the month of Nov 2010 (41 μg/L), and lowest for Feb 2011(12 μg/L). Under laboratory chlorination of intake seawater with 1 ppm Cl2, the concentration of THMs that was formed within 5–15 min is in agreement with the actual concentration in the discharge water. A simplified predictive approach is proposed for the total THMs concentration at the cooling discharge outlet of a power plant, based on the actual chlorine demand of source water.

Effect of Route of Trihalomethanes (THM) Administration on Renal Toxicity in Male Rat

Chung, Jin-Ho,Lee, Soo-Hwan The Pharmaceutical Society of Korea 1991 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.14 No.2

Single non-lethal doses of chloroform $(CHCL_3)$ dichlorobromomethane $(CHCL_2Br)$, dibromochloromethane $(CHCIBr_2)$, or bromoform $(CHBr_3)$ were administered to male rats. Routes of exposure including single intraperitional (ip) and subcutaneous (sc) injection were used in order to permit comparison of severity of THM effects and renal toxicity was assessed at varied times following treatment. On an equimolar basis, sc administration of $CHBr_3$ (either 12 or 3 mmoles/kg) is more effective at increasing KW/BW than ip $CHCI_3$ treatment. Plasma urea nitrogen (BUN) following ip THM injections are markedly increased with all four THM at 24 hours post treatment. BUN response to $CHCL_2Br$ and $CHCIBr_3$-effected BUN levels have essentially returned to those of vehicle control. THM sc treatment results in a BUN response similar to that seen following ip treatment, with only the time course being different. With the exception of $CHCL_3$, sc and ip-treatments appear to be equally effective in evoking absolute BUN elevations. These results suggest that THM administration induce renal toxicity dependent upon the route or exposure.

활성탄 흡착공정에서의 요오드계 트리할로메탄 흡착 특성

손희종 ( Hee Jong Son ),염훈식 ( Hoon Sik Yoom ),김경아 ( Kyung A Kim ),송미정 ( Mi Jung Song ),류동춘 ( Dong Choon Ryu ) 한국환경과학회 2015 한국환경과학회지 Vol.24 No.1

This study accessed the adsorption characteristics of the 9 trihalomethanes (THMs) on coal-based granular activated carbon (GAC). The breakthrough appeared first for CHCl3 and sequentially for CHBr2Cl, CHBr3, CHCl2I, CHBrClI, CHBr2I, CHClI2, CHBrI2, and CHI3. The maximum adsorption capacity (X/M) for the 9 THMs with apparent breakthrough points ranged from 1,175 μg/g (for CHCl3) to 11,087 μg/g (for CHI3). Carbon usage rate (CUR) for CHCl3 was 0.149 g/day, 5.5 times higher than for CHI3 (0.027 g/day).

활성탄소섬유를 사용한 수돗물 내 트리할로메탄의 제거

유화인 ( Hwa In Yoo ),유승곤 ( Seung Kon Ryu ) 한국화학공학회 2012 Korean Chemical Engineering Research(HWAHAK KONGHA Vol.50 No.1

활성탄소섬유를 사용하여 염소소독 후 수돗물 내에 부산물로 존재하는 4종 트리할로메탄을 제거하였다. THMs의 종류별 농도 및 용액의 온도를 달리하면서 흡착실험을 수행하고 활성탄소섬유의 표면특성에 따른 흡착능력과 흡착메카니즘을 살펴본 결과, 4종의 THMs은 모두 Langmuir 타입의 흡착등온곡선을 보이면서 매우 신속하게 활성탄소섬유에 흡착되었다. THMs의 흡착은 활성탄소섬유의 표면에 균일하게 발달된 미세공의 입구에 물리적 및 화학적 수소결합으로 이루어졌다고 판단된다. Langmuir 타입은 특히 저농도 오염원 일때 제거효율이 높기 때문에 수돗물 내에 약 30 μg/L 수준으로 존재하는 THMs의 제거에는 활성탄소섬유가 매우 효과적임을 알 수 있다. 4종 THMs 종류별 흡착량은 큰 차이는 없으나 chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, 및 bromoform 의 순서로 증가하였다. 이는 brom 원자수의 증가와 일치하며 극성의 감소로 용해도가 낮아짐에 따라 흡착량이 증가한 것이다.